Renewable Energy Technologies E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 872

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

RENEWABLE ENERGY TECHNOLOGIES

With the goal of accelerating the growth of green energy utilization for the sustainability of life on earth, this volume, written and edited by a global team of experts, goes into the practical applications that can be utilized across multiple disciplines and industries, for both the engineer and the student.

Green energy resources are gaining more attention in academia and industry as one of the preferred choices for sustainable energy conversion. Due to the energy demand, environmental impacts, economic needs, and social issues, green energy resources are being researched, developed, and funded more than ever before. Researchers are facing numerous challenges, but there are new opportunities waiting for green energy resource utilization within the context of environmental and economic sustainability. Efficient energy conversion from solar, wind, biomass, fuel cells, and others are paramount to this overall mission and the success of these efforts.

Written and edited by a global team of experts, this groundbreaking new volume from Scrivener Publishing presents recent advances in the study of green energy across a variety of fields and sources. Various applications of green energy resources, modeling and performance analysis, and grid integration aspects of green energy resources are considered. Not only laying out the concepts in an easy-to-understand way, but this team offers the engineer, scientist, student, or other professional practical solutions to everyday problems in their daily applications. Valuable as a learning tool for beginners in this area as well as a daily reference for engineers and scientists working in these areas, this is a must-have for any library.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

1 Comparison of Drag Models for Hydrodynamic Flow Behavior Analysis of Bubbling Fluidized Bed

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Mathematical Model

1.3 Results and Discussion

1.4 Conclusion

References

2 Pathways of Renewable Energy Sources in Rajasthan for Sustainable Growth

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Renewable Energy in India

2.3 Renewable Energy in Rajasthan

2.4 Government Initiatives

2.5 Major Achievements

2.6 Environment Effects

2.7 Conclusion

References

3 Distributed Generation Policy in India: Challenges and Opportunities

3.1 Background

3.2 Electricity Access in India

3.3 DG System Position in Existing Legal and Policy Framework of India

3.4 Analysis and Challenges in the DG System

3.5 Conclusion

References

4 Sustainable Development of Nanomaterials for Energy and Environmental Protection Applications

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Photocatalysis

4.3 Electrocatalysis

4.4 Supercapacitors

4.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

5 Semiconductor Quantum Dot Solar Cells: Construction, Working Principle, and Current Development

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Solar Cell Operation (Photovoltaic Effect)

5.3 Quantum Dot Based Solar Cells

5.4 Materials for QDSSCs

5.5 Conclusion and Future Prospects

References

6 Review on Productivity Enhancement of Passive Solar Stills

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Need for Desalination in India & Other Parts of World

6.3 Significance of Solar Energy – Indian Scenario

6.4 Desalination Process Powered by Solar Energy

6.5 Solar Still

6.6 Methods to Augment the Potable Water Yield in Passive Solar Still

6.7 Factors Affecting the Rate of Productivity

6.8 Corollary on Productivity Enhancement Methods

6.9 Conclusions and Future Recommendations

References

7 Subsynchronous Resonance Issues in Integrating Large Windfarms to Grid

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Literature Survey

7.3 DFIG Based Grid Integrated WECs

7.4 Modeling of System Components

7.5 Analysis of Subsynchronous Resonance

7.5.1 Analysis by Eigenvalue Method

7.6 Hardware Implementation

7.7 Conclusion

References

8 Emerging Trends for Biomass and Waste to Energy Conversion

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Hydrothermal Processing

8.3 Opportunities and Challenges in Hydrothermal Processing (HTP)

8.4 Bio-Methanation Process

8.5 Integrating AD-HTP

8.6 Waste to Energy Conversion

8.7 Impacts of COVID-19 on Biomass and Waste to Energy Conversion

8.8 Conclusion

References

9 Renewable Energy Policies and Standards for Energy Storage and Electric Vehicles in India

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Structure of the Indian Power System

9.3 Status of RE in India

9.4 Legal Aspects of Electricity and Consumer Rights in India

9.5 Policies, Programs, and Standards Related to Energy Storage and EVs

9.6 Electricity Market-Related Developments for Accommodating More RE

9.7 Conclusion

References

10 Durable Catalyst Support for PEFC Application

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Classification of Fuel Cells and Operating Principle

