Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structures Harbours and Waterways EAU 2004 E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1008

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Since 1949 the "Committee for Waterfront Structures" has operated on honorary base as a committee of the Society for Harbour Engineering (HTG), Hamburg, and since 1951 also as working group of the German Society for Geotechnics (DGGT), Essen. Its full designation reads "Committee for Simplification an Standardization of Calculation and Construction of Waterfront Structures", which also outlines its goals. Following on from the previous joint publications, this new edition of EAU 2004 contains the safety concept with partial safety factors in accordance with the Eurocodes or the European prestandards as well as with the new edition of the corresponding German standard, partially differing on account of practice experiences. The recommendations continue to satisfy the requirements for international acknowledgement and application with regard to planning, design tendering, the awarding of contracts, building and building supervision. Further, the inspection and accounting procedures for harbour and waterway constructions are given from uniform points of view.

Leseprobe

Contents

Members of the Committee for Waterfront Structures

Preface to the 8th Revised Edition

List of Recommendations in the 8th Edition

Recommendations

0 Structural calculations

0.1 General

0.2 Safety concept

0.3 Calculations for waterfront structures

1 Subsoil

1.1 Mean characteristic soil properties (R 9)

1.2 Layout and depth of boreholes and penetrometer tests (R 1)

1.3 Preparation of subsoil investigation reports, expert opinions and foundation recommendations for waterfront structures (R 150)

1.4 Determination of undrained shear strength cu in field tests (R 88)

1.5 Investigation of the degree of density of non-cohesive backfill for waterfront structures (R 71)

1.6 Degree of density of hydraulically filled, non-cohesive soils (R 175)

1.7 Degree of density of dumped, non-cohesive soils (R 178)

1.8 Assessment of the subsoil for the installation of sheet piles and piles and methods of installation (R 154)

2 Active and passive earth pressures

2.0 General

2.1 Assumed apparent cohesion (capillary cohesion) in sand (R 2)

2.2 Assumed apparent cohesion (capillary cohesion) in sand (R 3)

2.3 Assumed angle of earth pressure and adhesion (R 4)

2.4 Determination of the active earth pressure using the Culmann method (R 171)

2.5 Determination of active earth pressure in a steep, paved embankment of a partially sloping bank construction (R 198)

2.6 Determination of active earth pressure in saturated, non- or partially consolidated, soft cohesive soils (R 130)

2.7 Effect of artesian water pressure under harbour bottom or river bed on active and passive earth pressure (R 52)

2.8 Use of active earth pressure and water pressure difference, and construction advice for waterfront structures with soil replacement and fouled or disturbed dredge pit bottom (R 110)

2.9 Effect of percolating groundwater on water pressure difference, active and passive earth pressures (R 114)

2.10 Determining the amount of displacement required for the mobilisation of passive earth pressure in non-cohesive soils (R 174)

