Resource Management in Advanced Wireless Networks E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 493

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

RESOURCE MANAGEMENT IN ADVANCED WIRELESS NETWORKS Written and edited by a team of experts in the field, this exciting new volume provides a comprehensive exploration of cutting-edge technologies and trends in managing resources in advanced wireless networks. This groundbreaking new volume from Wiley-Scrivener discusses the challenges that are emerging while managing the resources in various wireless networking technologies. Initially, the evolution of wireless networking technologies is presented, focusing on the advantages of improving data rates and data reliability. The book then goes through the various architecture designs based on the network paradigms, along with the evolution of networks based on the trends in the telecommunication industry. Various salient features are highlighted in managing resources, and the role of routing strategies is addressed with regard to real-time applications. Covering resource management in wireless networks, various industries are covered, such as healthcare and financial services, but the ideas are useful across many industries. Whether for the veteran engineer, industry professional, or student, this is a must- have for any library.

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Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Resource Management in Advanced Wireless Networks

Edited by

A. SureshJ. RamkumarM. Baskar

and

Ali Kashif Bashir

This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 9781119827498

Front cover images supplied by Pixabay.comCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

Many universities and networking organizations are working on wireless mobile networks. Many universities are offering some research based advanced topics courses like broadband wireless networks, wireless mesh networks, network coding, etc. and especially for the researcher. This new work describes the introduction of wireless networks, such as WiMAX, LTE, and 5G technology, based on scheduling, resource allocation and channel utilization. It identifies the existing challenges and its implications which pave the way to find solutions. The work provides possible solutions for resource allocation in wireless networks.

The book discusses the challenges that are emerging while managing the resources in various wireless networking technologies. Initially, the evolution of wireless networking technologies is deliberated with lot of advantages in improving the data rate and data reliability. Then the various architecture design is structured based on the network paradigm along with the evolution of networks based on the telecommunication industry. Then various salient features are highlighted in managing the resource and the role of routing strategies being addressed for real-time applications. Based on the routing mechanism, the problem of interference is addressed based on the network while integrating the learning algorithm. Then the factor of QoS is addressed with 5G networks and addressed based on healthcare and how they are assisted with cloud data.

Other than healthcare, challenges in sustainable networks, financial sectors, are discussed. Thus, resources being utilized in the various advanced networks is managed and their challenges are addressed.

Chapter 1: Introduction to Next Generation Networks 5G and Beyond This first chapter discusses the general introduction on the next generation network on 4G and beyond 5G and reflects the development of the network under 3GPP standards. There are lot more benefits, which are associatedwith 5G networks as it enhances the speed on the communication linkgets deployed on the 5G networks. In 5G, various new technologies getassociated in reliable data communication with very high speed with lowlatency. Moving on to 5G, various societal based safety and sustainabilityget ensured and it get transformed into industrial standards also. Implicithow 5G role into the environment will influence individual and industries? Finally, how 5G help to reconstruct secure and viable environment for the current and future community.

Chapter 2: Architecture and Future Trends on Next Generation Networks This chapter discusses the structural design on the evolution of network paradigm and its subsequent development. The evolution of the network moves drastically based on certain metrics, such as power consumption and energy efficiency. The network development provides various worthwhile landscapes for both real time and non-real time. Regarding the phases on the network and its services, it converges on managing the IP, integrating the network, extending the services. Finally, based on the architecture there are various unique requirements and features that are involved in order to attain possible benefits.

Chapter 3: Evolution of Next Generation Networks and Its Contribution Towards Industry 5.0 takes up the phases and accomplishments involved during the evolution on networks towards 5G as it influence the telecommunication industry significantly. The significant development in the networking era drives towards the 5G and beyond based on the assimilation of Artificial Intelligence (AI), Internet of Things (IoT) and Block chain, etc. If it is beyond 5G, it offers managing the services on offer terrestrial, maritime networks, and airborne by taking up the larger devices with complex management capabilities. As there is a space to go beyond the 5G to take up the development on certain parameters such as, data rate, multiplexing, frequency range, type of switching, providing vast services as it earns both advantages and disadvantages. Finally, it paves the way for moving towards next generation of 7G as it takes up the well-defined communication on satellite with enhanced security.

