Table of Contents
Welcome
Table of Contents
Title Page
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PREACE
List of Contributors
GLOSSARY
Ultrastructure of Spermatogenesis and Sperm of Bats
Abstract
SPERMATOGENESIS
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF SPERMATOGENESIS IN BATS
Proliferation Phase
Meiotic Phase
Spermiogenesis
Golgi Phase
Cap Phase
Acrosome Phase
Maturation Phase
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF BAT SPERMATOZOA
ULTRASTRUCTURE OF THE SUPPORTING CELLS OF BATS
Sertoli Cells
Leydig Cells
PERSPECTIVES
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Male Reproductive Hormonal Regulation in Bats and the Variations Associated with Testicular Regression
Abstract
MAMMALIAN HORMONAL REGULATION
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Testicular Axis (HPT)
The Paracrine Regulation of the Testes
Regulation of Secondary Reproductive Organs
Epididymal Regulation
Prostatic Regulation
HORMONAL REGULATION IN BATS
Hormonal Regulation of Testicular Regression in Hibernating Bats
Hormonal Regulation of Testicular Regression in Nonhibernating Bats
PERSPECTIVES
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Relationship Between Subcutaneous Fat and Reproductive Activity in Males of Leptonycteris Yerbabuenae in Los Laguitos Cave, Chiapas, Mexico
Abstract
Study Area
Methodology
Data analysis
Results
Reproductive Phenology
Relationships between Body Mass, Testicular Mass and Fat Index (FI)
Dorsal Patch Development
Breeding Colony
Discussion
Conclusion
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Evidence of Apoptosis in the Testicular Blood Vessels of Corynorhinus Mexicanus Bats Characterized by Seasonal Reproduction
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
REPRODUCTIVE PATTERNS IN BATS
EFFECT OF PHOTOPERIOD AND TEMPERATURE ON TESTICULAR FUNCTION
SPERMATOGENESIS IN BATS
MORPHOPHYSIOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MAMMAL TESTICLES ACCORDING TO SEASONAL REPRODUCTION
PARTICIPATION OF APOPTOSIS IN REGULATING MALE GERMINAL CELLS
APOPTOSIS IN THE TESTICLES OF MAMMALS WITH SEASONAL REPRODUCTION
TESTICULAR CYCLE OF CORYNORHINUS MEXICANUS BAT
APOPTOSIS IN THE TESTICULAR BLOOD VESSELS OF CORYNORHINUS MEXICANUS
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Epididymal Sperm Maturation in Bats
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
REPRODUCTION IN TEMPERATE ZONE BATS
Male Reproductive Patterns
Temporal Asynchrony between Male Reproductive Functions and Prolonged Sperm Storage
EPIDIDYMAL SPERM MATURATION IN BATS
Morphology and Histology of the Epididymis
Incorporation of Proteins into Sperm and the Participation of Epididymisomes in the Maturation Process
Modification of Sperm Proteins During Maturation
Protein Glycosylation
Protein Phosphorylation
REGULATION OF THE MATURATION PROCESS
Regulation by Androgens
Regulation by Reactive Oxygen Species
THE CORYNORHINUS MEXICANUS BAT AS A MODEL FOR STUDYING THE ESM PROCESS
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVES
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Mechanisms of Sperm-Storage in Female Reproductive Tract in Bats
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
SPERM-STORAGE SITE
MECHANISM OF SPERM-STORAGE
Low Body Temperature Facilitate Sperm-storage
Unique Relationship between Spermatozoa and Storage Organ
Hormonal Regulation of Sperm-Storage
Nutritional Support and Metabolic Changes
Capacitation and Sperm-Storage
Studies on Bats, Scotophilus heathi:
SIGNIFICANCE OF SPERM STORAGE
CONCLUSION
ABBREVIATIONS
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Sperm Competition and Cryptic Female Choice in Bats
Abstract
SEXUAL SELECTION
POST-COPULATORY SEXUAL SELECTION: COMPETING SPERM AND CRYPTIC CHOICE
BAT REPRODUCTION
THE EVOLUTIONARY CONSEQUENCES OF SPERM COMPETITION IN BATS
Sperm Competition and Sperm Numbers
Sperm Size, Structure and Swimming Speed
Seminal Fluid and Copulatory Plugs
Genital Morphology
Behavioural Adaptations
Cryptic Female Choice
FUTURE DIRECTIONS AND CHALLENGES
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Frontiers in Reproductive Science
(Volume 1)
Reproductive Biology, Physiology
and Biochemistry of Male Bats
Edited by
Edith Arenas-Ríos
Department of Biology of Reproduction, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana,
Iztapalapa, 186, St. Rafael Atlixco, Vicentina, 09340 México City, México
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PREACE
The knowledge we have today about reproduction in mammals is well advanced, the morphological aspects, endocrine, biochemical, molecular as well as regulatory mechanisms and signal transduction related to reproduction, can be manipulated to support assisted animal reproduction.
