Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases
A comprehensive reference guide for specialists highlighting the parasitic diseases of dogs and cats with appropriate therapeutic strategy
Parasitic diseases are a scourge for dogs and cats, and the impact of the numerous maladies associated with these diseases cannot be underestimated. For the clinician or researcher attempting to alleviate these symptoms, Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases is a helpful, introductory practical guidebook that helps identify the parasites infecting these animals and suggests useful treatment strategies based on an appropriate diagnosis.
Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases comprehensively details its topic from symbiosis and parasitism, to therapeutics measures and control strategies, to the deleterious effect of parasites in various organs in dogs and cats. The book offers extensive information on management approaches, the most significant clinical findings, diagnostic approaches, disease prevention, and drug evaluation. As a reference, the guide provides systems for the identification of the pathogens and recognizes the severity and exhibition of disease manifestation.
Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases readers will also find:
- Preventative measures that can be utilized to prophylactically assure the continued health of the patient
- Chapters written by contributors with specialized knowledge in each particular subject presented
- The most up-to-date advanced research in the field of parasitic diseases
- Each chapter covers treatment schedules, details about the disease, and a management approach, using figures and line figures to aid in identification and treatment
Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases is ideal for undergraduates, postgraduates, researchers, academics, and industrialists interested in the various parasitic diseases and treatments. It is also extremely useful as a ready reference for scientists seeking to develop new anti-parasitic drugs.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
1 General Introduction to Canine and Feline Parasitic Diseases
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Type of Intestinal Parasites
1.3 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
1.4 Control
1.5 Internal Parasites
1.6 General Measures for the Prevention of Worm Infections
1.7 Anti‐helminthics and Deworming Guidelines
References
2 Symbiosis and Parasitism in Dogs and Cats
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Examples of Dog and Cat Parasites
2.3 Recommendations and Conclusion
References
3 Risk Factors Associated with Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Intrinsic Factors
3.3 External Factors
3.4 Control
References
4 Host–Parasite–Microbiome Interactions in Dogs and Cats
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Microbiome of Parasites
4.3 The Microbiome of Dogs and Cats
4.4 Microbiomes and Helminths in the Guts of Dogs and Cats
4.5 Microbiota‐mediated Protection
4.6 Why Do We Need to Study the Microbiota?
4.7 Future Perspectives
4.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
5
Linguatula serrata
Worm Infections in Dogs and Cats
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Taxonomy
5.3 Historical Perspective
5.4 Incidence and Geographical Distribution
5.5 Morphology
5.6 Life Cycle
5.7 Pathogensis and Clinical Signs
5.8 Diagnosis
5.9 Treatment and Control
References
6 Annelida Infestations in Dogs and Cats
6.1 Leech Structure
6.2 Leech Organ Systems
6.3 Reproduction
6.4 Life Cycle
6.5 Leech Habitats
6.6 Feeding
6.7 Morphological Characteristics of Leech Families
6.8 Transmission
6.9 Pathogenesis
6.10 Treatment
6.11 Control
References
7 Insecta Infestations in Dogs and Cats
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Diptera (Flies)
7.3 Phthiraptera (Lice)
7.4 Siphonaptera (Fleas)
7.5 Hemiptera (Bed Bugs)
7.6 Ticks and Mites
References
8 Acanthocephala Worm Infections in Dogs and Cats
8.1 Origin and Classification
8.2 General Description
8.3 Developmental Stages
8.4 Acanthocephalans in Small Animals
References
9 Tick‐borne Diseases in Dogs and Cats
9.1 Babesiosis
9.2 Cytauxzoonosis
9.3 Ehrlichiosis and Anaplasmosis
9.4 Hemotropic Mycoplasmosis
9.5 Hepatozoonosis
9.6 Lyme Borreliosis
9.7 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
References
10 Roundworm Infections in Dogs and Cats
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Morphology
10.3 Life Cycle
10.4 Clinical Findings and Lesions in Small Animals
10.5 Clinical Findings and Pathogenesis in Humans
10.6 Diagnosis
10.7 Treatment
10.8 Prevention
References
11 Tapeworm Infections in Dogs and Cats
11.1 Introduction
11.2
Dipylidium
Tapeworms
11.3
Taenia
Tapeworms of Dogs and Cats
11.4
Echinococcus
11.5
Mesocestoides
11.6
Diphyllobothrium
References
12 Fluke Infections in Dogs and Cats
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Trematodes (Platyhelminthes, Flatworms, Flukes)
12.3 Host Associations and Transmission Between Hosts
12.4 Pathogenesis
12.5 Public Health Considerations
12.6 Conclusion
12.7 Recommended Treatments and Strategies
References
13 Protozoan Infections in Dogs and Cats
13.1 Babesiosis (Piroplasmosis)
13.2 Hepatozoonosis
13.3 Cytauxzoonosis
13.4 Trypanosomiasis
13.5 Toxoplasmosis
13.6 Leishmanisis
13.7 Neosporosis
13.8 Sarcocystosis
13.9 Trichomoniasis
13.10 Intestinal Protozoa of Dogs and Cats
13.11 Coccidiosis (Isosporiasis)
13.12 Cryptosporidiosis
References
14 Immunology and Pathogenic Purview
Glossary
14.1 Host–Parasite Associations
14.2 Immune Machineries in Dogs and Cats
14.3 Evasion of Immunity by Parasites
14.4 Immunopathology
14.5 Autoimmunity
14.6 Conclusion
References for Further Reading
15 Parasitic Zoonoses and One Health
15.1 Zoonoses Caused by Protozoa
15.2 Zoonoses Caused by Trematodes
15.3 Zoonoses Caused by Cestodes
15.4 Zoonoses Caused by Nematodes
15.5 Zoonoses Caused by Arthropods
15.6 Flea Allergy Dermatitis
15.7 Conclusions
References
16 Parasitic Fauna Associated with Reproductive Disorders
16.1 Introduction
16.2 Toxoplasmosis
16.3 Neosporosis
16.4 Leishmaniosis
16.5 Dirofilariosis
16.6 Toxocariasis
References
17 Diagnostic Perspectives of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats
17.1 Parasite Detection in Fecal Materials
17.2 Parasite Detection in Urinary Systems
17.3 Blood Parasites of Dogs and Cats
References
18 Anti‐helminthic Resistance: A Barrier to Controlling Parasites in Dogs and Cats
Introduction
18.1 Definitions
18.2 Principles of Anti‐helminthic Resistance (AR) Development
18.3 Factors Contributing to the Development of Anti‐helminthic Resistance
18.4 Evidence of Anti‐helminthic Resistance
18.5 Mechanisms of Resistance
18.6 Monitoring Anti‐helminthic Resistance (AR)
18.7 Prevention of Anti‐helminthic Resistance (AR) Development in Dogs and Cats
18.8 Conclusion and Recommendations
Glossary
References
19 Molecular Biology of Parasites in Dogs and Cats
19.1 Introduction
References
20 Parasitic Vaccines in Dogs and Cats
20.1 Introduction
20.2 Importance of Vaccination in Companion Animals
20.3 The Manipulation of Immune Responses for the Development of Vaccines
20.4 Advancement in the Development of Anti‐parasitic Vaccines
20.5 Novel Drug Delivery Systems for the Delivery of Vaccines
20.6 Future Perspectives
20.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
References
21 Biological Control of Parasites
21.1 Introduction
21.2 Traditional Control
21.3 History of Biological Control
21.4 Advantages of Biological Control
21.5 Disadvantages of Biological Control
21.6 Biological Control Agents
21.7 Use of Biological Agents to Control Ticks and Mites
21.8 Applying Biological Control
21.9 Summary
References
22 Therapeutic Measures and Control Strategies
Glossary
22.1 Introduction
22.2 Risk Analysis for Designing Appropriate Control Strategies
22.3 Deworming
22.4 Use of Anti‐parasitic Drugs
22.5 Use of Nanotechnology
22.6 Ecological Control
22.7 Management Practices
22.8 Role of Veterinarian
22.9 Future Perspectives
22.10 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
23 Future Advanced Research Directions against Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats
23.1 Introduction
23.2 Major Endoparasitic and Ectoparasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats
23.3 Advances in the Diagnosis of Parasitic Diseases in Dogs and Cats
23.4 Advanced Therapies for Parasitoses in Dogs and Cats
23.5 Veterinary Parasitic Vaccines
23.6 Challenges and Future Directions Against Parasitic Diseases of Dogs and Cats
23.7 Conclusion
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Anti‐helminthics and their range of efficacy expressed as the ani...