10.3 Direct Methanol Fuel Cells (DMFC)

10.4 Fuel Cell Performance and Stability

10.5 Effect of TiO

2

Based Catalysts/Supports for H

2

-PEFC and DMFC

10.6 Variable Phase of TiO

2

Supported Pt Towards Fuel Cell Application

10.7 Influence of Doping in TiO

2

Towards ORR

10.8 Influence of Morphology Towards Oxygen Reduction Reaction

10.9 Effect of Titania-Carbon Composite Supported Pt Electrocatalyst for PEFC

10.10 PEFC Stack Operation and Durability Studies with Alternate Catalyst Support

10.11 Summary and Way Forward

Acknowledgements

References

11 Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cells: Future of Renewable Energy Research

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Principle of URFC

11.2.2 Fuel Cell Mode (FC)

11.3 Classification of URFCs

11.4 Case Studies on URFCs

11.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

12 Energy Storage for Distributed Energy Resources

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Types of Energy Storage Systems

12.3 Power Electronic Interface

12.4 Control of Different HESS Configurations

12.5 Battery Modeling Techniques

12.6 Applications

12.7 Challenges and Future of ESSs

12.8 Conclusions

References

13 Comprehensive Analysis on DC-Microgrid Application for Remote Electrification

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Background of DC-µG

13.3 DC-µG Architectures

13.4 DC-µG Voltage Polarity

13.5 Single Bus DC-µG

13.6 Radial Architecture of DC-µG

13.7 Ladder Type DC-µG

13.8 Topological Overview of DC-DC Converters

13.9 DC-µG Control Schemes

13.9.2 Distributed Control of DC-µG

13.10 Key Challenges and Direction of Future Research

13.11 Conclusions

References

14 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance of Solar Air Heater

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Solar Air Heater (SAH)

14.3 Performance Evaluation of a SAH

14.4 Collector Performance Testing and Prediction

14.5 Performance Enhancement Methods of Solar Air Collector

14.6 Thermo-Hydraulic Performance

14.7 Prediction of Net Effective Efficiency of Conical Protrusion Ribs on Absorber of SAH: A Case Study

14.8 Conclusions

References

15 Artificial Intelligent Approaches for Load Frequency Control in Isolated Microgrid with Renewable Energy Sources

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Microgrid Integrated with Renewable Energy Resources

15.2.1 Introduction to Microgrid

15.3 Control Strategy for LFC in Micro Grid

15.4 Simulation Results and Discussions: Case Study

15.5 Summary and Future Scope

References

16 Analysis of Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Machine

16.1 Introduction

16.2 A Study on BDFIM

16.3 FEM Analysis of BDFIM Performance

16.4 Fabrication of BDFIM

16.5 Testing of Prototype BDFIM as Motor

16.6 Testing of BDFIM as a Generator

16.7 Conclusion

References

17 SMC Augmented Droop Control Scheme for Improved Small Signal Stability of Inverter Dominated Microgrid

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Small Signal Model of Droop Controlled MG System

17.3 Droop Controller with SMC

17.4 Conclusion

References

18 Energy Scenarios Due to Southern Pine Beetle Outbreak in Honduras

18.1 Introduction

18.2 SPB (Southern Pine Beetle)

18.3 Implementation of Methodology

18.4 Scenario Taking Into Consideration the Energy Demand

Conclusions

References

Appendix

Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Kinetic fluctuation between particles is considered using kinetic theo...

Table 1.2 Properties of gas and solid phase.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 India’s projected power consumption between 2020 and 2040.

Table 2.2 State-wise renewable energy capacity in India.

Table 2.3 Growth in grid connected renewable power.

Table 2.4 Sector-wise total installed capacity of India (in MW).

Table 2.5 Grid-connected renewable energy capacity in States of India.

Table 2.6 Sources of generation and total installed capacity of Rajasthan.

Table 2.7 Growth in installed solar power in India.

Table 2.8 Constituents of total solar power in India.

Table 2.9 Growth in installed solar power in Rajasthan.

Table 2.10 Installed wind capacity of States in India.

Table 2.11 Estimated wind potential in States of India.

Table 2.12 List of India’s largest wind farms.

Table 2.13 Developer-wise status of wind power projects commissioned in Rajastha...

Table 2.14 State-wise biomass power generation capacity in India (31.10.2020).

Table 2.15 Biomass projects commissioned in Rajasthan.

Table 2.16 Ongoing biomass power projects in Rajasthan.

Table 2.17 Small hydropower projects installed in States of India.

Table 2.18 List of small hydropower plants in Rajasthan.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Total installed capacity of different off-grid SPV applications [22].

Table 3.2 Total installed capacity of different bioenergy applications [26].

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Current trends in photocatalytic applications.