Thus, the scientists focusing on the biology of reproduction have been able to clone and freeze gametes in germ cell transplantation, with worth-mentioning advances in basic research.
A review of books on reproduction in mammals, do not provide extensive information; however, books published on reproduction in bats have opened to us the fascinating world of reproduction, which delineates some of the paradigms established for the generality of mammals. Books on reproduction in bats, contain information covering aspects of reproductive ecophysiology, morphology and little about reproductive physiology, but none is focused on the physiological and biochemical aspects of reproduction in bats, as they were published at a time when information about these species was not enough to explain these processes. However, recently, many articles have been published that intend to explain the extraordinary physiology and biochemistry of reproductive processes in bats.
Although the literature on reproduction in bats is limited as compared to reproduction in mammals, this book only contains seven chapters on advances in biology, physiology and biochemistry of reproduction in male bats and its sperm cells.
Edith Arenas Ríos
Department of Biology of Reproduction
Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana, Iztapalapa
186, St. Rafael Atlixco
Vicentina, 09340 México City
List of Contributors
Ahiezer Rodríguez-TobónDepartamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, MéxicoAmitabh KrishnaDepartment of Zoology, Institute of Sciences, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, IndiaC. Ruth ArcherCentre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Penryn, UKDavid J. HoskenCentre for Ecology and Conservation, College of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Exeter, Tremough Campus, TR10 9EZ, Penryn, UKEdith Arenas-RíosDepartamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, MéxicoEliana Morielle-VersuteDepartment of Zoology and Botany, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, BrazilLaura CuevasDepartamento de Biología, UAM-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, MéxicoMateus Rodrigues BegueliniCenter of Biological and Health Sciences, UFOB – Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Bahia, BrazilMatías Martínez CoronelDepartamento de Biología, UAM-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, MéxicoMiguel Ángel León-GalvánDepartamento de Biología de la Reproducción, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana - Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, MéxicoRosa María Vigueras-VillaseñorLaboratorio de Biología de la Reproducción, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Ciudad de México, MéxicoSebastião Roberto TabogaDepartment of Biology, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, São Paulo, BrazilTeri J. OrrDepartment of Biology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USAVikas Kumar RoyDepartment of Zoology, School of Life Sciences, Mizoram University, Aizawl, IndiaVioleta CorralDepartamento de Biología, UAM-Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México, MéxicoYolanda Hortelano-MoncadaDepartamento de Zoología, Instituto de Biología, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad de México, México
GLOSSARY
GlossaryAcrosomal reactionFusion between the sperm plasma membrane and the outer membrane of the acrosome releasing the contents of it to the external environment and leaving the sperm acrosome protected by the inner membrane, which help the sperm to move through the zona pellucida, to fertilize the egg.AcrosomeSmall tank located at the apical end of the sperm head and containing hydrolytic enzymes.AndrogensSteroid hormones (derived from cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene) whose main function is to stimulate the development of male sexual characteristics.AnisogamiaForm of sexual reproduction in which the bind male and female gametes are morphologically different.AnnulusA structure located at the distal end of the midpiece of the sperm flagellum; the annulus is thought to form a diffusion barrier between the midpiece and the principal piece and serve as a stabilizing structure for tail rigidity.ApocrineEjecting gland secretory product released together with a part of the cell.ArousalPhysiological and psychological state of being awake.AutocrineCell signaling