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 List of common dog and cat endoparasites by phylum, common anatom...
Table 2.2 List of common dog and cat ectoparasites by phylum, common anatom...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 An outline classification of the class Pentastomida.
Table 5.2 Phylogenetic systematization of phylum Pentastomida (Huxley 1869),...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Species of leeches [2].
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Important orders of classes Insecta and Arachnida.
Table 7.2 Classification of the Diptera.
Table 7.3 Tick species and their transmission of pathogens in dogs and cats...
Table 7.4 Important mites of dogs and cats.
Table 7.5 Some examples of available flea and tick‐control products with th...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1
Ehrlichia
spp. and
Anaplasma
spp. in dogs and cats, common name, ...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Role of cytokines in the development of immunity.
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 Indications for anti‐parasitic drugs.
Table 22.2 Mode of action for some endoparasite anti‐parasitic drugs.
Table 22.3 Mode of action for some ectoparasite anti‐parasitic drugs.
Table 22.4 Antibiotics with anti‐parasitic properties.
Table 22.5 Prevention of some parasitic infections in cats and dogs.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Ova of
Strongyle sp
. and
Trichuris sp.
Figure 1.2 Ova of
Trichuris sp
.
Figure 1.3 Ova of
Toxocara sp
.
Figure 1.4 Ova of
Strongyloides sp
.
Figure 1.5
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Figure 1.6
Babesia sp
.
Figure 1.7
Anaplasma sp
.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Typical picture of a combat‐ready dog that is ready to ward off u...
Figure 2.2 A young pet owner in Omu‐Aran, Kwara Sate, Nigeria enjoying the c...
Figure 2.3 An overview of the multifactorial risk traits that could predispo...
Figure 2.4 A typical example of free‐ranging dogs with unlimited access to g...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Risk of transmission of zoonotic pathogens.
Figure 3.2 Disease determinants and possible interventions for control and p...
Figure 3.3 Increase in stray dog population.
Figure 3.4 Exposure of household dogs to external environment.
Figure 3.5 Restricted entry of dogs to parks and playgrounds.
Figure 3.6 Easy access of slaughterhouse waste to dogs.
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Entry of parasites into the body of the host.
Figure 4.2 Dysbiosis of the microbiota causes the dysregulation of immunity....
Figure 4.3 Factors that affect the internal gut environment of the host and ...
Figure 4.4 The association of parasites within the host.
Figure 4.5 The necessity to manipulate the microbiome and its interaction wi...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Phylogenetic relationships within Porocephalida based on Almeida ...
Figure 5.2 Adult female
Linguatula serrata
.
Figure 5.3 Egg of
Linguatula serrata
.
Figure 5.4 Nymph of
Linguatula serrata
.
Figure 5.5 Life cycle of the pentastome
Linguatula serrata
: (a) Adult female...
Figure 5.6 Brown, discolored mesenteric lymph node with tongue‐shaped nymphs...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Respiration in leeches.
Figure 6.2 Diagram of the leech circulatory system: (1) Ventral nerve cord; ...
Figure 6.3 Life cycle of leeches.
Figure 6.4
Hirudinaria manillensis
.
Figure 6.5
Haemadipsa montana
.
Figure 6.6
Haemadipsa sylvestris
.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Diagrammatic image of
Trichodectes canis
.
Figure 7.2 Diagrammatic image of
Linognathus setosus
.
Figure 7.3 Flea life cycle.
Figure 7.4
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
(female tick).
Figure 7.5
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
. Several females attached to the dorsum ...
Figure 7.6
Demodex canis
mites in a skin scraping.
Figure 7.7 Severe generalized demodicosis in a dog.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Morphology of the Acanthocephala worm.
Figure 8.2 Morphology of a typical thorny‐headed worm. (1) Hold‐fast organ, ...
Figure 8.3 Eggs of
Macracanthorhynchus hirudinaceus
are oval and 90–105 × 46...
Figure 8.4
Oncicola canis
in scanning electron microscopy. Distinct probosci...
Figure 8.5 Life cycle of
Oncicola canis
. (Textbook of Canine Parasites and P...
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Jaundice in a dog with chronic babesiosis.
Figure 9.2 Hemoglobinuria in a dog with babesiosis.
Figure 9.3 Petechiation and echymosis on the abdomen of a dog diagnosed with...
Figure 9.4 Ascitis and hindlimb edema in a dog with protein‐losing nephropat...
Figure 9.5
Ehrlichia canis
in a blood smear under a light microscope with 10...
Figure 9.6 Bilateral mucopurulent ocular discharges in a dog diagnosed with ...
Figure 9.7
Hepatozoon
spp. gamont in the leucocyte under a light microscope ...
Figure 9.8 Brown dog tick (
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
) under a light microscop...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 (a)
Toxocara canis
anterior end; (b)
Toxocara cati
anterior end ...
Figure 10.2 Unembryonated egg of
Toxocara canis
(400× magnification).
Figure 10.3 Embryonated egg of
Toxascaris leonina
(400× magnification).
Figure 10.4 Larvae of
Toxocara canis
(a) and
Toxocara cati
(b) showing that ...
Figure 10.5 Life cycle and transmission pathways of
Toxocara
spp. in definit...
Figure 10.6 Clinical manifestation of larval migrans by
Toxocara
spp. in hum...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1
D. caninum
egg packets.
Figure 11.2 Body parts,
Coenurus
larvae and
Taenia
egg. (a)
Taenia hydatigen
...
Figure 11.3 Adult
Echinococcus granulosus
.
Figure 11.4 Body parts of
Mesocestoides lineatus:
(a)
M. lineatus
scolex; (b...
Figure 11.5 Body parts and egg of
Diphyllobothrium latum:
(a)
D. latum
scole...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 Individual merozoites of
Babesia gibsoni
in erythrocytes.