Table 4.2 Current trends in electrocatalytic applications.

Table 4.3 Current trends in supercapacitor applications.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Performance comparison of different photoanodes and sensitizers for QD...

Table 5.2 Solar cell parameters with different sensitizer, electrolyte, and CEs.

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Summary of productivity enhancement through different methods.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 2MW WTG operating conditions for given wind speed.

Table 7.2 Eigenvalues for different operational conditions.

Table 7.3 Input and output signals of FLC B and D.

Table 7.4 Real and reactive power flow through the compensated line.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Operating conditions of HTL.

Table 8.2 Comparative analysis of thermochemical processes.

Table 8.3 Common composition of biogas.

Table 8.4 Status of biogas production used for electricity production.

Table 8.5 Anaerobic digester systems and main features.

Table 8.6 Overview of WtE technologies.

Table 8.7 Summary of some waste to energy conversion plants.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Vehicle incentives under FAME-II.

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Various literature reviews of Pt on carbon, TiO

2

, and TiO

2

-carbon com...

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Comparison of different ESSs (advantages highlighted).

Table 12.2 Comparisons of HESS configurations (N-No, Y-Yes, L-Less, H-High).

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Comparative analysis of different architectures of DC-µG.

Table 13.2 Comparative analysis of different DC-DC converter topologies.

Table 13.3 Comparative analysis of different control schemes of DC-μG.

Chapter 15

Table 15.1 Transient performance analysis of multi-source LFC system in MG.

Table 15.2 Sensitivity evaluation in MG system with RES.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Stator power flow.

Table 16.2 Flux density in BDFIM [Ion Boldea, 2009].

Table 16.3 Flux density THD in air gap of BDFIM.

Table 16.4 BDFIM torque.

Table 16.5 Specification of prototype BDFIM coupled with DC machine.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 System parameters.

Table 17.2 Initial operating conditions.

Table 17.3 Optimization result case 1.

Table 17.4 Optimization result case 1.

Table 17.5 Optimization result case 3.

Table 17.6 Comparison of different control schemes.

Chapter 18

Table 18.1 History of areas affected by SPB.

Table 18.2 Periods and areas affected by SPB in Honduras. Source: [12]

Table 18.3 Electricity generation in 2018 by technology.

Table 18.4 Biomass electricity generating companies.

Table 18.5 Percentage of energy consumed with biomass affected by SPB vs. total ...

Table 18.6 Potential energy generated.

Table 18.7 Comparison of energy analysis on sugarcane bagasse and

Pine Oocarpa.

Table 18.8 History of companies generating biomass energy in Honduras.

Table 18.9 Conversions (OLADE).

Table 18.10 Calculation of biomass weight in metric tons.

Table 18.11 Energy data entered in LEAP software to create demand scenario.

Table 18.12 Wood volume affected by SPB [m

3

].

Table 18.13 Weight in metric tons of wood affected by SPB.

Table 18.14 Energy Data entered in LEAP Software to Create Scenery with SPB.

Table 18.15 Metric tons of sawdust.

Table 18.16 Energy generated with biomass from sawdust.

Appendix

A1 2MW DFIG parameters.

A2 Specifications of 1.1kW DFIG coupled to DC machine.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Radial distribution of sand at bed height of 0.1m for superficial air...

Figure 1.2 Radial distribution of solid volume fraction at bed height of 0.2 m f...

Figure 1.3 Radial distribution of solid volume fraction at bed height of 0.1 m f...

Figure 1.4 Radial distribution of solid volume fraction at bed height of 0.2 m f...

Figure 1.5 Radial distribution of solid volume fraction at bed height of 0.1 m f...

Figure 1.6 Radial profile of solid volume fraction for bed height of 0.2 m for s...

Figure 1.7 Axial distribution of solid volume fraction for superficial gas veloc...

Figure 1.8 Axial distribution of solid volume fraction for superficial gas veloc...

Figure 1.9 Axial distribution of solid volume fraction for superficial gas veloc...

Figure 1.10 Time averaged solid distribution within bed at superficial air veloc...

Figure 1.11 Time averaged solid distribution within bed at superficial air veloc...

Figure 1.12 Time averaged solid distribution within bed at superficial air veloc...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Conventional and renewable energy generation capacity of India in MW ...

Figure 2.2 Year-wise cumulative growth in RES in the last decade (till September...

Figure 2.3 Total renewable capacity of Rajasthan 2019-20.

Figure 2.4 Main energy resources.

Figure 2.5 Year-wise growth of wind energy generation in India.

