Prostate Cancer E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 588

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

Do you manage patients with prostate cancer? Could you use an expert guide examining all possible management options? Prostate Cancer: diagnosis and clinical management providesurologists and oncologists of all levels with up-to-date, evidence-based guidance to the diagnosis, treatment and clinical management of a disease which accounts for a quarter of all cancers affecting men. Designed to be as practical and accessible as possible, leading experts discuss key issues in prostate cancer management and examine how to deliver best practice in the clinical care of their patients. Topics covered include: * What must be considered when counseling newly-diagnosed cancer patients * Radical surgery options for prostate cancer * Novel therapies for localized prostate cancer * How should metastatic prostate cancer be diagnostic and managed * What are the best methods of administering end of life care for the patient Brought to you by a highly experienced editor team, and containing key points, management algorithms, practice tips and the latest AUA and EAU clinical guidelines, this is the ideal consultation tool for doctors both on the wards and in the office.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Contributors

Preface

Chapter 1: Prostate Cancer Epidemiology

United States—recent trends in incidence and mortality

Advancing age

Race/ethnicity

Family history

Hormonal factors

Lifestyle decisions

Diet

Vitamins/minerals/trace elements

Genetics

Natural history of prostate cancer

Watchful waiting

References

Chapter 2: Diagnosis and Screening

Symptoms

First line investigations

Prostate-specific antigen

Transrectal ultrasound

Transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsy

Evaluating population screening for prostate cancer

Screening studies

Screening recommendations from international health organizations

References

Chapter 3: Understanding the Histopathology

Histological variants of prostate cancer

Histology of the prostate and immunohistochemistry

Prostate cores

Gleason score

Volume of cancer in cores

Perineural invasion

Core quality

Reporting errors

Transurethral resection specimens

Radical prostatectomies

Radical prostatectomy data

Lymph nodes

Prognostic markers

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Markers in Prostate Cancer

Tumor markers

Currently available markers for prostate cancer

Problems with the PSA test

Serum or whole-blood biomarkers

Precursor forms of PSA (PROPSAS) (protein)

Molecular urine markers

RNA markers in urine

DNA-based urine biomarkers

Protein markers in urine

Metabolite urine markers

Genetic markers

Cellular markers

Circulating tumor cells

Conclusions

References

Chapter 5: Imaging

Introduction

Role of imaging in prostate cancer

Staging and treatment determination

Modifying treatment by image-derived stage (over clinical stage)

Follow-up of known cancer under treatment

References

Chapter 6: Counseling the Patient with Newly Diagnosed Prostate Cancer, Stage by Stage

Decision-making complicated by lack of level one evidence

Factors that influence decision-making

Application and development of patient decision aids

Role of clinical nurse specialist and primary care physician

Clinical practice guidelines

Conclusions

References

Chapter 7: Active Surveillance in the Management of Low-Risk Prostate Cancer

Introduction

Patient selection

Patient monitoring

Current results of AS with delayed treatment

Future improvements in selection and monitoring of patients offered AS

Conclusions

References

Chapter 8: Radical Surgery

Introduction

Types of surgery

Patient selection

Preoperative workup

Instrumentation

Positioning

Port placement

Surgical technique

Postoperative management

Complications

Outcomes

References

Chapter 9: Radiation Therapy in the Management of Prostate Cancer

Introduction

External beam radiotherapy

Dose escalation

Androgen deprivation therapy and nodal irradiation

Adjuvant or salvage radiotherapy following radical surgery

Hypofractionation

Stereotactic body radiotherapy

Proton therapy

Brachytherapy

Procedure

Results

Side effects of brachytherapy

Summary

References

Chapter 10: Novel Therapies for Localized Prostate Cancer

Introduction

Minimally invasive treatment

Focal therapy

Defining success and failure after minimally invasive therapy

Cryotherapy

HIFU

Photodynamic therapy

Irreversible electroporation

Laser photothermal therapy

Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 11: Posttherapy Follow-up and First Intervention

Introduction

Evidence acquisition

Evidence synthesis

Conclusion

References

Chapter 12: Managing Rising PSA in Naive and Posttherapy Patients

Introduction

Rising PSA in treatment naive patients

Rising PSA in post-RP patients

Rising PSA in post-RT patients

Hormonal treatment for PSA recurrence after RP/RT

Summary

References

Chapter 13: Diagnosis and Management of Metastatic Prostate Cancer

Introduction

Proper diagnosis of metastases: when and how?

Initial treatment of bone metastases

Summary overview

References

Chapter 14: New Therapies in Hormone Relapsed Disease

Introduction

Targeting androgen receptor signaling

Immune targeting in advanced prostate cancer

Bone-targeting agents in advanced prostate cancer

Second-line chemotherapy

References

Chapter 15: End of Life Care in Prostate Cancer

Introduction

Bone metastases

Management of end-stage prostate cancer

Summary

References

Chapter 16: The Long Perspective: Prostate Cancer as a Chronic Disease

References

Chapter 17: The Future: What's in the Toolkit for Prostate Cancer Diagnosis and Treatment?