Chapter 4: Understanding the Salient Features Related To Resource Management in Broadband Wireless Networks covers certain salient features geared towards managing the resource involved in network technologies based on the increase in the number of users and no compromise on the network traffic/data reliability based on services. Various characteristics related to radio channel is discussed as it results in providing the effectiveness in the traffic management and QoS. Th problem of resource scarcity is considered during the utilization process based on certain techniques related to Adaptive Modulation and Coding (AMC); Spatial Multiplexing and Multi Accessing technique. Then performance metrics on QoS is discussed in terms of IP mobility, Security and mobility Support to provide service and data flexibility.

Chapter 5: Network Routing and Its Real-Time Practice in Broadband Wireless Networks discusses the routing strategies in wireless broadband networks with perspective of practical real time applications. Narrate the wireless technologies community with lot more demand in terms of services to connect the peoples together via internet. First discussion on the types of broadband wireless networks such as, fixed network and dynamic nature on WiMAX technologies etc. Major issues related to security, which is inbuilt into the routing mechanism takes up various attacks involved as DoS, DDoS, Rogue and selfish backbone devices, etc. Finally, there is a huge space on security metrics towards providing the overall protection on the network based on authentication, access control, and encryption characteristics involved.

Chapter 6: Routing Mechanism in Broadband Wireless Network discusses the broadband services on to the remote village as it gets operated from the major cities with operator industries. The broadband wireless networks are designed to provide certain features like, high speed Internet and data service. In order to consider the above features to achieve robustness and scalability, routing mechanism plays a vital role with low-cost routing path. Routing plays a significant role as it discuss the classification on routing protocols as static, dynamic and default. Routing mechanism is discussed based on the network topology of centralized and distributed structure. By considering the problem of convergence communication and multi-Hop dynamic routing, various issues related to routing is addressed based on the existing survey.

Chapter 7: Interference Problem in 5G with Radio Access Network addresses the significant approaches of Radio Access Networks (RAN) as it makes certain system with the context of visual interface management, robust traffic control and network share management. By considering the performance of the system, managing the interference problem is the challenging task in the mobile networks. Based on the interference, multiple methods related to radio nodes are addressed to RAN. Thus, various salient features are addressed related to 5G Random Race Machine system includes seamless management, static traffics control, powerful bit-slicing communication control, and 5-generation loose operation and loss transfer education.

Chapter 8: Interference Techniques Based on Deep Learning in Wireless Networks: Standardized wireless networks on small scale is discussed as it states the faster delivery along with improved execution time in order to better the performance of the network. To take the network performance to the next level, frequency band has to get enhanced as it results in frequency congestion as it is the serious problem in wireless communication. The problem of interference occurs during the enhanced network configuration. Thus, interference discussion makes the learning-based algorithm to involve the real time applications with resource allocation, traffic flow prediction, and data identification.

Chapter 9: Implementing SDN Process-Based MRMC Wireless Networks: Various quality service factors based on bandwidth, packet loss, Quality of Service (QoS), etc., on Multi-Radio Multi-Channel (MRMC) network are addressed in order to process the QoS on all routers being used. Various QoS challenges are highlighted based on some key metrics such as, limitations in the bandwidth, redundancy removal, limiting the buffer size and trade off based on energy/delay. Based on routing concept, Software Defined Network takes the QoS enhancement on wireless sensor networks. Based on the QoS discussion, various performance evaluations are performed based on modeling the network, design load and configuring the network simulation.

Chapter 10: Advanced Wireless Mobile Network on Financial Literacy: There is a drastic development in the wireless network as it results in the financial development and literacy rate. Based on the financial characteristics, there will be more improvement in the financial orders among the peoples as they are moving towards the digital era. There are 3 objectives are addressed as it makes more attentive towards the financial attention, finding to save the habits of the people and give valuable suggestion to improve the peoples habitation. Then various literature surveys is carried out to investigate the financial and literacy factors in various countries. Thus, the literacy removal is related with the advancement in the wireless networks is discussed.

Chapter 11: Advanced 5G Technology in Healthcare Field: In the recent digitalized era, enormous amounts of wearable devices are used in our bodies. The requirement of the monitoring the persona health and identifying/preventing the diseases is needed seriously as it occurs frequently among the old age persons. Regarding the solutions to various problems on wearable healthcare applications, there is a lack in providing the medical attention among the patients and continuous tracking on the person’s healthcare. Thus, due to the significant growth in the wearable devices helps to provide vast research interest in the field of communication and telemedicine.