Figure 2.6 Growth of installed wind capacity of Rajasthan (yearly).

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 T&D losses (in %) of India, leading countries, and the world [13].

Figure 3.2 Annual AT&C losses (in %) of India from 2000-01 to 2018-19 [15].

Figure 3.3 Basic elements of Smart grid.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Graphical representation of photocatalysis process.

Figure 4.2 Schematic depiction of hydrogen evolution reaction mechanism.

Figure 4.3 Schematic illustration of electrical double-layer capacitors.

Figure 4.4 Schematic illustration of pseudocapacitors.

Figure 4.5 Schematic illustration of hybrid supercapacitors.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Different generations of solar cells with examples.

Figure 5.2 5.2 (a) pn Junction under illumination with resistive load; (b) I-V c...

Figure 5.3 IV characteristics of pn junction solar cell.

Figure 5.4 Different configurations of solar cells based on colloidal quantum do...

Figure 5.5 (a) Schematic structure of QDSSCs; (b) Charge transfer process in QDS...

Figure 5.6 Multiple exciton generate on (MEG) phenomena in quantum dots [39].

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Water distribution on the Earth {Source & Credits: [2, 3]}.

Figure 6.2 Estimated renewable power in India.

Figure 6.3 Water desalination processes.

Figure 6.4 Solar desalination processes.

Figure 6.5 Schematic representation of the hydrological cycle.

Figure 6.6 Schematic of solar still with working principle.

Figure 6.7 Classification of solar stills.

Figure 6.8 Triangular solar still with energy storage [51].

Figure 6.9 Hemispherical basin solar still with PCM loaded balls [66].

Figure 6.10 Solar desalination system with V-shaped corrugated absorber plate an...

Figure 6.11 Solar still with fins [83].

Figure 6.12 desalination setup with wick material [96].

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Grid connected electrical network.

Figure 7.2 Configuration of DFIG based WECs.

Figure 7.3 Integrated system.

Figure 7.4 RSC controller.

Figure 7.5 GSC controller.

Figure 7.6 RSC controller-PI (2 & 4 are replaced).

Figure 7.7 Fuzzy based RSC controller.

Figure 7.8 Variation of electromagnetic torque Oscillation (wind speed of 8 m/s,...

Figure 7.9 Variation of electromagnetic torque (wind speed of 7 m/s).

Figure 7.10 Performance analysis-PI vs FLC (speed changes 7 m/s to 8m/s).

Figure 7.11 Performance comparison FLC and PI_(change of compensation at 6 secon...

Figure 7.12 A laboratory setup of a DFIG system with a series capacitor (a) roto...

Figure 7.13 Schematic of grid integrated DFIG system with rotor resistance.

Figure 7.14 Slip power injection scheme.

Figure 7.15 Variation of real power for constant wind speed.

Figure 7.16 Slip voltage across 3Ω rotor terminals at speed of 1300 rpm.

Figure 7.17 Power of R phase-slip power injection.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Biomass resources.

Figure 8.2 Biomass into energy technological conversion pathways.

Figure 8.3 HTL pathway.

Figure 8.4 HTC of biomass product streams.

Figure 8.5 HTC reaction mechanism.

Figure 8.6 HAAM stages in production of biogas.

Figure 8.7 Schematic diagram of fixed dome digester.

Figure 8.8 Schematic diagram of floating drum digester.

Figure 8.9 Schematic diagram of electricity generation from MSW using thermal an...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Trajectory of lowest solar tariffs in India (Source: Mercom India Res...

Figure 9.2 Five regional grids in India [3].

Figure 9.3 Statutory bodies and their roles in the Indian power system.

Figure 9.4 Breakdown of 175 GW RE target.

Figure 9.5 Status of RE installed capacity in MW (September 30, 2020).

Figure 9.6 RPO compliance in 2019-20.

Figure 9.7 Solar RPO compliance in 2019-20.

Figure 9.8 Stakeholder map for EV charging infrastructure in India.

Figure 9.9 Allocation of e-buses to various cities under FAME-II.

Figure 9.10 States having EV policies in India as of February 2020.

Figure 9.11 Different types of EV charging standard (Source: Enel X).

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Schematic drawing represents different types of fuel cells.

Figure 10.2 Schematic representation of MEA with various functional components f...

Figure 10.3 Typical fuel cell current-voltage polarization curve.

Figure 10.4 Schematic diagram of possibility of electrocatalyst corrosion during...

Figure 10.5 (a & c) ADT carried out with N

2

saturated 0.1 M of HClO

4

, cycling fr...