Figure 13.2 A large
Babesia
piroplasm found in a blood smear from an infecte...
Figure 13.3 Trypomastigotes of
Trypanosoma cruzi
in a blood smear of a dog. ...
Figure 13.4 Life cycle of
Toxoplasma gondii
.
Figure 13.5
Giardia
spp. cysts after concentration by sugar centrifugation....
Figure 13.6 Life cycle of
Giardia duodenalis
.
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Factors of innate immunity against parasites.
Figure 14.2 Immunity against intestinal helminthiasis.
Figure 14.3 Parasitism and host immune reactions.
Figure 14.4 Pathways for the development of autoimmunity.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1
Toxoplasma gondii
.
Figure 15.2
Leishmania donovani
bodies.
Figure 15.3 Cryptosporidia oocysts.
Figure 15.4
Trypanosoma brucei
.
Figure 15.5 Taeniid egg.
Figure 15.6 Hydated cyst.
Figure 15.7 Flea bite dermatitis.
Figure 15.8 Connecting human, animal, and environmental health.
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Life cycle of
Toxoplasma gondii
.
Figure 16.2 Life cycle of
Neospora caninum
.
Figure 16.3 Life cycle of
Toxocara
spp.
Figure 16.4 Life cycle of
Dirofilaria repens
.
Chapter 17
Figure 17.1 Dog and cat coccidia species produce oocysts of different sizes....
Figure 17.2
Neospora
and
Toxoplasma
oocysts are similar to common
Isospora
s...
Figure 17.3
Sarcocystis
sporulates in the intestines and the oocyst wall usu...
Figure 17.4
Sarcocystis
sporocysts are smaller than typical coccidia oocysts...
Figure 17.5
Cryptosporidium
spp. in a sugar flotation preparation. The oocys...
Figure 17.6 Stained
Giardia
trophozoites in a direct smear. Trophozoites are...
Figure 17.7 Although
Ancylostoma
is slightly larger than
Uncinaria,
eggs may...
Figure 17.8
Toxocara
eggs are typical ascarid eggs with a thick shell. They ...
Figure 17.9 The egg of
Trichuris vulpis
is one of the most common found in ca...
Figure 17.10
Spirocerca
eggs do not float consistently in common flotation s...
Figure 17.11
Aelurostrongylus
larva in a feline fecal sample. Larvae have th...
Figure 17.12
Angiostrongylus vasorum
first‐stage larva. Differentiated from ...
Figure 17.13
Dipylidium caninum
eggs containing a hexacanth embryo occur in ...
Figure 17.14
Taenia
eggs are brown with a thick shell wall (embryophore) and...
Figure 17.15 Embryonic hooks are visible in the two
Taenia
or
Echinococcus
e...
Figure 17.16 Unlike common tapeworms,
Diphyllobothrium
eggs lack hooks and r...
Figure 17.17 Unlike common tapeworms,
Diphyllobothrium
eggs lack hooks and r...
Figure 17.18
Paragonimus
eggs are undifferentiated when passed in the feces....
Figure 17.19 The operculated eggs of
Nanophyetus
contain an undifferentiated...
Figure 17.20
Dioctophyme
eggs are larger than those of
Pearsonema
and have a...
Figure 17.21
Pearsonema felis cati
egg in a urine sedimentation procedure. M...
Figure 17.22 A polymorphonucleocyte with a
Hepatozoon
gamont. The parasite h...
Figure 17.23 Erythrocyte‐containing, pear‐shaped
Babesia canis
piroplasms. T...
Figure 17.24 Small
Cytauxzoon feli s
merozoites in infected erythrocytes (arr...
Figure 17.25
Leishmania
amastigote (arrow) in a macrophage from a canine lym...
Figure 17.26 Stained trypomastigote of
Trypanosooma cruzi
in a blood smear f...
Figure 17.27 Microfilariae are at an earlier developmental stage than first‐...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 Host–parasite–gene. Individual hosts carry susceptible and resis...
Figure 18.2 Photo diagram of a host population. Alleles associated with drug...
Figure 18.3 Importance of preserving refugia.
Figure 18.4 A diagram representation of anti‐helminthic resistance pathways ...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1 The central dogma.
Figure 19.2 A cell.
Figure 19.3 Synthesis of protein.
Figure 19.4 Trans‐splicing.
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Importance of immunization in dogs and cats.
Figure 20.2 Activation of mixed immune responses (Th1/Th2) by parasitic worm...
Figure 20.3 Modern delivery systems for the delivery of vaccines.
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 Common canine and feline parasitic zoonoses. The zoonoses of can...
Figure 22.2 Key points to consider while managing protocols regarding parasi...
Figure 22.3 Physicochemical characteristics of nanoparticles that make them ...
Figure 22.4 Cycle of a parasitic infection in an environment.
Figure 22.5 Environmental control strategies for the transmission of parasit...
Figure 22.6 The five freedoms of animal welfare.
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Components of VETSCAN IMAGYST system: (a) sample predation, (b) ...
Figure 23.2 Isoxazolines and their effect on gamma‐aminobutyric acid (GABA) ...
