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Progress in Food Biotechnology covers recent advances in the food processing sector. Readers will gain an academic and industrial perspective on how biotechnology improves food product quality, yield, and process efficiency. Novel opportunities for utiliz

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Table of Contents
Welcome
Table of Contents
Title
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
End User License Agreement (for non-institutional, personal use)
Usage Rules:
Disclaimer:
Limitation of Liability:
General:
PREFACE
List of Contributors
Advances in Food Protein Biotechnology
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
ADVANCES IN FOOD PROTEIN-DERIVED BIOACTIVE PEPTIDES
Antihypertensive Activity
Angiotensin Converting Enzyme Inhibition
Renin Inhibition
Other Hypotensive Mechanisms
Endothelial Function Aid
Antioxidant Activity
Hypocholesterolemic and Antiglycemic Activities
Opioid Activity
Future Perspectives in Food Protein Derived Peptides
ORGANOLEPTIC PROPERTIES OF FOOD PROTEIN HYDROLYSATES
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES OF FOOD PROTEINS
Solubility
Emulsifying Properties
Foaming Properties
Viscoelastic Properties and Gelation
EFFECT OF PROTEIN MODIFICATIONS ON THE FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES
Chemical Modification
Glycation
Disulfide Cross-linking
Physical Modification
High-Pressure Processing
Ultrasound Treatment
Enzymatic Modification
Transglutaminase Cross-linking
Proteolysis
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Abbreviations
REFERENCES
Bacterial Exopolysaccharides and their Applications in the Food Industry
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
EPS PRODUCING BACTERIA
BACTERIAL SYNTHESIS OF EPS
EXTRACTION AND PURIFICATION OF EPS
CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIAL EPS
Determination of EPS Yield
Determination of Average Molecular Weight
Determination of Chemical Composition
Determination of Absolute Configuration
FUNCTIONAL PROPERTIES AND FOOD APPLICATIONS OF EPS
HEALTH BENEFITS OF EPS
Modification of Intestinal Microbial Population
Prebiotic Effects
Antitumor Activity
Immune Modulation Activity
Antioxidant Properties of EPS
Reduction of Serum Cholesterol Level
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Enzymatic Modification of Phospholipids
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
ACYL GROUP MODIFICATION
Importance of the Acyl Group Modification of PLs
Chemical Synthesis of Diacyl-PLs
Enzymatic Synthesis of Diacyl-PLs
Use of Lipases and PLA2
Sn-1 Selective Modification
Sn-2 Selective Modification
Non-Specific Modification
Process Optimization for Acyl Group Modification
Synthesis of Lyso PLs
HEAD GROUP MODIFICATION
Basics of PLD
Origin of PLD Enzymes Used in Phospholipid Modification
Reaction System
PLD - Mediated Synthesis of Natural Phospholipids
PLD-Mediated Synthesis of Unnatural Phospholipids
Enzymology and Protein Engineering of PLD
Structure
Catalytic Mechanism
Protein Engineering of PLD
Improving the Catalytic Activity
Enhancing Thermostability
Altering Head Group Specificity
Mode of the Substrate Binding in Streptomyces PLD
Non-HKD PLD
PLD from S. chromofuscus
Loxosceles PLD
Autotaxin
Interfacial Kinetics of PLD
Activity Assays for PLD
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
Food Microbial Cultures
Abstract
INTRODUCTION TO CULTURES
LACTIC ACID BACTERIA CULTURES
YEAST AND MOLD CULTURES
PROBIOTIC CULTURES
Selection Criteria of Probiotics
Functional Properties of Probiotics
Probiotic Bacteria as Functional Starter Culture
Main Factors Influencing the Application of Probiotics in Dairy Products
Probiotic Interaction with Starter Culture Strains
Efficacy and Safety of Probiotics
MIXED CULTURES
Classifying Microbial Interactions that Structure Consortia
The Yoghurt Consortium as the Paradigm of Microbial Interactions in Mixed Cultures
Towards Interaction Studies in More Complex Consortia
FUTURE PROSPECTS FOR FOOD CULTURES
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Abbreviations
REFERENCES
Biotechnological Innovations in Pro-, Pre-, and Synbiotics
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
PROBIOTICS
Use of OMIC Technologies for the Investigation of Probiotic Functionality
Probiotics for Therapeutic Modulation
Future Studies and Next Generation of Probiotics
Probiotic Products
New Trends in Microencapsulation
PREBIOTICS
Most Common Prebiotics
Inulin-Type Fructans
Galacto-oligosaccharides
Novel Oligosaccharides: Xylo-oligosaccharides
Other Novel Sources of Prebiotics
Health Benefits Associated with Prebiotics