Figure 10.6 (a) Powder x-ray diffraction of Titania, Fe, and N Doped TiO

2

and Pt...

Figure 10.7 (a) I-V steady-state curve for Pt on Fe-TiON framework and carbon, (...

Figure 10.8 I-V (a & b). Steady-state curve for Pt on carbon and Fe-TiON before ...

Figure 10.9 (a & b) FE-SEM of TiO

2

and TiON–Cu nanorods, (c & d) Pt impregnated ...

Figure 10.10 (a) I-V curves for Pt supported on C, TiO

2

, and TiON-Cu, (b & c) In...

Figure 10.11 (a) Normalized ECSA, (b & c) I-V curves for Pt on carbon and TiON-C...

Figure 10.12 Charge transfer path in nanoparticles and nanotubes.

Figure 10.13 (a) Fuel cell mode chronoamperometric plot for Pt

20

/f-MWCNT, Pt

40

/f...

Figure 10.14 (a) SEM Micrograph for carbon semi-coated on Titania, (b & c) HR-TE...

Figure 10.15 (a) 3D Design of five cell modules with active area of 50 cm

2

, (b) ...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Schematic illustration of Unitized Regenerative Fuel Cell (URFC). Re...

Figure 11.2 Illustration of different UR-PEMFC (a) constant gas configuration; (...

Figure 11.3 Membrane electrode assembly for UR-PEMFC in constant electrode mode....

Figure 11.4 Schematic illustration of synthesis of Pt/Ir-IrO

2

catalyst as BOC fo...

Figure 11.5 Charging/discharging and Round Trip efficiency profiles of UR-PEMFC ...

Figure 11.6 (a) Electrolyser and (b) Fuel cell modes of unitised regenerative al...

Figure 11.7 Schematic illustration of reversible solid oxide fuel cell with its ...

Figure 11.8 Fuel cell (a) and electrolyser (b) Mode of reversible microfluidic f...

Figure 11.9 (a) Micro-fluidic cell and (b) Its schematic representation; (c) Cha...

Figure 11.10 Application prospects of URFC.

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Charge distribution in supercapacitor.

Figure 12.2 Ragone plot for comparing batteries and capacitors [14].

Figure 12.3 Different configurations of HESS comprising of battery and SC interf...

Figure 12.4 (a) Equivalent circuit representation of PV array; (b) I-V & P-V cha...

Figure 12.5 (a) P & O MPPT flowchart; (b) P-V characteristics.

Figure 12.6 (a) Energy storage in charging mode (buck) (b) ES in discharging mod...

Figure 12.7 HESS configurations based on DC-DC converter (a & b) Passive; (c & d...

Figure 12.8 Control strategy for single boost converter in semi-active topology.

Figure 12.9 HESS control scheme, (a) Basic control structure; (b) Enhanced contr...

Figure 12.10 SMC-based control scheme for HESS.

Figure 12.11 MPC controller block diagram for HESS.

Figure 12.12 Different types of battery modelling techniques.

Figure 12.13 (a) Simple equivalent series resistance circuit; (b) Dynamic RC bat...

Figure 12.14 Different techniques for SOC estimation.

Figure 12.15 Supercapacitor modeled as conventional capacitor.

Figure 12.16 RC ladder circuit representation of supercapacitor.

Figure 12.17 Typical charging of supercapacitor.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 General architecture of µG.

Figure 13.2 Unipolar DC-µG configuration.

Figure 13.3 Bipolar DC-µG system.

Figure 13.4 Typical single bus DC-µG.

Figure 13.5 Radial architecture of DC-µG.

Figure 13.6 Ring or loop DC-μG.

Figure 13.7 Mesh type DC-μG.

Figure 13.8 Zonal type DC-μG.

Figure 13.9 Ladder DC-μG.

Figure 13.10 General arrangement of SPV fed converter.

Figure 13.11 Typical arrangement of buck converter.

Figure 13.11a Buck converter mode-1 diagram (Switch is OFF).

Figure 13.11b Buck converter mode-2 diagram (Switch is ON).

Figure 13.12 Typical structure of boost converter.

Figure 13.12a Boost converter mode-1 diagram (Switch is Conducting).

Figure 13.12b Boost converter mode-2 diagram (Switch is in OFF state).

Figure 13.13 Typical buck-boost converter.

Figure 13.13a Conduction of buck-boost converter in mode-1 (S is Closed).

Figure 13.13b Conduction of buck-boost converter in mode-2 (S is Open).