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Title Page
Copyright Page
List of Contributors
Preface
Acknowledgment
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Principles and Practices of Canine and Feline Clinical Parasitic Diseases
Edited by
Tanmoy Rana
Department of Veterinary Clinical ComplexWest Bengal University of Animal & Fishery SciencesKolkata, West Bengal, India
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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Rana, Tanmoy, editor.Title: Principles and practices of canine and feline clinical parasitic diseases / edited by Tanmoy Rana.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley Blackwell, [2024] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2023030588 (print) | LCCN 2023030589 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394158249 (hardback) | ISBN 9781394158270 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394158263 (epub)Subjects: MESH: Parasitic Diseases, Animal | Dog Diseases | Cat Diseases | Host‐Parasite Interactions | Antiparasitic AgentsClassification: LCC SF810.A3 (print) | LCC SF810.A3 (ebook) | NLM SF 810.A3 | DDC 636.089/696–dc23/eng/20231030LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023030588LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2023030589
Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © Tanmoy Rana
List of Contributors
Abrar Ul HaqDepartment of Veterinary MedicineGuru Angad Dev Veterinary andAnimal Sciences UniversityLudhiana, Punjab, India
Adedayo M. AwoniyiInstitute of Collective HealthFederal University of BahiaSalvador, Brazil
Afroz JahanDepartment of Veterinary Pharmacology & ToxicologyCOVS, Rampura PhulGADVASU, India
Alok K. DixitDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryRewa, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science UniversityJabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Alok K. SinghDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryRewa, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science UniversityJabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Amit K. JhaDepartment of Animal Genetics and BreedingCollege of Veterinary Science & Animal HusbandryRewa, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science UniversityJabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Amita DubeyCollege of Veterinary Science and AHNDVSU, JabalpurMadhya Pradesh, India
Amita TiwariCollege of Veterinary Science and AHNDVSU, JabalpurMadhya Pradesh, India
Amna ShakoorDepartment of AnatomyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Agriculture, FaisalabadPunjab, Pakistan
Anil KumarDepartment of Veterinary Clinical ComplexBihar Veterinary CollegeBihar Animal Sciences University (BASU)Patna, Bihar, India
Ankesh KumarDepartment of Veterinary Clinical ComplexBihar Veterinary CollegeBihar Animal Sciences University (BASU)Patna, Bihar, India
Apeksha KhareCollege of Veterinary Science and AHNDVSU, JabalpurMadhya Pradesh, India
Azka KalimFaculty of Medical SciencesGovernment College UniversityFaisalabad, Punjab, Pakistan
Baleshwari DixitDepartment of Veterinary Public Health and EpidemiologyCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryRewa, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science UniversityJabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
C. SreedeviDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyNTR College of Veterinary ScienceSri Venkateswara Veterinary UniversityGannavarm, Andhra Pradesh, India
Fakiha KalimDepartment of ParasitologyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Agriculture, FaisalabadPunjab, Pakistan
Fathy A. OsmanAgriculture Research CenterAnimal Health Research InstituteCairo, Egypt
Furqan MunirDepartment of ParasitologyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Agriculture, FaisalabadPunjab, Pakistan
Gautam BordoloiDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyLakhimpur College of Veterinary ScienceAssam Agricultural University, JoyhingNorth Lakhimpur, India
Gurram S. HarithaDepartment of Veterinary Clinical ComplexCVSc, SVVU, GarividiAndhra Pradesh, India
Hanumappa DhanalakshmiDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyKVAFSU, Veterinary CollegeBengaluru, India
Idrees M. AllaieDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyFaculty of Veterinary Sciences and Animal HusbandryShuhama, SKUAST, Kashmir, India
J. AdeppaDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyVeterinary College, Karnataka Veterinary Animal andFisheries Sciences UniversityBidar, Karnataka, India
Krishnan S. PrasannaDepartment of Veterinary PathologyCollege of Veterinary and Animal SciencesKerala Veterinary and Animal Sciences UniversityWayanad, Kerala, India
Manisha Mehra, Gunjan Choudhary, Jaykumar DesaiDepartment of Veterinary PathologyCVAS, RAJUVASBikaner, India
Manoj K. KalitaDepartment of ARGOLakhimpur College of Veterinary ScienceAssam Agricultural University, JoyhingNorth Lakhimpur, India
Muhammad Tahir AleemDepartment of ParasitologyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Agriculture, FaisalabadPunjab, Pakistan
Naresh KumarDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCVAS, Navania, Udaipur, India
P. M. KondaiahDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCollege of Veterinary ScienceSri Venkateswara Veterinary UniversityTirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
Prerona PatowaryDepartment of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, Ethics andJurisprudenceCollege of Veterinary ScienceAssam Agricultural University, KhanaparaGuwahati, Assam, India
Ramesh PutchakayalaDepartment of Veterinary Clinical ComplexCVSc, SVVU, GarividiAndhra Pradesh, India
Ravi KhareDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryRewa, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science UniversityJabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Rinesh KumarDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCollege of Veterinary Science and Animal HusbandryRewa, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science UniversityJabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Rupesh VermaCollege of Veterinary Science and AHNDVSU, Jabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Sanweer KhatoonDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCVAS, Navania, Udaipur, India
Shahana R. TrambooDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyFaculty of Veterinary Sciences & Animal HusbandryShuhama, SKUAST, Kashmir, India
Somesh MeshramDepartment of Livestock Product TechnologyCollege of Veterinary Science & Animal HusbandryRewa, Nanaji Deshmukh Veterinary Science UniversityJabalpur, Madhya Pradesh, India
Sonam BhattDepartment of Veterinary MedicineBihar Veterinary CollegeBASU, Patna, Bihar, India
Tanmoy RanaDepartment of Veterinary Clinical ComplexWest Bengal University of Animal & Fishery SciencesKolkata, West Bengal, India
Tikam GoyalDepartment of Veterinary ExtensionCVAS, Navania, Udaipur, India
Ugochukwu F. OgbodoVeterinarianUniversity of Ilorin Veterinary Teaching HospitalIlorin, Kwara State, Nigeria
V. C. RayuluController of Examinations, YSR BhavanSri Venkateswara Veterinary UniversityTirupati, Andhra Pradesh, India
V. Gnani CharithaDepartment of Veterinary ParasitologyCollege of Veterinary ScienceSri Venkateswara Veterinary UniversityProddatur, Andhra Pradesh, India
Zia ud Din SindhuDepartment of ParasitologyFaculty of Veterinary ScienceUniversity of Agriculture, FaisalabadPunjab, Pakistan
Preface
Dogs and cats are the most wonderful companion animals on the planet. Dogs and cats are generally acquainted with parasites due to the ingestion of raw meat and inhabiting unhealthy environments. The primary objective of this book is to provide necessary information for veterinary students, veterinary practitioners, academicians, researchers, and veterinary technologists about the parasitic diseases of dogs and cats. In my opinion, this book will be helpful to readers that greatly enjoy the amazing field of parasites in canine and feline species. It is routine to provide endo‐ and ectoparasite management in dogs and cats. The treatment and control of parasitic diseases are the most useful preventive measures on the basis of various diagnostic evaluations like the observation of parasite eggs, antigenic tests, host seroconversion, and molecular detection of the parasites. Proper preventive strategies and control measures should be considered to protect against any risk of death. Molecular diagnostic evaluation detects parasites as well as the interpretation of reports in the veterinary diagnostic laboratory. Various parasitic diseases are evaluated in a systematic fashion according to the principal system affected. The book is well designed, organized, and presented for quick reference. It, therefore, is very helpful for public health veterinarians, students, and laboratory technicians to acquire knowledge about the parasitic diseases of dogs and cats. The book is intended for students to gradually realize the importance of parasites and parasitic diseases that affect canine and feline welfare. The book is also beneficial for the veterinary parasitologists who are directly involved in the diagnosis, treatment, and control of parasitic diseases of dogs and cats. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats are elaborately described on the basis of identifying particular parasites with significant epidemiological importance. Drugs for parasitic diseases are marked by their chemical form, rather than proprietary. The book is sequentially arranged to magnify the importance of veterinary parasitology, epidemiology, immunity, anthelmintics, ectoparasiticides, and laboratory diagnosis. I am indebted to the authors of various sources and books on veterinary parasitology whose work we have consistently consulted. It is the responsibility of all veterinary practitioners to be knowledgeable of the laws that govern drugs in their field of practice. Neither the publisher nor the authors undertake any responsibility for any damage and/or injury to persons or property following the application of the information and material(s) contained in this book. The application of any trade names or commercial products used in this book is purely for the purpose of information and does not indicate any finalization and/or recommendation by the publisher or authors. Finally, I hope that the book will be a valuable asset for students and practitioners as well as a very useful resource for academicians.
Tanmoy Rana
Kolkata, India
Acknowledgment
I would like to convey our sincere gratitude to all those who contributed the chapters in this book. I would like to express my gratitude to Dr. Rituparna Bose, Acquisition Editor, Jennifer Seward, Editorial Project Manager; and other members of Wiley Blackwell who have actively or indirectly helped me edit this book. Finally, I would like to acknowledge my family members for cheering me on during the writing and editing of this book.