Colorectal Cancer (CRC)
Mineral Absorption
Inmunomodulation
Other Health Benefits
Prebiotics in Infant Formula
SYNBIOTICS
CONCLUSIONS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Recent Biotechnological Advances in Food Additives
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
AMINO ACIDS
ANTIMICROBIAL PEPTIDES
COLORANTS
Carotenoids
Flavonoids
Betalains
Chlorophyll
Turmeric
Cochineal
Colorants Produced by Microorganism
Filamentous Fungi and Yeast
Bacteria
Algae
ORGANIC ACIDS
Citric Acid
Lactic Acid
Other Organic Acids
SWEETENERS
Sugar Alcohols (Polyols)
Erythritol
Xylitol
Natural Sweeteners
Steviol Glycosides
Glycyrrhizin
D-Tagatose
Fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS)
Sweet Plant Proteins
VITAMINS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
ABBREVIATIONS
REFERENCES
Designing Bioactive Nanoparticles: The Era of Nutraceuticals
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
TYPES OF NANOPARTICLES
Polymeric Nanoparticles
Inorganic Nanoparticles
Graphene Nanoparticles
Liposomes
Solid Lipid Nanoparticles and Nanostructured Lipid Carriers
SYNTHESIS OF NANOPARTICLES
BIOACTIVE POLYPHENOLS
BIOACTIVE PHENOLIC-RICH MEDICINAL PLANTS
Antioxidant Activity
Antimicrobial Activity
Antiproliferative Activity
Neuroprotective Activity
COMPARISON OF THE ACTIVITY OF ENCAPSULATED AND NON-ENCAPSULATED EXTRACTS
TOXICITY OF NANOPARTICLES
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Abbreviations
REFERENCES
Dairy Enzyme Discovery and Technology
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
DISCOVERY OF NEW ENZYMES
Approaches for Enzyme Discovery
Improved Cultivation Techniques
Metagenomics Methods
Extremophiles
Screening for Enzymatic Activities
Novel Systems in Enzyme Expression and Production
Expression Systems Based on Extremophiles
In vitro Expression Systems
Improving Yield and Functionality of Newly Discovered Enzymes
FORMULATION OF ENZYMES FOR FINAL USE
Solid Formulation
Liquid Formulation
ENZYMATIC PROCESSES IN THE DAIRY INDUSTRY
Lactose Hydrolysis
Potential Modes of Lactose Hydrolysis
Membrane Reactor Processes
Immobilized Lactase Systems
Mechanically Disrupted, and Immobilized Non-Viable Microbial Cells Containing High Lactase Activity
Use of Free Soluble Lactases
Recent Advances in Research- and Commercial-Lactases
Synthesis of Galactooligosaccharides (GOS)
Factors Influencing GOS Production from Lactose
Initial Lactose Concentration
Temperature
Enzyme Sources
GOS Synthesis Time
Other Factors (pH and inhibitors)
Improving the GOS Synthesis Process
Protein Engineering
Reaction Medium Engineering
In-situ Production of GOS Using Natural Lactose Concentrations in Milk Under Cold Temperatures
The Use of Other Dairy Enzymes
Peptidases (Proteases)
A1 Peptidase
Chymosin
Pepsin
Microbial Rennet
S1 Peptidases
Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
Microbial Trypsin
Microbial Chymotrypsin
S8 Peptidases
Subtilisin
M4 Peptidases
Bacillolysin
Exo-peptidases
Crosslinking Enzymes
Lipid Active Enzymes
Oxidoreductases
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Food Waste Management: The Role of Biotechnology
Abstract
LIGNOCELLULOSIC RESIDUES
FERMENTATION SYSTEMS
Wheat Straw
Corn Stover
Rice Straw
CITRUS WASTES
GRAPE POMACE
SPENT MUSHROOM SUBSTRATE
OLIVE MILL WASTEWATER (OMW)
Treatment of OMWs
Utilization and Applications of OMW
Microbial Products
MOLASSES
Biological Processes
Biotechnological Applications of Molasses
Ethanol Production
Other Products
Citric Acid
Gluconic Acid
Fructooligosaccharides (FOS)
Succinic Acid
Single Cell Oil
Pullulan
Erythromycin
Bacteriocins
CHEESE WHEY
Single Cell Protein (SCP)
Single Cell Oil (SCO)
Ethanol
Biogas
Other Products
FAT/OIL/GREASE (FOG) CONTAINING WASTES
FLOUR-RICH WASTE (FRW) STREAMS
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Abbreviations
REFERENCES
Plant Epigenetics: Basic Research and Expectations for Crop Applications
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
GENETICALLY ENHANCED FOOD CROPS
EPIGENETICS INTRODUCTION AND DIFFERENCE WITH GENETICS
DNA Methylation
Histone Modifications of Chromatin
Histone Methylation
Histone Phosphorylation
Histone Acetylation
Histone S-nitrosylation
Histone Ubiquitination
Other Histone Modifications
RNA-Mediated Gene Silencing Pathways
RNA Epigenetics
Epigenetic Genome Regulation in Plants
Selecting Beneficial Epimutation for Successful Breeding
Employing RdDM for Generating Heritable Epimutation
Employing Somaclonal Mutagenesis
Nutritional Epigenetics (Food)
Optimizing Genome-Editing Technology for Acceptable GM Crops
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Abbreviations
REFERENCES