2.11 Measures for increasing the passive earth pressure in front of waterfront structures (R 164)

2.12 Passive earth pressure in front of sheet piles in soft cohesive soils, with rapid loading on the land side (R 190)

2.13 Effects of earthquakes on the design and dimensioning of waterfront structures (R 124)

3 Overall stability, foundation failure and sliding

3.1 Relevant standards

3.2 Safety against failure by hydraulic heave (R 115)

3.3 Piping (foundation failure due to erosion) (R 116)

3.4 Verification of overall stability of structures on elevated piled structures (R 170)

4 Water levels, water pressure, drainage

4.1 Mean groundwater level (R 58)

4.2 Water pressure difference in the water-side direction (R 19)

4.3 Water pressure difference on sheet piling in front of embankments below elevated decks in tidal areas (R 65)

4.4 Design of filter weepholes for sheet piling structures (R 51)

4.5 Design of drainage systems with flap valves for waterfront structures in tidal areas (R 32)

4.6 Relieving artesian pressure under harbour bottoms (R 53)

4.7 Assessment of groundwater flow (R 113)

4.8 Temporary stabilisation of waterfront structures by groundwater lowering (R 166)

4.9 Flood protection walls in seaports (R 165)

5 Ship dimensions and loads on waterfront structures

5.1 Ship dimensions (R 39)

5.2 Assumed berthing pressure of vessels at quays (R 38)

5.3 Berthing velocities of vessels transverse to berth (R 40)

5.4 Load cases (R 18)

5.5 Vertical live loads (R 5)

5.6 Determining the “design wave” for maritime and port structures (R 136)

5.7 Wave pressure on vertical waterfront structures in coastal areas (R 135)

5.8 Loads arising from surging and receding waves due to inflow or outflow of water (R 185)

5.9 Effects of waves from ship movements (R 186)

5.10 Wave pressure on pile structures (R 159)

5.11 Wind loads on moored ships and their influence on the design of mooring and fendering facilities (R 153)

5.12 Layout and loading of bollards for seagoing vessels (R 12)

5.13 Layout, design and loading of bollards in inland harbours (R 102)

5.14 Quay loads from cranes and other transhipment equipment (R 84)

5.15 Impact and pressure of ice on waterfront structures, fenders and dolphins in coastal areas (R 177)

5.16 Impact and pressure of ice on waterfront structures, piers and dolphins in inland areas (R 205)

5.17 Loads on waterfront structures and dolphins from the reaction forces of fenders (R 213)

6 Configuration of cross-section and equipment for waterfront structures

6.1 Standard dimensions of cross-section of waterfront structures in seaports (R 6)

6.2 Top edge of waterfront structures in seaports (R 122)

6.3 Standard cross-sections of waterfront structures in inland harbours (R 74)

6.4 Sheet piling waterfront on canals for inland vessels (R 106)

6.5 Partially sloped waterfront construction in inland harbours with extreme water level fluctuations (R 119)

6.6 Design of waterfront areas in inland ports according to operational aspects (R 158)

6.7 Nominal depth and design depth of harbour bottom (R 36)

6.8 Strengthening of waterfront structures to deepen harbour bottoms in seaports (R 200)

6.9 Redesign of waterfront structures in inland harbours (R 201)

6.10 Provision of quick-release hooks at berths for large vessels (R 70)

6.11 Layout, design and loading of access ladders (R 14)

6.12 Layout and design of stairs in seaports (R 24)

6.13 Equipment for waterfront structures in seaports with supply and disposal facilities (R 173)

6.14 Fenders at berths for large vessels (R 60)

6.15 Fenders in inland harbours (R 47)

6.16 Foundations to craneways on waterfront structures (R 120)

6.17 Fixing crane rails to concrete (R 85)

6.18 Connection of expansion joint seal in a reinforced concrete bottom to loadbearing external steel sheet piling (R 191)