Tanmoy Rana
Kolkata, India
1General Introduction to Canine and Feline Parasitic Diseases
Sanweer Khatoon
Department of Veterinary Parasitology, CVAS, Navania, Udaipur, India
1.1 Introduction
In parasitology, a parasite is an organism that benefits from its host without returning any benefits and usually causes some damage to it. Incidentally, parasites constitute a diverse group of organisms that may affect a wide range of animal hosts, including amphibians, birds, fishes, mammals, and reptiles. Parasites are unwelcome guests. The word parasitism literally means living side by side. No organism is known that is not susceptible to attack by parasites of some sort. Therefore, a parasite is an organism that resides on or in the body of a larger living organism and derives nourishment from its tissues.
In the twenty‐first century, parasitic diseases are still a severe burden on animal and human populations in tropical and subtropical regions around the world. The impact of parasitic diseases is disproportionally higher in low‐income countries like India because the average living conditions favor exposure to certain parasites whose transmission may be associated with poor housing and sanitary conditions as well as access to education and primary healthcare services.
The dog, a domesticated mammal of family Canidae and the order Carnivora with scientific name Canis lupus familiaris is a subspecies of gray wolf related to foxes and jackals. They are the most ubiquitous and popular domestic animals in the world. On other hand, cats (Felis catus) are a domestic species of small carnivorous mammal and is the only domesticated species of family Felidae. They are commonly referred to as domestic or house cats. Both species are commonly kept as house pets, and domestic cats are valued by humans for companionship and their ability to kill rodents. Pet dogs and cats are often considered the faithful friends and intimate companions of humans. The human–animal bond provides emotional development, socialization, and physiological wellbeing. But with the increase in the number of companion animals is increased contact between domestic animals and people, which exposes humans to zoonotic agents. Although dogs and cats are often considered family members by their owners, it is important to emphasize that they may play an important role as hosts for transmitting zoonotic diseases to humans [1, 2]. Likewise, the potential role of companion animals as reservoirs for zoonotic diseases has been recognized as a significant public health threat of pet ownership worldwide [2].
In general, dogs and cats contribute to the general wellbeing of their owners, particularly children. Despite these benefits to humans, some endoparasitic infections and ectoparasitic infestations of dogs and cats pose a great threat to public health due to the zoonotic problems associated with their occurrence. Parasitic diseases of dogs and cats cause various infections like ocular larva migrans, neurologic, dermatologic, respiratory, and enteric disorders in humans. Rural areas have been implicated as factors in the spread of these zoonotic parasites [3]. However, factors such as biotic potential, high stocking density, and suppressed immune level favor the spread of parasitic diseases. Thereby, parasites are a great threat to society. Many dog owners have found that a single parasite can adversely affect the dog’s welfare and thus cannot be tolerated. So, parasite diagnostics and anti‐parasitic treatments have a significant role in everyday animal care. Some canine parasite infections, even those with no or minor effects on the dog itself, are zoonotic [4].
Dogs are useful companion animals and used for security purposes, breeding activities, and dog shows. Dog practices are up and coming but there are reports of various parasitic disease emerging in them. Tropical countries, including India, have favorable climatic conditions for parasitic growth and development. Parasites can be transferred from dogs and cats to humans in a number of ways. These companion animals can act as the source of parasite stages that are infective to humans, either directly or following an essential period of development; dogs and cats can provide a reservoir for parasites that are indirectly transmitted to humans via intermediate and paratenic hosts or insect and arthropod vectors. From a public health point of view, most gastrointestinal (GI) parasites that infect dogs and cats are zoonotic and may result in serious disease in humans. The canine and feline zoonotic GI parasites of major public health importance in the first category include Echinococcus granulosus, Toxocara cati, T. canis, and the hookworms. Parasites of major zoonotic significance in the second category include food‐borne trematodes (Clonorchis sinensis, Opisthorchis viverrini, Paragonimus spp.), Gnathostoma spinigerum, Leishmania infantum, and Trypananosoma cruzi, whereas Toxoplasma gondii may be transmitted by both direct and indirect methods.
The world’s population of domestic dogs and cats is estimated at one billion, with stray animals thought to account for the majority. This considerable number of stray companion animals presents a serious concern for both human and animal welfare and places a significant burden on communities. This chapter deals with the various endoparasites that are of prime importance in dog and cats and for which an owner should always take proper care.
Among various dog and cat parasites, the helminths are worm‐like parasites. They are both hermaphroditic and bisexual species. The classification is mainly based on the external and internal morphology of egg, larval, and adult stages.
Parasitic infections, in general, are spread in a number of ways. Protozoa and helminths spread through contaminated water, food, waste, soil, and blood. Some are passed through sexual contact. Other parasites are spread by insects that act as a vector, or carrier, of the disease (Figures 1.1–1.4).
Serial no.
Parasite name
Intermediate host
1
Heterophyes heterophyes
1st Snails2nd Fishes (
Mugil cephalus
)
2
Opisthorchis tenuicollis
1st Fresh water snails2nd Cyprinid fishes
3
Opisthorchis viverrini
1st Fresh water snails2nd Cyprinid fishes
4
Clonorchis sinensis
1st Snails2nd Cyprinid fishes
5
Echinochasmus perfoliatus
1st Snails2nd Fishes
6
Artyfechinostomum sufrartyfex
1st
Lymnaea luteola
(snail)2nd
Barbus stigma
(fish)
7
Paragonimus westermanii
1st Snails2nd Crayfishes, crabs
8
Paragonimus kellicoti
1st Snails2nd Crayfishes, crabs
9
Schistosoma incognitum
Snails
Cestodes
10
Dipylidium caninum
1st Dog fleas2nd Dog louse
11
Taenia hydatigena
Domestic, wild ruminants
12
Taenia ovis
Sheep, goats
13
Taenia pisiformis
Rabbits, rodents
14
Taenia taeniaeformis
Rodents
15
Taenia multiceps
Sheep, goats
16
Echinococcus granulosus
Ungulates, humans
17
Echinococcus vogeli
Humans
18
Diphyllobothrium latum
1
st
Diaptomus, cyclops2nd Fresh water fishes
19
Spirometra
1st Water cyclops2nd Water snakes, birds, mice, humans
Nematodes
20
Toxocara canis
21
Toxascaris leonina
22
Strongyloides stercoralis
23
Ancylostoma caninum
24
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
25
Ancylostoma braziliense
26
Filaroides osleri
27
Thelazia callipaeda
Musca
28
Spirocerca lupi
Coprophagousbeetels
29
Physaloptera praeputialis
Beetles
30
Gnathostoma spinigerum
1st Cyclops2nd Fresh water fishes
31
Dirofilaria immitis
Culicine mosquitoes
32
Trichinella spiralis
33
Trichuris vulpis
34
Isospora canis
35
Isospora felis
36
Dioctophyma renale
Free‐living
Liogochaete annelid
Lice/fleas/mites/ticks (
Figure 1.5
)
37
Trichodectes canis
38
Felicola subrostratus
39
Linognathus setosus
40
Heterodoxus spiniger
41
Triatomine bug
42
Ctenocephalides canis
43
Ctenocephalides felis
44
Pneumonyssua caninum
45
Otobius megnini
46
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
47
Haemaphysalis leachi leachi
48
Dermacentor variabilis
49
Demodex canis
50
Sarcoptes scabiei var canis
51
Notoedres cati
52
Otodectes cynotis
53
Linguatula serrata
Cattle, sheep, goats
Protozoa
54
Trypanosoma rangeli
Triatomid
bugs
55
Trypanosoma cruzi
Reduviid
bugs
56
Trypanosoma evansi
Tabanus
57
Leishmania tropica
Phlebotomus papatasi, Phlebotomus sergenti
58
Giardia canis
59
Entamoeba histolytica
60
Entamoeba coli
61
Entamoeba gingivalis
62
Sarcocysts cruzi
Cattle
63
Sarcocysts fusiformis
Buffalo
64
Sarcocysts hirsuta
Cattle
65
Toxoplasma gondii
66
Neospora caninum
67
Hepatozoon canis
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
68
Babesia canis
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
69
Babesia gibsoni
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (
Figure 1.6
)
70
Ehrlichia canis
Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Figure 1.1 Ova of Strongyle sp. and Trichuris sp.