Introduction

The future of diagnosis

Genetic markers of familial and sporadic prostate cancers

Chemoprevention

Heterogeneity and prostate cancer treatments

Should biology drive treatment strategies rather than vice versa?

Conclusions: how soon will the future come?

Acknowledgments

References

Index

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Prostate cancer (Tewari) Prostate cancer : diagnosis and clinical management / edited by Ashutosh K. Tewari, Peter Whelan, John Graham. p. ; cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-118-34735-5 (pbk.) I. Tewari, Ashutosh, editor of compilation. II. Whelan, Peter, 1947– editor of compilation. III. Graham, John, 1955– editor of compilation. IV. Title. [DNLM: 1. Prostatic Neoplasms–diagnosis. 2. Prostatic Neoplasms–therapy. 3. Patient Care Management. 4. Prostate–pathology. 5. Prostate–surgery. WJ 762] RC280.P7 616.99′463–dc23

2013034289

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Cover image: back drop © author Ch 03; inserts © author Ch 05

Cover design by Meaden Creative

Contributors

Hashim U. Ahmed, FRCS(Urol.), BM, BCh, BA(Hons.)

MRC Clinician Scientist and Clinical Lecturer in Urology

Division of Surgery and Interventional Science,

University College London, London, UK; and

Department of Urology,

University College London Hospitals

NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK

Adnan Ali, MBBS

Clinical Research Fellow

Center for Prostate Cancer,

Weill Cornell Medical College,

New York Presbyterian Hospital,

New York, NY, USA

Anastasios Anastasiadis, MD, FEBU

Fellow in Endourology and Laparoscopy

Clinical Research Fellow

EAU Section of Uro-Technology (ESUT),

Academic Medical Center

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Manit Arya, MBChB, MD(Res), FRCS(Glas), FRCS(Urol)

Consultant Urological Surgeon

Department of Urology,

University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,

London, UK; and

Barts Cancer Institute,

Queen Mary University London,

London, UK

Diletta Bianchini, MD

Specialist Oncologist

Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and

Drug Development Unit,

The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and

The Institute of Cancer Research,

Surrey, UK

L. Boccon-Gibod, MD

Former Chairman and former head of surgery

Department of Urology,

CHU Bichat,

Paris, France

Philippa J. Cheetham, MD

Attending Urologist

Department of Urology,

Winthrop University Hospital,

New York, NY, USA

J. Conibear, MBBCh, BSc, MSc, MRCP, FRCR

Clinical Oncology Specialist Registrar

Mount Vernon Cancer Center,

Middlesex, UK

Ernesto R. Cordeiro, MD, FEBU

Fellow in Endourology and Laparoscopy

Clinical Research Fellow

Endourological Society,

Academic Medical Center,

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

William Richard Cross, BMedSci, BMBS, FRCS(Urol.), PhD

Consultant Urological Surgeon

Department of Urology,

St. James's University Hospital,

Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust,

Leeds, UK

Annie Darves

Medical Student

Stony Brook University and Winthrop

University Hospital, New York

Johann de Bono, MD, FRCP, MSc, PhD, FMedSci

Professor of Experimental Cancer Medicine

Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and

Drug Development Unit,

The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and

The Institute of Cancer Research,

Surrey, UK

Jean J.M.C.H. de la Rosette, MD, PhD

Chairman Department of Urology

Chairman Clinical Research Office

Endourology Society

Executive Board Member Société

Internationale d'Urologie

Academic Medical Center,

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Theo M. de Reijke, MD, PhD, FEBU

Senior Staff Urology Department

Academic Medical Center,

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Harveer Dev MA, MB BChir, MRCS

NIHR Academic Clinical Fellow in Urology

Cambridge

University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust

Cancer, Research UK Cambridge,

Institute Cambridge Biomedical Campus

Cambridge, UK

Mark Emberton, FRCS(Urol.), FRCS(Eng.), MD, MBBS, BSc

Professor of Urology and Director, Honorary

Consultant Urologist

Division of Surgery and Interventional Science,

University College London, London, UK; and

Department of Urology,

University College London Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust,

London, UK

John D. Graham, FRCP, FRCR

Consultant in Clinical Oncology

Beacon Centre,

Musgrove Park Hospital,

Taunton,

Somerset, UK; and

Director, National Collaborating Centre for

Cancer,

Cardiff, UK

P. J. Hoskin, MD, FRCP, FRCR

Consultant in Clinical Oncology

Mount Vernon Cancer Centre

Northwood UK; and

Professor in Clinical Oncology

University College London

Aaron Katz, M.D.