6.19 Connecting steel sheet piling to a concrete structure (R 196)

6.20 Floating wharves in seaports (R 206)

7 Earthworks and dredging

7.1 Dredging in front of quay walls in seaports (R 80)

7.2 Dredging and hydraulic fill tolerances (R 139)

7.3 Hydraulic filling of port areas for planned waterfront structures (R 81)

7.4 Backfilling of waterfront structures (R 73)

7.5 Dredging of underwater slopes (R 138)

7.6 Scour and scour protection at waterfront structures (R 83)

7.7 Vertical drains to accelerate the consolidation of soft cohesive soils (R 93)

7.8 Subsidence of non-cohesive soils (R 168)

7.9 Soil replacement procedure for waterfront structures (R 109)

7.10 Calculation and design of rubble mound moles and breakwaters (R 137)

7.11 Lightweight backfilling to sheet piling structures (R 187)

7.12 Soil compaction using heavy drop weights (R 188)

7.13 Consolidation of soft cohesive soils by preloading (R 179)

7.14 Improving the bearing capacity of soft cohesive soils by using vertical elements (R 210)

7.15 Installation of mineral bottom seals under water and their connection to waterfront structures (R 204)

8 Sheet piling structures

8.1 Material and construction

8.2 Calculation and design of sheet piling

8.3 Calculation and design of cofferdams

8.4 Anchors, stiffeners

9 Anchor piles and anchors

9.1 General

9.2 Anchoring elements

9.3 Safety factors for anchors (R 26)

9.4 Pull-out resistance of piles (R 27)

9.5 Design and installation of driven steel piles (R 16)

9.6 Design and loading of driven piles with grouted skin (R 66)

9.7 Construction and testing (R 207)

9.8 Anchoring with piles of small diameter (R 208)

9.9 Connecting anchor piles to reinforced concrete and steel structures

9.10 Transmission of horizontal loads via pile bents, diaphragm walls, frames and large bored piles (R 209)

10 Waterfront structures, quays and superstructures of concrete

10.1 Design principles for waterfront structures, quays and superstructures (R 17)

10.2 Design and construction of reinforced concrete waterfront structures (R 72)

10.3 Formwork in marine environments (R 169)

10.4 Design of reinforced concrete roadway slabs on piers (R 76)

10.5 Box caissons as waterfront structures in seaports (R 79)

10.6 Pneumatic caissons as waterfront structures in seaports (R 87)

10.7 Design and dimensioning of quay walls in block construction (R 123)

10.8 Construction and design of quay walls using the open caisson method (R 147)

10.9 Design and dimensioning of large, solid waterfront structures (e.g. block construction, box or pneumatic caissons) in earthquake areas (R 126)

10.10 Application and design of bored pile walls (R 86)

10.11 Application and design of diaphragm walls (R 144)

10.12 Application and construction of impermeable diaphragm walls and impermeable thin walls (R 156)

10.13 Inventory before repairing concrete components in hydraulic engineering (R 194)

10.14 Repair of concrete components in hydraulic engineering (R 195)

11 Piled structures

11.1 General

11.2 Determining the active earth pressure shielding on a wall below a relieving platform under average ground surcharges (R 172)

11.3 Active earth pressure on sheet piling in front of piled structures (R 45)

11.4 Calculation of planar piled structures (R 78)

11.5 Design and calculation of general piled structures (R 157)

11.6 Wave pressure on piled structures (R 159)

11.7 Verification of overall stability of structures on elevated piled structures (R 170)

11.8 Design and dimensioning of piled structures in earthquake zones (R 127) .

11.9 Stiffening the tops of steel pipe driven piles (R 192)

12 Embankments

12.1 Slope protection (R 211)

12.2 Embankments in seaports and tidal inland harbours (R 107)

12.3 Embankments below quay superstructures behind closed sheet piling (R 68)

12.4 Partially sloped embankment in inland harbours with large water level fluctuations (R 119)

12.5 Use of geotextile filters in slope and bottom protection (R 189)

13 Dolphins

13.1 Design of resilient multi-pile and single-pile dolphins (R 69)

13.2 Spring constant for the calculation and dimensioning of heavy-duty fenders and berthing dolphins (R 111)

13.3 Impact forces and required energy absorption capacity of fenders and dolphins in seaports (R 128)

13.4 Use of weldable fine-grained structural steels for resilient berthing and mooring dolphins in marine construction (R 112)

14 Experience with waterfront structures

14.1 Average service life of waterfront structures (R 46)

14.2 Operational damage to steel sheet piling (R 155)

14.3 Steel sheet piling waterfront structures under fire loads (R 181)

15 Monitoring and inspection of waterfront structures in seaports (R 193)

15.1 General

15.2 Records and reports

15.3 Performing inspections of the structure

15.4 Inspection intervals

Annex I Bibliography

I.1 Annual technical reports

I.2 Books and papers

I.3 Technical provisions

Annex II List of conventional symbols

II.1 Symbols

II.2 Indices

II.3 Abbreviations

II.4 Symbols for water levels

Annex III List of keywords

Members of the Committee for Waterfront Structures

At present the working committee “Waterfront Structures” has the following members:

Professor Dr.-Ing. Werner Richwien, Essen, Chairman

Baudirektor Dipl.-Ing. Michael Behrendt, Bonn

Project Manager Ir. Jacob Gerrit de Gijt, Rotterdam

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Jürgen Grabe, Hamburg

Baudirektor Dr.-Ing. Michael Heibaum, Karlsruhe

Professor Dr.-Ing. Stefan Heimann, Berlin

Managing Director Ir. Aad van der Horst, Gouda

Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Uwe Kalle, Hagen

Professor Dr.-Ing. Roland Krengel, Dortmund

Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Lambertz, Duisburg

Dr.-Ing. Christoph Miller, Hamburg

Dr.-Ing. Karl Morgen, Hamburg

Managing Director Dr.-Ing. Friedrich W. Oeser, Hamburg

Managing Director Dipl.-Ing. Emile Reuter, Luxemburg

Managing Director Dr.-Ing. Peter Ruland, Hamburg

Dr.-Ing. Wolfgang Schwarz, Schrobenhausen

Leitender Baudirektor Dr.-Ing. Hans Werner Vollstedt, Bremerhaven

Preface to the 8th Revised Edition

This, the 8th English edition of the Recommendations of the Committee for Waterfront Structures, in the translation of the 10th German edition of the recommendations, which was published at the end of 2004. Now the full revision of the collected published recommendations which began with EAU 1996 is concluded. The concept of partial safety factors stipulated in EC 7 and DIN 1054 has been incorporated in the EAU’s methods of calculation. At the same time, the revised recommendations also take account of all the new standards and draft standards that have also been converted to the concept of partial safety factors and had been published by mid-2004. Like with EAU 1996, further details concerning the implementation of the partial safety factor concept can be found in section 0. The incorporation of the partial safety factor concept of DIN 1054 called for a fundamental reappraisal of the methods of calculation and design for sheet piling structures contained in sections 8.2 to 8.4 and the methods of calculation for sheet piles contained in section 13. Extensive comparative calculations had to be carried out to ensure that the established safety standard of the EAU was upheld when using methods of analysis according to the concept of partial safety factors. This has been achieved by adapting the partial safety factors and by specifying redistribution diagrams for active earth pressure. The use of the new analysis concept for the design of sheet piling structures therefore results in component dimensions similar to those found by designs to EAU 1990.

Now that the inclusion of the European standardisation concept has been concluded, the 10th German edition of the EAU (and hence also the 8th English edition) satisfies the requirements for notification by the EU Commission. It is therefore registered with the EU Commission under Notification No. 2004/305/D. A component of the notification is the principle of “mutual recognition”, which must form the basis of contracts in which the EAU or individual provisions thereof form part of the contract. This principle is expressed as follows: “Products lawfully manufactured and/or marketed in another EC Member State or in Turkey or in an EFTA State that is a contracting party to the Agreement on the European Economic Area that do not comply with these technical specifications shall be treated as equivalent – including the examinations and supervisory measures carried out in the country of manufacture – if they permanently achieve the required level of protection regarding safety, health and fitness for use.”

The following members of the working committee have been involved with the German edition EAU 2004 since the summer of 2000.

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E. h. Victor Rizkallah, Hannover (Chairman)

Dipl.-Ing. Michael Behrendt, Bonn (since 2001)

Ir. Jakob Gerrit de Gijt, Rotterdam

Dr.-Ing. Hans Peter Dücker, Hamburg

Dr.-Ing. Michael Heibaum, Karlsruhe

Dr.-Ing. Stefan Heimann, Bremen/Berlin (since 2002)

Dipl.-Ing. Wolfgang Hering, Rostock

Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Uwe Kalle, Hagen (since 2002)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Roland Krengel, Dortmund (since 2004)

Dipl.-Ing. Karl-Heinz Lambertz, Duisburg (since 2002)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. habil. Dr. h. c. mult. Boleslaw Mazurkiewicz, Gdañsk

Dr.-Ing. Christoph Miller, Hamburg (since 2002)

Dr.-Ing. Karl Morgen, Hamburg

Dr.-Ing. Friedrich W. Oeser, Hamburg

Dr.-Ing. Heiner Otten, Dortmund (until 2002)

Dipl.-Ing. Martin Rahtge, Bremen (since 2004)