Figure 1.2 Ova of Trichuris sp.
Figure 1.3 Ova of Toxocara sp.
Figure 1.4 Ova of Strongyloides sp.
Figure 1.5Rhipicephalus sanguineus
Figure 1.6Babesia sp.
Intestinal parasites of dogs and cats are ubiquitous worldwide. The overall prevalence of intestinal parasites in pet dogs and cats varies considerably. With regard to helminthic infections, hookworms, ascarids, and whipworms are the most frequent intestinal parasites in dogs. In cats, T. cati is the most common helminth. Several factors affect observed variability in intestinal parasite infections, such as individual features of the host, management, heartworm prophylactic treatments, and diagnostic techniques. Furthermore, canine and feline helminths are susceptible to the effects of environmental conditions and to climate change due to their developmental stages and their survival periods in the environment. Diagnosis relies on polymerase‐chain reaction (PCR) and antigen detection, which seems to be more sensitive than copromicroscopic analysis.
The most common signs and symptoms of intestinal parasites are: diarrhea, with or without blood or mucus, scooting, vomiting, distended abdomen (belly), weight loss, decreased activity, and a dull coat (Figure 1.7).
Pets become infected with intestinal parasites in a number of ways, including:
Drinking contaminated water.
Coming in contact with other infected animals.
Coming in contact with fecal material containing parasite eggs or larvae.
Swallowing fleas that are carrying the infective stage of tapeworms.
Nursing from an infected mother.
Predation or hunting, which, through ingestion, transmits the parasite from an infested or infected rodent or another hunted animal.
Figure 1.7Anaplasma sp.
1.2 Type of Intestinal Parasites
Flukes (Trematodes)
Adult flukes are leaf‐shaped flatworms. They have prominent oral and ventral suckers, which help maintain their position in situ. They are hermaphroditic, except for blood flukes, which are bisexual. The life cycle includes an intermediate snail host.
Tapeworms (Cestodes)
Adult tapeworms are elongated, segmented, hermaphroditic flatworms that inhabit the intestinal lumen. Larval forms, which are cystic or solid, inhabit extraintestinal tissues.
Roundworms (Nematodes)
Adult and larval roundworms are bisexual, cylindrical worms. They inhabit intestinal and extraintestinal sites. They have a smooth, narrow, non‐segmented body that is tapered at both ends. Most species are microscopic, with separate sexes, that are free living and occur worldwide. Included are heartworms,
Angiostrongylus
, roundworms, hookworms, whipworms, lungworms, threadworms, eyeworms, and others.
Roundworms: These are the most common intestinal parasites found in dogs and cats. They do not attach to the intestinal wall. Instead, roundworms live in the intestines and consume partially digested food. Eggs are passed into the stool. Roundworms are transmitted to puppies or kittens before birth by the mother. This is true even if the mother tests negative for roundworms because the larvae (immature worms) encyst in the mother's muscle tissue and are not detected by tests for adult worms. Another major source of roundworm infection for puppies and kittens is the mother's milk. Roundworm larvae may be present in the mother's mammary glands (transmammary route) and milk throughout the nursing period. Pets may also become infected by swallowing roundworm eggs, which contain infective larvae. The larvae hatch in the pet's stomach and small intestine then migrate through the muscle, liver, and lungs. After several weeks, the larvae make their way back to the intestine to mature. When these worms begin to reproduce, new eggs will pass in the pet's stool and the life cycle of the parasite is completed.
Roundworm eggs passed in another animal's stool may be infectious to other pets. Many animal species harbor roundworms and represent potential sources of infection for dogs and cats, including cockroaches, earthworms, chickens, and rodents.
Hookworms: These are intestinal parasites with hook‐like mouth parts used for attachment to the intestinal wall. Pets are infected by swallowing hookworm larvae or immature worms through routine grooming or the ingestion of soil or other contaminated substances in the environment. The larvae may penetrate the skin and migrate to the intestine to mature and complete the life cycle. If a pregnant dog has hookworms, the pregnancy may reactivate larvae. These larvae enter the female's circulation and are passed to the puppies through the placental blood flow. Finally, puppies become infected through the mother's milk. Once a pet is infected, the hookworm attaches to the lining of the intestinal wall and feeds on blood. Its eggs are ejected into the digestive tract and pass into the environment through the pet's feces, which potentially increases exposure to other animals. In dogs, many hookworms cause anemia. This problem is most common in puppies, but it occasionally occurs in adult dogs.
Tapeworms: These are long, flat worms that attach themselves to the intestines. A tapeworm body consists of multiple segments, each with its own reproductive organs, which are passed into the pet's feces. Tapeworm infections are usually diagnosed by finding these segments, which resemble white grains of rice or seeds, in the pet's stool, on their anus, or where they live and sleep. Pets that ingest a flea containing tapeworm eggs can become infected. Fleas are accidentally ingested upon licking or chewing the skin. The flea is digested within the intestines and the tapeworm hatches, after which it attaches to the intestinal lining.
Whipworms: These parasites live in the cecum and colon where they cause severe irritation to the lining of those organs that result in watery, bloody diarrhea, and weight loss. They are one of the most harmful worms to pets, if not properly treated. Pets become infected by ingesting eggs in soil or other contaminated substances in their environment. Eggs are very resistant to drying and heat, which allows them to remain viable in the environment for years. Once laid, the eggs mature to an infective stage and reinfect within 10–60 days. When the eggs are swallowed, they return to the lower intestinal tract to complete the life cycle.
Coccidia: This parasite is a single‐celled organism that infects cats and dogs through contact with fecal matter that contains the parasite. Infection occurs following eating contaminated soil, drinking contaminated water, or licking paws and fur that encountered infected feces.
After infection, coccidia enters the intestines and destroys the intestinal lining, which prevents the absorption of nutrients. This causes severe diarrhea and dehydration, which can even lead to death. Coccidia is very contagious to puppies and kittens, so frequently cleaning feces and changing water to prevent contamination is especially important in young pets.
Giardia: This is another single‐celled intestinal parasite that infects dogs, cats, and humans. Infection is caused by ingesting contaminated food, water, soil, or fur. It travels to the intestines and damages the lining of the intestinal wall, which reduces the absorption of nutrients. Infections often have no symptoms. If there is diarrhea, there is usually no blood in the stool.