Figure 13.14 Cuk converter topology.

Figure 13.14a Cuk converter mode-1 diagram (Switch is Closed).

Figure 13.14b Cuk converter mode-2 diagram (Switch is Open).

Figure 13.15 (a) and (b) schematic arrangement of bidirectional converter topolo...

Figure 13.16 Interleaved boost converter topology.

Figure 13.17 Zero voltage transition (ZVT) converter.

Figure 13.18 DC-µG control strategies.

Figure 13.19 Typical decentralised control scheme.

Figure 13.20 Typical distributed control scheme.

Figure 13.21 Schematic arrangement of centralized control scheme.

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Diagram of SAH [1].

Figure 14.2 Various methods of performance augmentation.

Figure 14.3 Double exposure solar air collector.

Figure 14.4 Overlapped glass cover SAH.

Figure 14.5 Honeycomb SAH.

Figure 14.6 Double pass SAH.

Figure 14.7 Jet plate SAH.

Figure 14.8 Corrugated absorber plate.

Figure 14.9 Computer program flow chart.

Figure 14.10 Conical protrusion rib roughness on absorber [83].

Figure 14.11 Variation of absorber temperature, heat gain, and pumping power.

Figure 14.12 Effect of reynolds number on effective efficiency.

Figure 14.13 Reynolds number vs. effective efficiency at different values of p/e...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Microgrid system.

Figure 15.2 Block diagram representation of LFC system.

Figure 15.3 Linearized model of diesel generator.

Figure 15.4 Linearized model of battery energy storage system (BES).

Figure 15.5 Mathematical representation of solar energy system in MG.

Figure 15.6 Mathematical representation of wind energy system in MG.

Figure 15.7 Mathematical modeling of PID controller.

Figure 15.8 Load frequency control in MG integrated with renewable energy system...

Figure 15.9 Flowchart representation of BFOA.

Figure 15.10 Transient response of uncontrolled MG incorporating RES under 1% SL...

Figure 15.11 Transient response of MG incorporating RES with BFOA tuned PID cont...

Figure 15.12 Time-varying load dynamics applied to proposed MG integrated with R...

Figure 15.13 Output response of proposed system under variable load perturbation...

Figure 15.14 Enlarged portion of ‘A’ Illustrated in Figure 7.13.

Figure 15.15 Enlarged portion of ‘B’ Illustrated in Figure 5.13.

Figure 15.16 Convergence of particles in search space.

Figure 15.17 Convergence of particles in search space.

Figure 15.18 Stability analysis with bode plot.

Figure 15.19 Sensitivity analysis with variation in step load perturbations (SLP...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Pole (SPW) winding diagram.

Figure 16.2 2 Pole (APW) winding diagram.

Figure 16.3 Delta-Star/Star connected BDFIM with nested loop rotor.

Figure 16.4 Nested loop winding structure of BDFIM rotor.

Figure 16.5 Four quadrant operation of BDFIM.

Figure 16.6 Schematic diagram of BDFIG based WECS.

Figure 16.7 Maxwell 2D model of 2/6 Pole BDFIM.

Figure 16.8 Simulation results for 2/6 Pole in simple induction mode with SPW ex...

Figure 16.9 Results for 2/6 Pole in simple induction mode with APW excited. (a)M...

Figure 16.10 Cascade induction mode. (a) Magnetic vector potential (A) plot (Wb/...

Figure 16.11 Simulation results for 2/6 Pole in synchronous mode. (a) Magnetic v...

Figure 16.12 Magnetic flux density contour plot in tesla with SPW/APW. (a) Delta...

Figure 16.13 Radial air-gap flux density distribution. (a) Delta/Delta; (b) Star...

Figure 16.14 FFT of air-gap flux density distribution. (a) Delta/Delta; (b) Star...

Figure 16.15 Torque plot. (a) Delta/Delta; (b) Star/Delta-Star.

Figure 16.16 (a) Stator stamping; (b) rotor stamping.

Figure 16.17 (a) Stator core with two windings; (b) nested loop rotor.

Figure 16.18 (a) BDFIM coupled to DC machine; (b) stator winding terminals.

Figure 16.19 APW frequency –BDFIM rotor speed characteristics of prototype BDFIM...

Figure 16.20 Test set up of BDFIM as motor.

Figure 16.21 Experimental set-up of BDFIM during motoring mode.

Figure 16.22 Speed-torque and speed-power plots of prototype BDFIM in synchronou...