Chapter 12: Cloud Assisted Data Storage in e-Healthcare System: Healthcare system plays a vital role in the current era as it deals with vast amount of information. Based on the development in the storage address of Version 6 and cloud repository, the users and admin can stores all kinds of information including confidential and private data. Maintaining the data privacy plays a significant role as the data is being shared among the known and unknown users. Then discussing the encryption based section data techniques in order to ensure the privacy among the data and secure them. Suitable algorithm is identified and compared with other existing algorithms to perform better based on healthcare data repository. To evaluate the system performance, certain metrics are used such as, data precision, recall, F-measure and data accuracy.

Chapter 13: Challenges in 5G Building Sustainable Networks and Its Opportunities: 5G technology is already being deploying in various developed countries as it gives severe environmental data acquisitions with negative impacts. General highlights of the 5G technologies makes to provide vast internet access with 1 Gbps as it is offered as public services. For urban and rural areas, the internet speed with at least 100 Mbps. Deploying the 5G based on green environment makes to enhance and conserve the energy, managing the transceiver, transmission based on radio green and establishing the renewable resource into the framework. Thus, makes green based network deployment makes the world to be more better perfect.

Chapter 14: Enhanced Human Growth Through Technical Financial Literacy: The enormous growth of education, the standard of living, knowledge etc., makes significant knowledge on financial literacy very important. As it is the initial step for the growth for literacy as it gives massive growth on the education. In the developing and under developing countries, poverty problems takes challenging issue as there is no formal sources for the requirement on literacy. The main objective of this study is to make attention among various peoples of under development and save the peoples habitats. Based on the convenience sampling method, input data is collected to construct the financial literacy. In order to recover the financial literacy level, digitalizing the awareness based on cloud, wireless networks, etc.

The editors thank the contributors most profoundly for their time and effort.

Dr. A. Suresh

Dr. J. Ramkumar

Dr. M. Baskar

Dr. Ali Kashif Bashir

1Introduction to Next Generation Networks 5G and Beyond

B. Vidhya*, H. Harshene and N. Abimathi

Department of Biomedical Engineering, Dr. N. G. P Institute of Technology, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India

Abstract

The fifth generation of mobile communication technology is the near future. There’s a lot of ambiguity about the arrival of 5G — the next generation of mobile network technology with speeds at least ten times faster than today’s 4G networks. The gradual transition to 5G from earlier versions is intended to provide users with a more responsive and prospective services. It appears predestined to open up previously unimagined possibilities for innovation and growth in the domains where huge data are required such as Tele health, Virtual Reality, artificial intelligence, smart manufacturing and so on virtual health care. This chapter - 5G network and beyond - provides an overview of the benefits of 5G, as well as its evolution, constraints, and much more. To comprehend the rapidly approaching 5G, a thorough understanding of the preceding versions right from 1G to 4G is required which will provide you a broad vision of why we need to upgrade to the next generation. Misinterpretations of 5G are also examined in order to gain a clear understanding of what 5G is, what it is capable of, and its exclusivity. This chapter concludes with the effects on consumers and organizations in everyday life. It will also clarify the new equipment needed for a 5G connection. The wireless technology that is fast approaching is the fifth generation is on its way to usher a new age of greater, all-encompassing wireless broadband experiences for nearly every sector, product, and connectivity.

Keywords: 5G, evolution, mobile communication, 3rd generation partnership project, working groups

1.1 Introduction

The mobile phone technology landscape has changed quite a bit from the first generation over the last few years. During the first generation, phones were small enough to fit in a briefcase and there were many short conversations between most professionals. In the lead as much as 2G, the call for cellular offerings grew and in no way slowed down. Phones that are good enough to fit in your pocket, SMS and the internet are the indicators of the 3G world. And 4G brought smartphones, Youtube, and various browsers. Now, 5G absolutely remolds all our expert and private lives via permitting new use instances like Augmented Reality and more suitable games.

The 5G network is the fifth generation of mobile networks, with theoretical peak speeds of 20 Gbps compared to 1 Gbps for 4G. Voice and text were enabled in the first two generations, and 3G delineated the move to broadband access by supporting data rates of hundreds of kilobits per second. The current 4G industry is transitioning to 5G, with a tenfold increase in data rates approximately.

Cellular technologies are now focusing on providing a guaranteed connection. The fifth generation networks are aiming to uplift the connectivity to a higher level by utilizing cloud-based services to the users. This cloud service will help for the virtualization of 5G that will operate on software.

As a result of the 5G network, users will be able to move seamlessly between Wi-Fi and cellular coverage without requiring user intervention or any in-depth configuration. 5G networks will facilitate the portable customers to stay connected even during their movement from open air to closed infrastructures remotely. This connection will be established without the involvement or validation of the customers.