Dipl.-Ing. Emile Reuter, Luxembourg (since 2002)

Dipl.-Ing. Ulrich Reinke, Bremen (until 2002)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Richwien, Essen (Deputy Chairman)

Dr.-Ing. Peter Ruland, Hamburg (since 2002)

Dr.-Ing. Helmut Salzmann, Hamburg

Dr.-Ing. Roger Schlim, Luxembourg (until 2002)

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Hartmut Schulz, Munich

Dr.-Ing. Manfred Stocker, Schrobenhausen

Dipl.-Ing. Hans-Peter Tzschucke, Bonn (until 2002)

Ir. Aad van der Horst, Gouda

Dr.-Ing. Hans-Werner Vollstedt, Bremerhaven

The fundamental revisions contained in EAU 2004 also made detailed discussions with colleagues and specialists outside the committee necessary, even to the extent of setting up temporary study groups for specific topics. The committee thanks all those colleagues who in this way made significant contributions to EAU 2004. In addition, numerous contributions presented by the professional world and recommendations from other committees and international technical–scientific associations have been incorporated in these recommendations. These contributions and the results of the revision work mean that EAU 2004 now conforms with the current international standard. It provides the construction industry with an adapted, updated set of recommendations brought into line with European standards that will continue to act as a valuable aid for design, tendering, placing orders, technical processing, economic and ecological construction, quality control and settlement of contracts, and will thus enable harbour and waterway construction projects to be carried out according to the state of the art and according to uniform conditions.

The committee thanks all those whose contributions and suggestions have helped to bring the recommendations up to their present state, and wishes the EAU 2004 the same success as its earlier editions.

Vote of thanks goes to Prof. Dr.-Ing. Dr.-Ing. E. h. Victor Rizkallah, who was chairman of the committee until the end of 2004 and thus the 10th German edition of the recommendations have been prepared and published under his responsibility. In the translation works very valuable advices and help came from Prof. Dr.-Ing. Martin Hager, who was chairman of the committee up to the end of 1996. Finally a very special vote of thanks goes to my co-worker, Dipl.-Ing. Carsten Pohl, who assisted me in the extensive preparation of this edition and in the review of the text with great dedication and diligence.

Further special thanks are owed to the publisher Ernst & Sohn for the good cooperation and the meticulous care with which all drawings, tables and equations were prepared, providing once again an excellent printing quality and layout of the 8th revised English edition of EAU 2004.