1.3 Diagnosis, Treatment, and Prevention
Examine stool samples to test for the presence of microscopic eggs laid by adult worms. Intestinal worms are treated with a dewormer. Preventing infection by intestinal parasites is highly dependent on good sanitation practices.
Treatment is mainly important because of the public health significance. Effective drugs for all tapeworm species include praziquantel and epsiprantel. Although single doses are usually sufficient, an additional dose may be required for some species. There are several alternative anthelmintics that are less frequently used, including bunamidine and nitroscanate; the latter is not recommended for cats. Bemidazole drugs are only effective against taenid tapeworms.
1.4 Control
Clean up droppings as quickly as possible to prevent the spread of infection.
A source of fresh, clean water should be available as parasites are found in contaminated water.
Prevent pets from eating soil or grass, which can contain parasitic eggs.
Remember that droppings from other dogs might be infested – be sure that your dog does not interact with these while out on walks.
Use monthly heartworm preventive medicine.
Use monthly flea prevention treatment to prevent parasite transmission from infected fleas.
Flea control is essential to control
Dipylidium caninum
. Unless exposure to infected fleas can be prevented, dogs and cats will become reinfected with
D. caninum
.
Infection by other species can only be prevented by also controlling predatory and scavenging behavior that involve the metacestodes (larval stage) in carrion and prey animals.
Wash your hands after playing with pets and be sure that outdoor play areas for children, like sandboxes, do not contain any animal droppings.
The major symptoms of worm infections in human include:
Irritability, weight loss, stomachache, bed wetting, and blood in stools.
Tapeworm infection –
Jaundice, nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, eating too frequently, and sometimes even malnutrition.
Roundworm infection
– Diarrhea, passing worms with stools, a dry cough, and fever.
Pinworm infection
– Itching around the anus, trouble sleeping due to itching, and painful urination.
Hookworm infection
– Wheezing, coughing, fatigue, and anemia.
The common causes of infection in human involves:
Encountering an infected surface such as soil that contains eggs, germs at a playground, or touching pets infected with worms.
Consuming infected food or water.
Improper hygiene.
Inadequate hand washing.
The diagnosis of infection plays an important role. A thorough fecal examination and a review of the symptoms are necessary.
Treatment:
Anti‐parasitic medicines.
Anti‐worm or deworming medicines.
Follow good hygiene practices while taking medication for quicker and effective recovery.
1.5 Internal Parasites
There are three groups of internal/helminth parasites: trematodes, cestodes, and nematodes. A list of common dog and cat parasites includes:
Cestodes:
Dipylidium canium
, a common tapeworm of dogs and cat.
Taenia
spp.
Various species include Taenia taeniaeformis in cats as well as T. pisiformis, T. multiceps, T. hydatigena, and T. ovis in dogs.
Echinococcus
spp. Common name: Dwarf dog or fox tapeworm.
E. granulosus and E. multilocularis infect dogs and wild canids. Cats are infrequently infected with E. multilocularis.
Mesocestoides
spp.
Mesocestoides corti, M. lineatus, and M. variabilis.
Diphyllobothrium latum
Common name: Broad fish tapeworm.
Spirometra
spp. Common name: Zipper tapeworm.
Spirometra mansonoides are endemic to North and South America, and S. erinaceieuropaei is endemic to Europe and Asia.
Nematodes:
Dirofilaria immitis:
Heart worm in dogs.
Infects mainly dogs but also cats, ferrets, and some other animals.
Angiostrongylus
Ascariasis
Hookworms in cats
Whipworms in dogs
Lungworms in cats
Lungworms in dogs
Threadworms: Strongyloidosis
Stomachworms
Ollulanus
infection
Esophageal worm in dogs
Dioctophyma renale:
kidney worm in dogs
Dracunculus
infection
Pelodera strongyloides
Thelazia
: eyeworm
Capillaria
urinary infection
Angiostrongylus
infection
A
. vasorum
French heartworm: Dogs are the definitive host and adults are found in pulmonary vessels.
Ancylostoma
spp.
Uncinaria stenocephala
: Common name: Hookworm.
Order: Strongylida.
Ancylostoma caninum
(dogs)
brasiliense
(dogs and cats)
tubaeformae
(cats)
ceylanicum
(dogs and cats)
U. stenocephala
(dogs, rarely cats)
Roundworms (Ascariasis):
T. canis
(infects dogs and foxes)
T. cati
(infects cats and wild Felidae)
Toxascaris leonina
(infects dogs, foxes, cats, and wild Felidae)
Trichuris vulpis:
Whipworm
Infects the cecum and large intestine of dogs and wild canids.
Trichuris felis
infection has been reported, rarely, in cats in Latin America and Australia.
Spirocercalupi
Common name: Esophageal worm.
Adults are found in the wall of the esophagus, stomach, and rarely the aorta of dogs, wild canids, and various other wild animals.
Strongyloides stercoralis
Common name: Intestinal threadworm.
Location in host: Adult females live in the canine small intestine.
Angiostrongylus vasorum
Common name: French heartworm.
Location in host: Lives in the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle of dogs and foxes.
Cestodes: Dipylidium caninum
Common name: Double‐pored or cucumber seed or flea tapeworm.
Location in host: Infects the small intestines of dogs and cats.
Taenia spp.
This species infects small animals, including
T. taeniaeformis
in cats and
T. pisiformis, T. multiceps, T. hydatigena,
and
T. ovis
in dogs.
Echinococcus spp.
Common name: Dwarf dog or fox tapeworm.
E. granulosus
and
E. multilocularis
infect dogs and wild canids.
Cats are infrequently infected with
E. multilocularis
.
Location in host: Lives in the small intestines.
Mesocestoides spp.
Species include
M. corti, M. lineatus,
and
M. variabilis
.
Location in host: Infects the small intestine of dogs, cats, various wild mammals, and birds.
Diphyllobothrium latum: Common name: Broad fish tapeworm.
Dogs and cats can also be infected with
D. dendriticum
.
Location in host: Found in the small intestines of dogs, cats, pigs, humans, and various other fish‐eating mammals.
Cestode: Spirometra mansonoides are endemic to North and South America and S. erinaceieuropaei to Europe and Asia.
Location in host: Live in the small intestines of cats, dogs, and wild animals.
Trematodes:
Paragonimus kellicotti
Infections of domestic animals, humans, and wildlife occur in South and Central America, Africa, and Asia.
Location in host: Infects the lung parenchyma of cats, dogs, pigs, goats, minks, and various other wild mammals.
Nanophyetus salmincola
Common name: Salmon poisoning fluke.
Location in host: Infects the small intestines of dogs, cats, and various other piscivorous carnivores.
Hookworms in cats:
Ancylostoma tubaeforme
(most common)
brasiliense
Uncinaria stenocephala
Kittens and young cats are most susceptible.
Tricuris campula
, the whipworm of cats, rarely infects dogs.
Lungworms in cats:
Aelurostrongylus abstrusus
(principal lungworm of the cat) or
Capillaria aerophilia
(less frequent in cats).