Recent Advances in Biotechnology

(Volume 4)
Progress in Food Biotechnology
Edited by
Ali Osman
DSM Food Specialties,Alexander Felminglaan 1,2613 Delft,
The Netherlands

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PREFACE

Biotechnology is a dynamic, constantly-advancing, and multidisciplinary field which describes the application of any technology that uses biological systems, living organisms, and their products/derivatives to make or modify products and/or processes for specific uses. The advantages, advances, and relevant aspects of its disciplinary underpinnings in biology, chemistry, and engineering have covered various applied areas, such as medicine, pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, food and beverages, agriculture, environment, catalysis, etc... In the food processing sector, the recent advances in biotechnology have targeted the selection and manipulation of organisms and their products with the objectives to (1) improve process control, product quality, consistency, yield and process efficiency, and (2) produce novel opportunities in food preservation and in the production of value-added products (i.e. enzymes, flavour compounds, microbial cultures, food ingredients, etc…).

The global biotechnology industry is in the growth phase of its economic life cycle. The rapid increase in demand reflects the significant expansion in the numbers and volumes of industrial goods produced using biotechnology. Product lines increase as new technologies are developed, processes are learned, and products are commercialized. The contribution of biotechnology to the food production market was evaluated at about US$101.96bn in 2014 (Visiongain market research). Within food biotechnology, many segments are experiencing rapid growth rates. For example, the global food enzyme market is expected to grow with a CAGR (Compound Annual Growth rate) between 7 and 8.5 % from 2017 to 2023 (report linker, Mordor intelligence). Another example is the global starter culture market which is expected to grow with a CAGR of 5.5- 6.5 % between 2016 and 2024 (Credence Research, Markets and markets research).

The dynamics of the food biotechnology market and the fast pace with which the field develops are the main drivers behind the effort spent by the authors of this eBook to cover the most up-to-date advances taking place within food biotechnology. This current eBook ‘Advances in Biotechnology: Progress in Food Biotechnology’ has a pivotal role in describing and discussing snapshots of the most recent advances in the field of academic, industrial, and market perspectives. The eBook targets researchers, scholars, and particularly students and professionals from both academia and industry interested and working in this multidisciplinary subject. This eBook helps (i) students to strengthen their knowledge and expertise in the field, (ii) researchers and industry specialists to initiate and integrate new ideas and technologies in their product and process development, and (iii) specialists in governmental and non-governmental bodies in developing their policies and decision-making processes.

This eBook is written in a very simple and easy-to-understand language targeting a broad audience, and will be an interesting source of trustworthy information supported by graphs, tables, numbers, market trends, and stories of successful product launches. This eBook will not only cover the advances in food biotechnology from an academic perspective, but will also discuss in detail the current advances from an industrial perspective. The content of this eBook will also highlight, between the lines, the possible ways for creating the future of food biotechnology from a technological, market, industrial, and legal point of view.

This eBook is composed of 10 chapters. Chapter 1 presents the latest research on food protein-derived bioactive peptides and the impact of enzymatic hydrolysis on the functional and organoleptic properties of proteins, while chapter 2 discusses the classification, biosynthesis, functional properties, and various food and health applications of bacterial exopolysaccharides (EPS). In chapter 3, the recent advances in the enzymatic modification of phospholipids, the preparation of chemically defined structured phospholipids, and the diverse applications of these phospholipids are reviewed. Chapter 4 presents the current and future status of microbial culture research and production with emphasis on the main fermenting microorganisms, the mutual effects that microorganisms have on each other, and the resulting effects on food matrices. Furthermore, chapter 5 provides a comprehensive overview of the research carried out on probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics in the last 10 years as well as the new biotechnologies that contribute to the understanding of the host-microbiota interactions and the mechanisms of actions of pro-, pre- and synbiotics. In chapter 6, current food additives produced via biotechnological routes, such as amino acids, antimicrobial peptides, organic acids, vitamins, and sweeteners are discussed, whereas chapter 7 presents the latest results obtained with phenolic-based nanoparticles, showing the failures, achievements, and most promising routes for future work with these interesting nutraceuticals. Chapter 8 discusses (i) the recent advances in enzyme discovery approaches supported by few examples of relevance to the dairy industry, and (ii) the up-to-date developments in industrial dairy enzyme applications, with focus on lactose bioconversion, while chapter 9 highlights the role of biotechnology on the bioconversion of major industrial and agro-industrial by-products into various bio-products as examples of a future bio-based economy. In the last chapter of this eBook, plant epigenetics and future expectations that can employ epigenetics in order to improve crops and produce higher levels of e.g. vitamins and proteins are presented in detail.