Chairman of Department of Urology

Winthrop University Hospital, New York

Frederic Lecouvet, MD, PhD

Division of Radiology,

Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc,

Institut de Recherche Clinique,

Université catholique de Louvain,

Brussels, Belgium

Norman Maitland, PhD

YCR Professor of Molecular Biology and

Director

Department of Biology,

YCR Cancer Research Unit,

University of York,

York, UK

Aurelius Omlin, MD

Clinical Research Fellow

Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and

Drug Development Unit,

The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and

The Institute of Cancer Research,

Surrey, UK

Jon Oxley, BSc, MD, FRCPath

Consultant in Cellular Pathology

Southmead Hospital,

North Bristol NHS Trust,

Bristol, UK

Joe Park

Medical Student

Stony Brook University and Winthrop

University Hospital, New York

Carmel Pezaro, MBChB, FRACP, DMedSc

Clinical Research Fellow

Prostate Cancer Targeted Therapy Group and

Drug Development Unit,

The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust and

The Institute of Cancer Research,

Sutton, UK

Yiannis Philippou MA(Cantab), MBBChir

Foundation Year 2

Department of Surgery,

The Royal Marsden NHS Foundation Trust,

Sutton, UK

Jonathan Richenberg, BM, BcH, MA, MRCP, FRCR (Hon. Sen. Lect.), BSMS

Consultant Radiologist

Department of Imaging,

Royal Sussex County Hospital,

Brighton, UK

Nicholas James Smith, MBChB, FRCS(Urol.), PhD

Specialist Registrar

Department of Urology,

St. James's University Hospital,

Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Trust,

Leeds, UK

Prasanna Sooriakumaran, MD, PhD, FRCSUrol, FEBU

Senior Fellow in Robotics and Urology

Honorary Consultant Urological Surgeon

Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences,

University of Oxford,

Oxford, UK; and

Visiting Assistant Professor

Department of Molecular Medicine and

Surgery,

Karolinska Institute,

Stockholm, Sweden

Martin Spahn, MD

Associate Professor

Senior Consultant

Department of Urology,

University Hospital Bern, Inselspital Anna

Seiler-Haus,

Bern, Switzerland

Ashutosh Tewari, MD, MCh

Ronald P. Lynch Professor of

Urologic-Oncology

Director

Center for Prostate Cancer,

Weill Cornell Medical College, New York

Presbyterian Hospital;

New York, NY, USA; and

Director

LeFrak Center of Robotic Surgery, Weill

Cornell Medical College,

New York Presbyterian Hospital,

New York, NY, USA

George Thalmann, MD

Professor of Urology

Director and Chairman

Department of Urology,

University Hospital Bern, Inselspital Anna

Seiler-Haus,

Bern, Switzerland

Bertrand Tombal, MD, PhD

Professor of Urology

Division of Urology,

Cliniques universitaires Saint Luc,

Institut de Recherche clinique,

Université catholique de Louvain,

Brussels, Belgium

Massimo Valerio, MD, FEBU

Clinical Research Fellow, PhD candidate

Division of Surgery and Interventional Science,

University College London, London, UK; and

Department of Urology

University College London Hospitals NHS

Foundation Trust,

London, UK; and

Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudoi,

Lausanne, Switzerland

Peter Whelan, MS, FRCS,

Community Urologist, Leeds, UK

Emeritus Consultant Urological Surgeon,

Pyrah Department of Urology,

St. James's University Hospital,

Leeds, UK

Matias Westendarp, MD

Fellow in Endourology and Laparoscopy

Clinical Research Fellow

Academic Medical Center,

Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Preface

With the advent of new drugs and innovative technologies with which to treat prostate cancer in the last few years, and the realization that overdiagnosis and hence overtreatment have been a feature of the recent past; it was felt timely to produce a short, comprehensive book on all aspects of prostate cancer, leaving the details for the expert to the many excellent contemporary monographs.

We are privileged to have had an internationally known team of contributors ranging across the field. Aaron Katz and colleagues set the scene with the all important review of the epidemiology and natural history of the disease. Jon Oxley sets the contemporary context of histopathology; Philippa J. Cheetham gives us an exhaustive review of the current state of markers in this disease, whereas Jonathan Richenberg brings us up to date with imaging of the disease both locally and distantly. In an innovatory chapter, William Richard Cross reviews what informed consent means and the evidence we have, stage by stage, with which to advise our patients.

The management of localized disease is discussed from all aspects of possible therapies, starting with a discussion on active monitoring, a counterintuitive concept when dealing with cancer in not offering treatment immediately, and why it is valid in prostate cancer, by L. Boccon-Gibod. Ashutosh Tewari gives an authoritive description of surgical treatment, whereas P.J. Hoskin examines both external beam radiotherapy and brachytherapy to help us understand why, numerically, these are the most frequent treatments utilized. Hashim U. Ahmed and Mark Emberton review the role of emerging therapies to which they have contributed so much.