Mobile telephony is imminent for the 5G systems, which can also be termed as IMT-2020 (International Mobile Telecommunication). The term “5G” includes not just mobile cellular systems, but also Internet of Things (IoT), satellite communication systems, vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communications, and wireless local area networks (WLANs).

1.1.1 Benefits of 5G Networks

The ultimate motive of the upcoming generation of communication is to have better efficiency than the existing generations. Some of the advantages are as follows

Enhancement of downlink and uplink communication speeds to 20 and 10 Gb/s, respectively

The network capacity of the 5G network is being increased by ten thousand times than the existing networks

An increase in data volume of 1000-fold per geographical area

The ability of Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) to accommodate hundred thousands of connections at once

In comparison with the fourth generation, 5G exhibited increased spectral performance

Downlink - 30bit/s/Hz

Uplink - 15 bit/s/Hz

Appreciably 5G network provides a reduction of around one ms latency time

Better velocity restriction of 500 km/h is obtained for customers

Spatial variety is improved

Enhanced signaling efficacy

1.2 5G Evolution

Regardless of customization & popping up of new technologies, broadcasting and networking are among the foundations of human evolution and progress in technology. Presuming the absence of the various modes of transmission of data & communication, People would have been struggling in a generation with limited technology.

Mobile phones and other handheld devices rely on wireless communication that has grown over a few generations. The first generation is the first voice-only network and now it is advancing to 4G and eventually 5G. What are the essential ideas behind these wireless communication technologies and what are the changes happening in reality?

The term G in networks represents the generation. The technology innovation for every generation is represented by a number along with G. For example, 3G represents the third generation. The whole world is widely using 4G networks now and we are marching towards 5G. Before understanding 5G, it is mandatory to know about the previous generations.

According to the researchers, new generations in the cellular mobile system have grown drastically to a higher level and new generations are introduced every ten years since the introduction of the first generation (1G) in 1981. A technological revolution happened due to the mobile industry through the advancement of networks from 1G through 5G over three decades. We must thank 1G because it is the reason for the stepping stone for an abundance of mobile telephony retail market. 2G guaranteed universal information sharing and reliable cellular networks, as well as Short Message Service (text messaging) in this revolution. 3G furnished faster communication. 4G contributed towards an increased speed and communication data which enabled the customers to surf the internet with ease. With remarkable data capabilities, boundless call capacities, and inestimable data transmission, 5G technology will be the potent cellular wireless network in the near future (see Figure 1.1).

Figure 1.1 The evolution of 5G.

1.2.1 1G-Analog Cellular Networks

The 1G network was built for the purpose of voice-only communication that worked with the speed of 2400 bits per sec and analog in nature. After the implementation of the 2G networks only, the 1G network was named. The first generation utilized a number of cellular nodes to connect a call. When the customers move from one place to another during the call, cell nodes were used to keep the call connected. Feeble connection for voice communication, reduced capacity and unpredictable handoff are just a few of the drawbacks of 1G. The early phones, which used analog technology, were huge and bulky. Radio towers were used to replay the audio communications in 1G which in turn paved the path for the intruders to overhear the conversation. This was a vulnerable act that could not be tolerated.

1.2.2 2G - Digital Mobile Networks

The 2G (second generation) wireless networks were instigated in the early 1990s, which were based on digital rather than analog standards. Rapid phone-to-network signaling was facilitated by 2G digital networks, which aided the introduction of mobile phones that can be used through the prepaid plan of the network provider. The second generation facilitated people with Short Message Service (SMS) with the help of Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) initially, and over other digital networks later. 2G networks provide wider benefits such as lower battery consumption, improved voice clarity, and less line noise. Data and voice calls were kept private and secure thanks to digital encryption. Finally, digital transmissions are thought to be eco-friendly.

People used 2G networks during the year from 1980 to 2003 which had many developments in a spectrum like

GSM: With GSM (Global Systems for Mobile Communication), audio and video can be transmitted at 30-35 kilobits per second speed. It had a huge impact on the progress of mobile technology, as it was implemented at a time of booming mobile phone usage.

GPRS: With (General Packet Radio Service) GPRS, data transmission occurred at a faster speed of 110 kbps than GSM.

EDGE: In the year 2003, EDGE (Enhanced Data for Global Evolution) was launched and provided numerous improvements over GPRS and GSM. 2.9G or 3G are the other names given to the EDGE. Even now, various internet service providers use this technology globally as the base one because all the customers are satisfied with the service provided by it at the speed of 135 kbps.