Figure 16.23 Rectifier-inverter set-up for variable frequency operation.

Figure 16.24 (a) Test set-up of BDFIM during generating mode; (b) BDFIG output p...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Natural droop controlled microgrid system.

Figure 17.2 Virtual droop controlled microgrid system.

Figure 17.3 Eigen value plot.

Figure 17.4 Response of

ΔP

1

due to change in load 2.

Figure 17.5 Response of

ΔP

2

due to change in load 2.

Figure 17.6 Response of

ΔQ

1

due to change in load 2.

Figure 17.7 Response of

ΔQ2

due to change in load 2.

Figure 17.8 Microgrid system with fully controlled combined droop and SMC.

Figure 17.9 Response of

∆P

1

due to change in load 2.

Figure 17.10 Response of

∆Q

1

due to change in load 2.

Figure 17.11 Response of

∆P

2

due to change in load 2.

Figure 17.12 Response of

∆Q

2

due to change in load 2.

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Honduras energy balance.

Figure 18.2 SPB species that exist in Honduras. Source: [9]

Figure 18.3 Genera of Southern Pine Bark beetle of subfamily scolytinae. Source:...

Figure 18.4 Development status of SPB. Source: [4].

Figure 18.5 Tunnels formed by SPB and bluish color introduced into trunk. Source...

Figure 18.6 Phases of expansion of SPB. Source: [11].

Figure 18.7 Environmental cost (ha) due to SPB infestation. Source: Own elaborat...

Figure 18.8 Forest area affected in Honduras by SPB outbreak accumulated in 2018...

Figure 18.9 % energy consumption from wood affected by SPB. Source: Self elabora...

Figure 18.10 Caloric power vs. % humidity. Source: [20].

Figure 18.11 Flowchart for research development. Source: Self-elaboration (2019)...

Figure 18.12 Energy scenario with demand. Source: Self-elaboration (2019).

Figure 18.13 Energetic Scenery with SPB. Source: Self-elaboration (2019).

Figure 18.14 Energetic scenery without SPB. Source: Self elaboration (2019).

Figure 18.15 Energy Scenarios with SPB, No SPB, and Rising Biomass Demand. Sourc...

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Introduction

1 Comparison of Drag Models for Hydrodynamic Flow Behavior Analysis of Bubbling Fluidized Bed

List of Authors

Index

End User License Agreement

Pages

v

ii

iii

iv

xvii

xviii

xix

xx

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

539

540

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

Scrivener Publishing

100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ([email protected])

Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Renewable Energy Technologies

Advances and Emerging Trends for Sustainability

Edited by

Nayan Kumar and Prabhansu

This edition first published 2022 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2022 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty

While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119827504

Cover image: Methane, Michael Thompson | Dreamstime.com

Biofuel Production, Mikhail Abramov | Dreamstime.com

Cover design by Kris Hackerott

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Preface

Background

Renewable energy is one of the pioneer fields nowadays and every person is interested in the growth curve of it. It has broad applications in several areas ranging from energy, transport, transmission, storage, and even day-to-day activities. This book provides a perfect blend of all current issues related to the latest developments in the field of Renewable Energy utilization. The book will be very useful for engineers, scientists, academicians, etc. in the field of Mechanical, Electrical, Electronics, Civil, Computers, and Artificial Intelligence working in the broader domain of Renewable Energy.

Objectives

This book is intended for use as a reference book to look into the latest developments in the field of renewable energy, keeping the minimum basic knowledge intact. The objectives of this work are:

To cover the sub-domains of the renewable energy sector in which the latest developments have taken place

To present practical problems that are coming up in understanding and implementing the renewable energy sector

To link the academia with the industries and try to solve some of the practical industrial problems

We hope that the careful explanations given in this book with numerous figures and tables will help the readers develop important skills and help them boost their knowledge and confidence level.

Philosophy and Goal

The main philosophy is to help the young and budding engineers of tomorrow to ignite their minds to critically analyse the importance of Renewable Energy and its future scope. This book also intends to bring interest and enthusiasm in the students and it should not be only thought of as a problem-solving aid.