In linked chapters, Theo M. de Reijke, George Thalmann, and Bertrand Tombal, together with their colleagues, explore what options there are when definitive therapies appear to have failed. It is hoped that these, taken together with William Richard Cross's chapter, will allow all readers to reflect on the two important components of prostate cancer treatment: evidence and timescale. Johann de Bono brings his immense experience and expertise to discuss the exciting developments of new therapies in this disease. Peter Whelan looks at the progress and lack of it, from the beginning of anatomical radical prostatectomy through the PSA era to the current day, whereas John D. Graham reminds us that this is a malignant disease with which we are dealing and some patients progress and some die from it. In a sensitive account, he sets out how our patients may be supported to have a “good death.”

Finally, we thought it appropriate to ask a scientist, Norman Maitland, who has spent more than 30 years in this field, to give a scientific rather than a clinical take on future prospects.

We hope this book will prove useful to the experts to enable them to understand where other experts are “coming from,” what their therapies have to offer, and what are these therapies' inevitable limitations to the generalist who can use this book to help guide patients through the bewildering options available, and sincerely to include the lay reader, both patient and their relatives. We hope that it will provide a comprehensive summary, an accessible narrative, and a starting point for discussions patients will have with their treating physicians.

Andrew von Eschenbach, a urologist and ex-director of the US National Institute of Cancer, stated that the hope was to turn prostate cancer into a chronic disease. This has largely been achieved in the current era with many men living a quarter or even a third of their lives after the diagnosis. We hope this book shows how this came about and how men can and must be persuaded to live out their lives as fully as possible, and that there are always options, and one will probably fit an individual's needs.

We are grateful to all at Wiley especially Oliver Walter who commissioned this volume, and to Kate Newell and Claire Brewer.

CHAPTER 1

Prostate Cancer Epidemiology

Annie Darves-Bornoz1, Joe Park1, and Aaron Katz2

1Stony Brook University and Winthrop University Hospital, New York

2Department of Urology, Winthrop University Hospital, New York

United States—recent trends in incidence and mortality

Incidence

Prostate cancer is the most common non-skin cancer diagnosed among American males, affecting roughly one in six men (16.15%) over the course of their lifetime. Prostate cancer is also the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in American men. According to the most recent data from the Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) database, an estimated 241 740 men were diagnosed with prostate cancer and over 28 000 died of it in the United States in 2012 [1]. The incidence of prostate cancer spiked in the United States in the early 1990s because of the advent of more aggressive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening [2]. This was followed by a sharp decline from 1992 to 1995 during which incidence rates returned to a new baseline which remained approximately two and a half times the pre-PSA era rate, likely due to the fact that increased screening in prior years had successfully diagnosed much of the previously undetected prostate cancer patients in the population.

Mortality and survival

Most recent data show that mortality rates due to prostate cancer have been declining, with a 3.5% decrease between 2000 and 2009 [3]. In addition, 5-year survival rates have also been increasing, jumping from 76% between 1983 and 1985 to 98% between 1992 and 1998 [4]. While this staggering rise in survival and decline in mortality can in part be attributed to the recent trend in earlier detection and more aggressive treatment [5], screening overdiagnosis of preclinical prostate cancers which may never progress clinically is likely a major contributor as well. Overall, 5-year relative survival is nearly 100%, relative 10-year survival is 98%, and relative 15-year survival is 93%.

The stage of the prostate cancer is a major contributor to survival, as patients with local and regional disease had relative 5-year survival rates nearing 100%, while patients with distant metastasis had a relative 5-year survival of only 28% [6]. As screening is advancing, there has been an increase in incidence of organ-confined and regional diseases and a decrease in incidence of metastatic diseases [7].

International trends

Prostate cancer is the second most common cancer among men in the United States and fifth most common cancer worldwide [8]. However, incidence and mortality of this disease differ greatly depending on the geographical area. Incidence is highest in Scandinavia and North America (especially among African-Americans, with an annual rate of 236.0 per 100 000 men) and lowest in Asia (1.9 cases per 100 000 annually) [1, 8]. With respect to mortality rates, the highest rates are found in the Caribbean (at 26.3 deaths per 100 000 annually) and the lowest rates are found in Asia (<3 deaths per 100 000 annually). There are numerous explanations for these drastically different mortality rates among countries. Two major factors are differences in treatment and misattribution of cause of death. Environment is likely to play a role as well. One study comparing Japanese men living in the United States with Japanese men living abroad found that Japanese men living in the United States had more similar rates of prostate cancer to persons of similar ancestry living in the United States than to the Japanese men living in Japan [9].