Filaroides hirthi
: Sporadic infections in cats with this small nematode have been reported worldwide.
Additional feline lungworms – There are other lungworms in cats, especially,
Mammomonogamus
spp.
Lungworms in dogs:
Three species of lungworms are recognized in dogs:
Oslerus (Filaroides) osleri
,
Filaroides milksi
, and
Crenosoma vulpis
.
Strongyloidosis (thread worms):
Four species:
Strongyloides stercoralis
(most common in dogs and humans, rarely in cats).
S. planiceps, S. fuelliborni
(less common in dogs).
S. cati
(in cats, mainly in Southeast Asia).
S. tumefaciens
(occurs rarely in cats).
Stomachworms:
Physaloptera
parasitize the stomachs of dogs and cats worldwide.
Ollulanus infections:
Ollulanus tricuspis
, a small nematode about 1 mm long that occasionally causes a mild catarrhal gastritis in cats.
Esophageal worm in dogs:
Spirocerca lupi
, a bright red nematode worm.
Worms are found in the nodules that they produce in the esophageal, gastric, and aorta walls.
Dioctophyma renale infection (giant kidney worm):
Dictophyma renale
, a large, red nematode.
The definitive hosts of this large nematode are mink, weasels, otters, skunks, martens, seals, and infrequently, dogs and some other animals.
Dracunculus infection:
Dracunculus insignis
is a white nematode found in the subcutaneous connective tissue of wild carnivores, raccoons, mink, and rarely, in dogs.
Pelodera strongyloides infection:
P. strongyloides
is a very small (1–2 mm long), free‐living nematode with a worldwide distribution that may superficially infect the skin of dogs, rodents, and other animals.
Thelazia (eyeworm) infection:
Thelazia
spp. are small (up to 19 mm long), white nematodes found in the eyes of dogs, cats, and other animals.
Capillaria urinary infection:
Capillaria
spp. are thread‐like nematodes, the females of which are up to 60 mm long. Two species of these bladder worms occur in dogs and cats.
Capillaria plica
infects dogs, cats, wolves, and foxes;
C. feliscati
infects cats.
Acanthocephalans (thorny‐headed worms: Onciola and Macracanthorhyncus):
These parasites, referred to as thorny‐headed worms, are in the small phylum Acanthocephala.
Two thorny‐headed worms infect dogs,
Oncicola
spp. and
Macracanthorhynchus
spp.; the former species can also infect cats.
Oncicola
spp. is discussed first, followed by
Macracanthorhynchus
spp.
Onciola infection:
Oncicola canis
is a small, white worm 6–14 mm long. It has a thorny head, which it imbeds in the mucosa of the small intestine.
The definitive hosts are dogs, cats, bobcats, and coyotes.
Macracanthorhynchus infection:
The thorny‐headed worm
Macracanthorhynchus ingens
is large (8–12 cm long), white, wrinkled, and found in the small intestine.
The definitive hosts are racoons and occasionally dogs.
1.6 General Measures for the Prevention of Worm Infections
The primary strategy is to destroy parasitic eggs and larvae before they infect an animal.
Good general sanitation and maintaining clean, dry quarters.
Avoid dirt kennel runs; cement, gravel, or sand is preferred, the latter two provide good drainage. Cement runs should be hosed down daily and a disinfectant (e.g. 1% bleach) applied frequently.
Lime, rock salt, or borax can be added to cement, gravel, and sand runs to kill larvae.
Remove stools as often as possible.
The lawns where pets range should be kept short and watered sparingly. Exposure is greatest in damp, shady areas.
Remember that fleas, mice, and other rodents are intermediate hosts for tapeworms.
Keep the litter box clean. Wet spots and feces should be removed daily. Empty and disinfect the box weekly.
Keep pets indoors as much as is possible.
The more pets are allowed to roam and hunt outdoors, the greater their exposure to parasitic infection. Carrion, dead and live rodents, earthworms, frogs, and other animals are potential intermediate and paratenic hosts.
In the interest of preventing zoonotic infections, clients (and through them their children), should be made aware of the need for good hygienic practices when handling pets. Collect and dispose of cat and dog feces where children play.
1.7 Anti‐helminthics and Deworming Guidelines
These guidelines are adapted in part from recommendations of the American Association of Veterinary Parasitologists and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. These guidelines can serve to assist practitioners in the preparation of deworming programs for clients. In view of the introduction of some new anthelmintics, it may not always be necessary or feasible to adhere strictly to these recommendations. The potential for exposure to infection is different for each situation and must be taken into account. A list of frequently used anti‐helminthics and their range of efficacy is presented in Table 1.1.
Juveniles:
Puppies: treat at two, four, six, and eight weeks.
Kittens: treat at six, eight, and ten weeks.
Puppies and kittens: treat once a month from three to six months of age.
After six months, follow adult recommendations.
Adults:
Treat regularly depending on the potential exposure to parasites; ordinarily, not more than four times a year.
Breeding females:
Once prior to mating.
Once following parturition.
Table 1.1 Anti‐helminthics and their range of efficacy expressed as the animal and worm infectious groups that can be treated. a,b
Anti‐helminthic
Efficacy
Animal
Febental/praziquantel/pyrantel pamoate
+ + + + + +
Dogs
Febental/praziquantel
+ + + + +
Dogs, cats
Febendazole
+ + + +
Dogs
Mebendazole
+ + + +
Dogs
Dichlorophene/toluene
+ + + +
Dogs
Pyrantel pamoate/praziquantel
+ + + +
Cats
Dichlorvos
+ + +
Dogs, cats
Milbemycin oxime
+ + +
Dogs
Oxibendazole/diethyl/carbamazine
+ + +
Dogs
Febentel
+ + +
Dogs
Ivermectin/pyrantel pamoate
+ +
Dogs
N‐butyl chloride
+ +
Dogs, cats
Pyrantel pamoate
+ +
Dogs
Piperazine salts
+
Dogs
Diethylcarbamazine citrate
+
Dogs, cats
a Information in this table adapted from recommendations of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
b (Products should be used according to manufacturer's recommendations)
Lactating females should be treated concurrently with their litter(s).
Newly acquired animals:
Immediately treat; then repeat after two weeks and then follow the guidelines above.
Screening:
Annual or biannual fecal screening is recommended for adult cats and dogs.
References
1
Robertson, I.D., Irwin, P.J., Lymbery, A.J., and Thompson, R.C. (2000). The role of companion animals in the emergence of parasitic zoonoses.
International Journal of Parasitology
30 (12‐13): 1369–1377.
2
Schantz, P.M. (1994). Of worms, dogs and human hosts: continuing challenges for veterinarians in prevention of human disease.
J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc.
204: 1023–1028.
3
Okaeme, A.N. (1985). Zoonotic helminths of dogs and cats at New Bussa, Kainji Lake area, Nigeria.
International Journal of Zoonoses.
12 (3): 238–240.
4
Urquhart, G.M., Armour, J., Duncan, J.L. et al. (1987).
Veterinary Parasitology
, 1e, 250. Published by Churchil Livingstone USA.
2Symbiosis and Parasitism in Dogs and Cats
Adedayo M. Awoniyi
Institute of Collective Health, Federal University of Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