in which a cell secretes a hormone or chemical messenger (called the autocrine agent) that binds to autocrine receptors on that same cell leading to changes in the cell.AxonemeAn axial inner structure of cilia and flagella of eukaryotic microtubular basically which is the essential element for mobility.BaculumA bone found in the penis of most mammals more precisely in insectivores, rodents, carnivores and primates. Among domestic species, it is found in the cat and dog. This bone allows these animals penetration in the absence of erection.BreedingThe reproduction that is producing of offspring usually animals or plants.CaniculaSeason of the year in which heat is stronger both in the South and the North.ChromatinThe way that presents the DNA in the cell nucleus. It is the substance of eukaryotic chromosomes base corresponding to the association of DNA, RNA and proteins found in the interphase nucleus of eukaryotic cells and constitutes the genome.Cumulus cellsCells surrounding the both oocyte and the ovarian follicle after ovulation. It´s functions are oocyte protection, coordination of follicular development and oocyte maturation.CunnilingusIt is the practice of oral sex in the female genitals.CytokinesisThe process during cell division in which the cytoplasm of a single eukaryotic cell is divided to form two daughter cells.DiverticulaeFrom the medical or biological term for an outpouching of a hollow (or a fluid-filled) structure in the body.EnsiformShaped sword structure.Estromal cellConnective tissue cells of any organ.EuchromatinLightly packed form of chromatin (heterochromatin unless that is often not active almost never) with a high concentration of genes, and often (not always) is in active transcription.ExcoriationSkin irritation that occurs where skin rubs against itself clothes or other material.FalciformSickle form structure.FellatioIt is a form of oral sex is sucking or licking the penis or scrotum with the mouth lips, or tongue.GlansThe sensitive bulbous structure at the distal end of the penis.HaremOf Arab means harem which forbidden, this term is used to mean women sanctuary or more women.HeterothermicIt applies to animals that can not regulate its temperature and therefore have the same of the living environment.HypertrophyGrowth or increase in size of muscle fibers.HornPoint where the uterus and the fallopian tube meet.InguinalThe inguinal canal in adults is the oblique passage of about 4 cm long, inferomedially directed through the lower portion of the anterolateral abdominal wall.IntrasexualBetween individuals of the same sex.Lectinsproteins that bind to sugars with high specificity for each different type. Its main role is in recognition phenomena both molecular and cellular levels.ManchetteA transient skirt-like structure surrounding the elongating spermatid head and is only present during spermatid elongation.MatingIt is the set of all courtship and breeding behaviors that perform two individuals of different sex to procreate and culminates in copulation.MerocrineMode widespread secretion from exocrine cells (glands that secrete substances ejected through an excretory channel). In the case of a secretory merocrine cell does not deteriorate because of the synthesized substance release is by exocytosis.MetabolitesIntermediates and products of metabolism. They have various functions including fuel, structure, signaling, stimulatory and inhibitory effects on enzymes, catalytic activity of their own (usually as a cofactor to an enzyme), defense, and interactions with other organisms.ParacrineForm of cell-cell communication which produces a signal to induce changes in nearby cells altering the behavior or differentiation of those cells.Pearson correlation indexMeasure of the linear relationship between two random variables quantitative.Pellucid zoneOuter layer surrounding the mammals oocyte, separating the perivitelline space. It is composed of several glycoproteins, grouped into three families ZP1, ZP3 and ZP2. The glycoproteins have receptors that are activators for sperm, making egg fertilization possible.PerforatoriumEquivalent to the subacrosomal space and contents described by others in a variety of mammalian sperm.PhenologyScience that studies the relationship between climatic factors and cycles of living things.PhylostomidaeThe more varied and diverse family from the order Chiroptera very diverse in their morphology