Hannover, November 2005

Prof. Dr.-Ing. Werner Richwien

List of Recommendations in the 8th Edition

Section R 1 Layout and depth of boreholes and penetrometer tests 1.2 R 2 Assumed cohesion in cohesive soils 2.1 R 3 Assumed apparent cohesion (capillary cohesion) in sand 2.2 R 4 Applying the angle of earth pressure and the sheet pile wall analysis in the vertical direction 8.2.4 R 5 Vertical live loads 5.5 R 6 Standard dimensions of cross-section of waterfront structures in seaports 6.1 R 7 Combined steel sheet piling 8.1.4 R 9 Mean characteristic soil properties 1.1 R 10 Verification of stability for anchoring at lower failure plane 8.4.9 R 12 Layout and loading of bollards for seagoing vessels 5.12 R 14 Layout, design and loading of access ladders 6.11 R 16 Design and installation of driven steel piles 9.5 R 17 Design principles for waterfront structures, quays and superstructures 10.1 R 18 Load cases 5.4 R 19 Water pressure difference in the water-side direction 4.2 R 20 Bearing stability verification for the elements of sheet piling structures 8.2.6 R 21 Design and driving of reinforced concrete sheet piling 8.1.2 R 22 Design and driving of timber sheeting 8.1.1 R 23 Danger of sand abrasion on sheet piling 8.1.9 R 24 Layout and design of stairs in seaports 6.12 R 26 Safety factors for anchors 9.3 R 27 Pull-out resistance of piles 9.4 R 29 Design of steel walings for sheet piling 8.4.1 R 30 Verification of bearing capacity of steel walings 8.4.2 R 31 Design and calculation of protruding corner structures with tie roding 8.4.11 R 32 Design of drainage systems with flap valves for waterfront structures in tidal areas 4.5 R 33 Vertical loads on sheet piling 8.2.11 R 34 Steel sheet piling 8.1.3 R 35 Corrosion of steel sheet piling, and countermeasures 8.1.8 R 36 Nominal depth and design depth of harbour bottom 6.7 R 38 Assumed berthing pressure of vessels at quays 5.2 R 39 Ship dimensions 5.1 R 40 Berthing velocities of vessels transverse to berth 5.3 R 41 Staggered embedment depth for steel sheet piling 8.2.10 R 42 Staggered arrangement of anchor walls 8.2.14 R 43 Waterfront sheet piling in unconsolidated, soft cohesive soils, especially in connection with undisplaceable structures 8.2.16 R 44 Consideration of axial loads in sheet piling 8.2.7 R 45 Active earth pressure on sheet piling in front of piled structures 11.3 R 46 Average service life of waterfront structures 14.1 R 47 Fenders in inland harbours 6.15 R 50 Sheet piling anchors in unconsolidated, soft cohesive soils 8.4.10 R 51 Design of filter weepholes for sheet piling structures 4.4 R 52 Effect of artesian water pressure under harbour bottom or river bed on active and passive earth pressure 2.7 R 53 Relieving artesian pressure under harbour bottoms 4.6 R 55 Selection of embedment depth for sheet piling 8.2.8 R 56 Determining the embedment depth for sheet pile walls with full or partial fixity in the soil 8.2.9 R 57 Steel sheet piling driven into bedrock or rock-like soils 8.2.15 R 58 Mean groundwater level 4.1 R 59 Walings of reinforced concrete for sheet piling with driven steel anchor piles 8.4.3 R 60 Fenders at berths for large vessels 6.14 R 65 Water pressure difference on sheet piling in front of embankments below elevated decks in tidal areas 4.3 R 66 Design and loading of driven piles with grouted skin 9.6 R 67 Quality requirements for steels and interlock dimension tolerances for steel sheet piles 8.1.6 R 68 Embankments below quay superstructures behind closed sheet piling 12.3 R 69 Design of resilient multi-pile and single-pile dolphins 13.1 R 70 Provision of quick-release hooks at berths for large vessels 6.10 R 71 Investigation of the degree of density of non-cohesive backfill for waterfront structures 1.5 R 72 Design and construction of reinforced concrete waterfront structures 10.2 R 73 Backfilling of waterfront structures 7.4 R 74 Standard cross-sections of waterfront structures in inland harbours 6.3 R 76 Design of reinforced concrete roadway slabs on piers 10.4 R 77 Calculations for sheet piling structures with fixity in the ground and a single anchor 8.2.2 R 78 Calculation of planar piled structures 11.4 R 79 Box caissons as waterfront structures in seaports 10.5 R 80 Dredging in front of quay walls in seaports 7.1 R 81 Hydraulic filling of port areas for planned waterfront structures 7.3 R 83 Scour and scour protection at waterfront structures 7.6 R 84 Quay loads from cranes and other transhipment equipment 5.14 R 85 