The key features of different chapters of this text are as follows. In Chapter 1, a two fluid model (TFM) is used to critically analyse the gas-solid behaviour in bubbling fluidized beds. The simulation of the bed also compares the radial and axial contour and vector profile for gas and solid phase velocity and contour and vector profiles of solid volume fractions according to different fluid solid interaction drag models. Chapter 2 summarizes the status of accessibility of renewable energy sources in India and in particular, Rajasthan. This will be helpful for researchers, developers, and investors to identify the scope of improvement in technologies for better harnessing energy from renewable resources and chart a path to expand production of power from renewable energy. Chapter 3 examines the distributed generation (DG) system for better electricity access in the wake of low-cost Renewable Energy (RE) development. This chapter examines the legal and policy framework which guides the functioning of a DG system. This chapter highlights the challenges experienced in effectuating the system and the policy’s attempt to address them. Chapter 4 presents the scientific and technical problems of energy use and environmental conservation faced as challenges worldwide. This chapter deals with various nanomaterials used to solve the energy field (hydrogen evolution reaction and supercapacitors) and environmental-related problems (photocatalysis) are discussed in detail. Chapter 5 investigates quantum dot sensitized solar cells (QDSSCs) owing to their interesting electrical and optical properties. In this chapter, historical background, working principles, and other design aspects of QDSSCs on the basis of practical works has been discussed. Chapter 6 is mainly focussed on the use of desalination technology in a justifiable manner. In this chapter, the various procedures of improving the yield of solar stills are elaborately discussed with their respective enhancements in efficiency. This chapter paves the path for researchers working in solar still to choose an appropriate method for enhancement of the productivity that makes the desalination process more viable and sustainable than conventional solar stills. In Chapter 7, the main focus is to analyse power oscillations due to SSR on grid connected Wind Energy Conversion Systems (WECS) with Doubly Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) machines due to the series compensation of the line. The chapter discusses the mathematical modelling of the grid connected DFIG based WECS and the SSR analysis under varying conditions of wind speed and capacitor compensation levels.

Chapter 8 deals with a comprehensive review of biomass and waste to energy conversion technologies auspicious for sustainable environments. Incineration and anaerobic digestion have been identified as central in handling municipal solid waste for heat and power generation. Up-andcoming technologies, like microbial fuel cells that generate electricity whilst treating wastewater, are promising innovations in sustainable wastewater treatment. In Chapter 9, is a detailed description of the important policies and regulations pertaining to RE, energy storage, and EVs. Certain landmark legislations and electricity market related recent developments have been covered. A case-study of a state electricity regulator encouraging use of advanced technologies like Blockchain for managing rooftop solar energy has also been provided. Finally, a direction towards the national standard development efforts in RE grid integration, energy storage, and EVs has been provided. Chapter 10 takes a tour of an alternative and durable co-catalyst and catalyst support used in PEFC systems for automobile and stationary applications. This chapter also focuses on the modified forms of Titania nanostructures-based catalysts and catalyst frameworks and provides an overview of data in-depth for these materials. Chapter 11 discusses the mechanism of Unitised regenerative fuel cells (URFC), their classification, materials aspects, and applications. Chapter 12 includes general concepts on various energy storage devices and their advancement for renewable energy resources. The chapter discusses the applications and future challenges of energy storage devices in the modern era. Chapter 13 elaborates on DC-μG as a critical solution to address conventional electrification issues while maintaining continuity of power, cost-effectiveness, resiliency, reduced complex structure, and ease of control over AC-microgrids (AC-μG) and possible alternate replacement for distributed generation. Chapter 14 discusses the overview of solar air heaters (SAHs) which are simple in design and can be fabricated using locally available resources. A case study has been presented in which characteristics of net-effective efficiency of conical protrusions rib roughened surface of SAH have been evaluated and compared with those of a smooth absorber. The focus of Chapter 15 is to enhance system stability by effective tuning of secondary Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) controllers in the LFC system with a swarm intelligent algorithm called a Bacterial Foraging Optimization Algorithm (BFOA). The robustness analysis and the convergence analysis on the proposed Micro Grid system with an intelligent controller also assures the suitability of the proposed approach in practical implementation. In Chapter 16, the authors demonstrate a Brushless Doubly Fed Induction Machine, which originated from the technology of cascade induction machines and can work as a motor or as a generator and has gained importance as a wind electric generator because of its comparative advantages over other wind electric generators in practice today. Experimental analysis on the torque-speed characteristics of the improved BDFIM in motor mode using a prototype is also done. Chapter 17 depicts a systematic survey of the inverters fed by these sources, connected in parallel, controlled by the droop control method. The purpose of Chapter 18 is to determine the effects of the Southern Pine Beetle (SPB) outbreak in the Honduran energy sector, taking into consideration the amount of forest area cleared, the volume of wood affected, and the amount of energy generated by biomass. It was concluded that by 2021, the energy demand will not be able to be secured with the current biomass stock.