and behavior. Most are insectivores, but there are many species nectarivorous and frugivorous.PhytophagousAn herbivore is an animal that feeds mainly on plants.PiscivorousA carnivorous animal that feeds mainly on fish.PoikilothermicAnimal whose body temperature varies with the environment because it lacks regulatory mechanisms of the same all animals except birds and mammals.QuiescenceCell cycle out and kept in phase G. This cell can return to mitotic process if need tissue regeneration.SpermathecaeAn organ of the reproductive tract of the females of certain insects mollusks and certain other invertebrates and vertebrados.1 Its purpose is to receive and store sperm received from the male. Generally that is where fertilization takes place, ie the union of the male female gamete when the oocyte is matureSynaptonemal complexesProteins structures that forms between homologous chromosomes (two pairs of sister chromatids) during meiosis and is thought to mediate chromosome pairing synapsis, and recombination.TaxaA group of related organisms which in a given classification have been grouped and assigned a Latin name, according to their description, species, and a type.Tight bondsCytological structures present in the epithelium and endothelium cells that create a barrier preventing the free flow impermeability of substances between cells.TorpidWho or what experience lethargy. Rest lack of activity, numbness, drowsiness or sleepiness.TorporCharacterized state by a large decrease in the physiological activity in an animal usually evidenced by a reduced of body temperature and metabolic rate. A time of torpor may refer to the period of time a hibernator goes low body temperature, which can last days or weeks, or it can refer to a period of low body temperature and metabolism that lasts less than 24 hours, as in the “daily torpor”.
Ultrastructure of Spermatogenesis and Sperm of Bats
Mateus Rodrigues Beguelini1,*,Sebastião Roberto Taboga2,Eliana Morielle-Versute3
1 Center of Biological and Health Sciences, UFOB – Universidade Federal do Oeste da Bahia, Barreiras, Bahia, 47808-021, Brazil
2 Department of Biology, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo,15054-000, Brazil
3 Department of Zoology and Botany, UNESP – Univ. Estadual Paulista, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, 15054-000, Brazil
Abstract
Spermatogenesis is a highly regulated and synchronized process of cellular division and differentiation whereby spermatogonia proliferate, meiotically divide, and gradually differentiate into highly specialized haploid cells, known as spermatozoa. Its main events are generally similar in most mammals, and it may be divided into three phases: the proliferation phase, the meiotic phase, and spermiogenesis. The proliferation phase corresponds to the process of stem cell renewal, where spermatogonia mitotically divide to both replenish the stem cell pool and to originate cells that are subject to further differentiation. The meiotic phase is the process in which spermatocytes undergo meiotic divisions that give rise to haploid spermatids. Moreover, spermiogenesis is the process in which a round spermatid differentiates into a mature spermatozoon that is capable of motility and fertilization. The process of spermatogonial differentiation in bats is relatively similar to that found in primates, with three main types of spermatogonia: Ad, Ap, and B. Meiotic divisions proceed similarly to those of most mammals, and spermiogenesis can be divided into 9 to 16 steps. Despite these similarities, some species-specific variations are observed. Bats present three different processes for the formation of the acrosome, and the ultrastructure of spermatozoa has been found to have unique characteristics, including many wavy acrosomal projections on the acrosome; surface of the family Molossidae, an extraordinarily large head with accordion-like folds of the Noctilionidae, differences in the degree of development of the outer dense fibers, and the presence/absence of a perforatorium.
Keywords: Acrosome, Bat, Chiroptera, Golgi complex, Molossidae, Perforatorium, Phyllostomidae, Sperm, Spermatogenesis, Spermiogenesis, Testis, Ultrastructure, Vespertilionidae.
*Corresponding author Mateus Rodrigues Beguelini: Rua Prof. José Seabra de Lemos nº 316, Recanto dos Pássaros, 47808-021, Barreiras, Bahia, Brazil; Tel: +55 77 36143215; E-mail:
[email protected]