Fixing crane rails to concrete 6.17 R 86 Application and design of bored pile walls 10.10 R 87 Pneumatic caissons as waterfront structures in seaports 10.6 R 88 Determination of undrained shear strength cu in field tests 1.4 R 90 Driving of steel sheet piles and steel piles at low temperatures 8.1.15 R 91 Burning off the tops of driven steel sections for loadbearing welded connections 8.1.19 R 93 Vertical drains to accelerate the consolidation of soft cohesive soils 7.7 R 94 Top steel nosing for reinforced concrete walls and capping beams at waterfront structures 8.4.6 R 95 Steel capping beams for waterfront structures 8.4.4 R 98 Acceptance conditions for steel sheet piles and steel piles on site 8.1.7 R 99 Design of welded joints in steel sheet piles and driven steel piles 8.1.18 R 100 Cellular cofferdams as excavation enclosures and waterfront structures 8.3.1 R 101 Double-wall cofferdams as excavation enclosures and waterfront structures 8.3.2 R 102 Layout, design and loading of bollards in inland harbours 5.13 R 103 Shear-resistant interlock connections for steel sheet piling (Jagged Walls) 8.1.5 R 104 Driving of combined steel sheet piling 8.1.12 R 105 Observations during the installation of steel sheet piles, tolerances 8.1.13 R 106 Sheet piling waterfront on canals for inland vessels 6.4 R 107 Embankments in seaports and tidal inland harbours 12.2 R 109 Soil replacement procedure for waterfront structures 7.9 R 110 Use of active earth pressure and water pressure difference, and construction advice for waterfront structures with soil replacement and fouled or disturbed dredge pit bottom 2.8 R 111 Spring constant for the calculation and dimensioning of heavy-duty fenders and berthing dolphins 13.2 R 112 Use of weldable fine-grained structural steels for resilient berthing and mooring dolphins in marine construction 13.4 R 113 Assessment of groundwater flow 4.7 R 114 Effect of percolating groundwater on water pressure difference, active and passive earth pressures 2.9 R 115 Safety against failure by hydraulic heave 3.2 R 116 Piping (foundation failure due to erosion) 3.3 R 117 Watertightness of steel sheet piling 8.1.20 R 118 Driving corrugated steel sheet piles 8.1.11 R 119 Partially sloped waterfront construction in inland harbours with extreme water level fluctuations 6.5 R 120 Foundations to craneways on waterfront structures 6.16 R 121 Waterfront structures in regions subject to mining subsidence 8.1.21 R 122 Top edge of waterfront structures in seaports 6.2 R 123 Design and dimensioning of quay walls in block construction 10.7 R 124 Effects of earthquakes on the design and dimensioning of waterfront structures 2.13 R 125 Design and dimensioning of single-anchor sheet piling structures in earthquake zones 8.2.18 R 126 Design and dimensioning of large, solid waterfront structures (e.g. block construction, box or pneumatic caissons) in earthquake areas 10.9 R 127 Design and dimensioning of piled structures in earthquake zones 11.8 R 128 Impact forces and required energy absorption capacity of fenders and dolphins in seaports 13.3 R 129 Reinforced concrete capping beams for waterfront structures with steel sheet piling 8.4.5 R 130 Determination of active earth pressure in saturated, non- or partially consolidated, soft cohesive soils 2.6 R 132 Horizontal actions parallel to the quay in steel sheet pile walls 8.2.12 R 133 Auxiliary anchoring at the top of steel sheet piling structures 8.4.7 R 134 Calculation of sheet pile walls with double anchors 8.2.3 R 135 Wave pressure on vertical waterfront structures in coastal areas 5.7 R 136 Determining the “design wave” for maritime and port structures 5.6 R 137 Calculation and design of rubble mound moles and breakwaters 7.10 R 138 Dredging of underwater slopes 7.5 R 139 Dredging and hydraulic fill tolerances 7.2 R 140 Design of pile driving templates 8.1.17 R 144 Application and design of diaphragm walls 10.11 R 145 Hinged connection of driven steel anchor piles to steel sheet piling structures 8.4.14 R 146 Design and calculation of protruding quay wall corners 8.4.12 R 147 Construction and design of quay walls using the open caisson method 10.8 R 149 Noise protection, low-noise driving 8.1.14 R 150 Preparation of subsoil investigation reports, expert opinions and foundation recommendations for waterfront structures 1.3 R 151 High prestressing of anchors of high-strength steels for waterfront structures 8.4.13 R 152 Calculation of anchor walls fixed