Ali Osman DSM Food Specialties Alexander Felminglaan 1 2613 Delft The Netherlands E-mail: [email protected]

List of Contributors

Ali OsmanDSM Food Specialties, Alexander Felminglaan 1, 2613 Delft, The NetherlandsAmr R.A. KatayaUniversity of Stavanger, Centre for Organelle Research, Faculty of Science and Technology, N-4036 Stavanger, NorwayAndrea Monteagudo-MeraDepartment of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, United KingdomAngela F. JozalaDepartment of Technological and Environmental Processes, University of Sorocaba–UNISO, Sorocaba, SP, BrazilChristina N. EconomouLaboratory of Biochemical Engineering & Environmental Technology (LBEET), Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Patras, 26504 Patras, GreeceCid Ramón González-GonzálezInstituto Tecnológico Superior de Acayucan, Carretera Costera del Golfo Km 216.4 Acayucan Veracruz, Mexico. CP. 96100Clara GrossoREQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalDaniela A. V. MarquesSerra Talhada Campus, University of Pernambuco–UPE, Serra Talhada, PE, BrazilDimitris SarrisDepartment of Food Science and Nutrition, School of the Environment, University of the Aegean, 81400 Myrina-Lemnos, Greece Laboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athina 118 55, GreeceDimitrios CharalampopoulosDepartment of Food and Nutritional Sciences, University of Reading, Whiteknights, P.O. Box 226, Reading RG6 6AP, United KingdomGurjot DeepikaPortob Biopharma Ltd., Manor Farm Road, Porton Down, Salisbury SP4 0JG, UKJan Kjølhede VesterNovozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, DenmarkJasmina DamnjanovićLaboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JapanJeppe Wegener TamsNovozymes A/S, Krogshøjvej 36, 2880 Bagsværd, DenmarkJorge F. B. PereiraDepartment of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, BrazilPatrícia ValentãoREQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalPaula B. AndradeREQUIMTE/LAQV, Laboratório de Farmacognosia, Departamento de Química, Faculdade de Farmácia, Universidade do Porto, Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira, no. 228, 4050-313 Porto, PortugalP. H. P. PrasannaDepartment of Animal & Food Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Rajarata University of Sri Lanka, Anuradhapura, Sri LankaSander SieuwertsArla Innovation Centre, Agro Food Park 19, 8200 Aarhus, DenmarkSeraphim PapanikolaouLaboratory of Food Microbiology and Biotechnology, Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, Agricultural University of Athens, Athina 118 55, GreeceValker A. FeitosaDepartment of Biochemical and Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo–USP, São Paulo, SP, Brazil Bionanomanufacturing Center, Institute for Technological Research–IPT, São Paulo, SP, BrazilValéria C. Santos-EbinumaDepartment of Bioprocesses and Biotechnology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Univ. Estadual Paulista – UNESP, Araraquara, SP, BrazilYugo IwasakiLaboratory of Molecular Biotechnology, Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Furo-cho, Chikusa-ku, Nagoya 464-8601, JapanZied KhiariCape Breton University - Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment, 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia, Canada, B1P 6L2

Advances in Food Protein Biotechnology

Zied Khiari1,Cid Ramón González-González2,*
1 Cape Breton University - Verschuren Centre for Sustainability in Energy and the Environment. 1250 Grand Lake Road, Sydney, Nova Scotia, CanadaB1P 6L2
2 Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Acayucan Carretera Costera del Golfo Km 216.4 Acayucan Veracruz, Mexico, CP 96100

Abstract

The present book chapter deals with recent advances in food protein biotechnology. The latest research on food protein-derived bioactive peptides and the impact of enzymatic hydrolysis on the organoleptic properties of proteins is reviewed. Protein modifications, which have become the focus of many research studies during recent years, are also covered. Consideration is given to three different protein modification approaches (i) chemical modifications (glycation and disulfide cross-linking); (ii) physical modifications (high-pressure processing and ultrasound treatment); (iii) enzymatic modifications (transglutaminase cross-linking and proteolysis). Since the main purpose of protein modification is to enhance their functional properties, the effects of the chemical, physical, and enzymatic treatments on the solubility, emulsification, foamability, and rheological properties of food proteins are also discussed.

Keywords: Bioactivity, Enzyme, Emulsification, Functional Properties, Glycation, Hydrolysis, Protein, Peptide, Protein Modification, Solubility.
*Corresponding author Cid R. González-González: Instituto Tecnológico Superior de Acayucan. Carretera Costera del Golfo Km 216.4 Acayucan Veracruz, Mexico. CP. 96100; Tel: +52-92424-50042; Fax: +52-92424-50042; Email: [email protected]