in the ground 8.2.13 R 153 Wind loads on moored ships and their influence on the design of mooring and fendering facilities 5.11 R 154 Assessment of the subsoil for the installation of sheet piles and piles and methods of installation 1.8 R 155 Operational damage to steel sheet piling 14.2 R 156 Application and construction of impermeable diaphragm walls and impermeable thin walls 10.12 R 157 Design and calculation of general piled structures 11.5 R 158 Design of waterfront areas in inland ports according to operational aspects 6.6 R 159 Wave pressure on pile structures 5.10 R 161 Sheet piling structures without anchors 8.2.1 R 162 Narrow partition moles in sheet piling 8.3.3 R 164 Measures for increasing the passive earth pressure in front of waterfront structures 2.11 R 165 Flood protection walls in seaports 4.9 R 166 Temporary stabilisation of waterfront structures by groundwater lowering 4.8 R 167 Repairing interlock damage on driven steel sheet piling 8.1.16 R 168 Subsidence of non-cohesive soils 7.8 R 169 Formwork in marine environments 10.3 R 170 Verification of overall stability of structures on elevated piled structures 3.4 R 171 Determination of the active earth pressure using the Culmann method 2.4 R 172 Determining the active earth pressure shielding on a wall below a relieving platform under average ground surcharges 11.2 R 173 Equipment for waterfront structures in seaports with supply and disposal facilities 6.13 R 174 Determining the amount of displacement required for the mobilisation of passive earth pressure in non-cohesive soils 2.10 R 175 Degree of density of hydraulically filled, non-cohesive soils 1.6 R 176 Armoured steel sheet piling 8.4.15 R 177 Impact and pressure of ice on waterfront structures, fenders and dolphins in coastal areas 5.15 R 178 Degree of density of dumped, non-cohesive soils 1.7 R 179 Consolidation of soft cohesive soils by preloading 7.13 R 181 Steel sheet piling waterfront structures under fire loads 14.3 R 183 Driving assistance for steel sheet piling by means of shock blasting 8.1.10 R 184 Threads for sheet piling anchors 8.4.8 R 185 Loads arising from surging and receding waves due to inflow or outflow of water 5.8 R 186 Effects of waves from ship movements 5.9 R 187 Lightweight backfilling to sheet piling structures 7.11 R 188 Soil compaction using heavy drop weights 7.12 R 189 Use of geotextile filters in slope and bottom protection 12.5 R 190 Passive earth pressure in front of sheet piles in soft cohesive soils, with rapid loading on the land side 2.12 R 191 Connection of expansion joint seal in a reinforced concrete bottom to loadbearing external steel sheet piling 6.18 R 192 Stiffening the tops of steel pipe driven piles 11.9 R 193 Monitoring and inspection of waterfront structures in seaports 15 R 194 Inventory before repairing concrete components in hydraulic engineering 10.13 R 195 Repair of concrete components in hydraulic engineering 10.14 R 196 Connecting steel sheet piling to a concrete structure 6.19 R 198 Determination of active earth pressure in a steep, paved embankment of a partially sloping bank construction 2.5 R 199 Taking account of inclined embankments in front of sheet piling and unfavourable groundwater flows in the passive earth pressure area of non-cohesive soil 8.2.5 R 200 Strengthening of waterfront structures to deepen harbour bottoms in seaports 6.8 R 201 Redesign of waterfront structures in inland harbours 6.9 R 202 Vibration of U- and Z-section steel sheet piles 8.1.22 R 203 Jetting when installing steel sheet piles 8.1.23 R 204 Installation of mineral bottom seals under water and their connection to waterfront structures 7.15 R 205 Impact and pressure of ice on waterfront structures, piers and dolphins in inland areas 5.16 R 206 Floating wharves in seaports 6.20 R 207 Construction and testing 9.7 R 208 Anchoring with piles of small diameter 9.8 R 209 Transmission of horizontal loads via pile bents, diaphragm walls, frames and large bored piles 9.10 R 210 Improving the bearing capacity of soft cohesive soils by using vertical elements 7.14 R 211 Slope protection 12.1 R 212 Pressing of U- and Z-section steel sheet piles 8.1.24 R 213 Loads on waterfront structures and dolphins from the reaction forces of fenders 5.17 R 214 Partial safety factors for actions and effects and resistances 8.2.0.1 R 215 Determining the design values for the bending moment 8.2.0.2 R 216 Partial safety factors for hydrostatic pressure 8.2.0.3