1.2.3 3G-High-Speed Data Networks

Researchers developed the third-generation (3G) networks in the year 1998 after doing certain improvements over 2G networks. The aim of this 3G wireless technology is to increase the rate of data transmission and practically the uploading and downloading speed was provided at a 2 Mbps rate. Customers were able to communicate emails, images, audio and video files at an express rate even when the files are huge in size. People were happy as they were able to view movies, live sports or videos online without buffering time as the streaming was very fast in 3G. They experienced high security online and they started enjoying surfing the internet often. The technologies that were extensively employed in 3G are Enhanced Data for Global Evolution and Code-division multiple access 2000.

In 3G technologies, long distance communication was made easy and simple and signal transmission for it was established with reliable connection by means of Smartphone towers. The packet switching was used in 3G rather than circuit switching for data transmission which made a tremendous increase in efficiency than 2G networks. By using 3G’s high-speed connection, users were able to stream radio and TV programs to their handsets. Video conferencing and quicker web surfing had been additionally viable due to the technology.

In a recent survey by the telecom companies, it was found that the download speeds have been increased to 7.2 Mbps and upload speed to 2 Mbps. In July 2000, the HSPA (High-Speed Packet Access) technique was incorporated in 3G to show improvements in the protocol operation which was referred to as turbo 3G, 3 G+ or 3.5 G. of mobile telecommunications protocols included a new enhanced 3G mobile telephony protocol called 3.5G, 3G +, or turbo 3G. If turbo 3G+ works on UMTS networks, then the users experienced a higher speed of communication with a few clicks.

1.2.4 4G Expansion of Mobile Broadband

In 2011, Verizon launched the country’s first 4G cellular network that offered ten times better speed than 3G networks. 4G connections were able to provide an expeditious speed of 14Mbps to 150Mbps for downloading purposes that employed Internet protocol-based networks. Even voice data is transmitted over IP. 4G utilizes a packet switching network as a communications protocol for data transmission. Due to these standardized packets, 4G allows data to pass through all kinds of networks without being disarranged or distorted.

4G network is an advancement of the 3G network which provides greater capacity, solutions, and exquisite streaming of audio/video files. 4G delivers a significant improvement in data quality and efficiency over 3G networks due to the reason that the data rate has been increased to one hundred Mbps. Circuit switching is eliminated in 4G networks to support every Internet Protocol network. Users were able to access the web and watch high-definition movies and videos on their mobiles due to the highspeed 4G network. The 4G network was liked by users across the globe since the huge volume of data can be downloaded in a few seconds which saved their time and provided the comfort zone of technology. As a result of technical breakthroughs, smartphones have grown into modern systems. 4G is also known as MAGIC because it flourished Mobile Anytime Global Integrated Connection.

4G wireless network was elevated further to contribute to very high speed data rate using the Long Term Evolution (LTE). In this elevation, the 3G framework was fully altered and standardized to lower transmission delay, better performance and response times.

Due to various improvements that took place in the area of wireless systems with respect to general growth and tremendous alterations in the fundamental operations over these decades, people are enjoying the modern era of technology developments.

1.2.5 5G—Design Innovation

Apart from the previous 4G LTE network, the upcoming remarkable state of mobile networks is the fifth generation network with 1-10Gbps speed. 5G networks will be used globally sooner in 2022. 5G technology will offer incredible data bandwidth and unrestricted data transmission. Faster-calling rates, multi device connectivity, lower power requirements, simultaneous redundancy, increased mobile transmission, reduced variable latency, higher capacities and reliable tool-to-tool interactions are a few of the primary aspects of 5G networks.

1.3 5G - Exclusiveness

5G operates on the identical radio frequencies which are being used in mobile phones, but the technology can be utilized much further.

Apart from its ability to download a high-quality movie or picture in a few seconds, 5G aims to connect everything throughout the world - certainly, and without latency - in order to make people monitor, analyze and control everything in reality.

1.4 Challenges of Networks

Networks starting from 1G to 4G have certain constraints of their own. Each evaluation of every generation provides solutions for the previous generations. But consistently, certain challenges still follow as a shadow but the intensity of its impact varies. The general challenges of the networks are listed in Table 1.1 with their limitations. All the limitations and the challenges till 4G are addressed by incorporating new technologies in 5G, a reliable low latency network.

Table 1.1 General challenges of networks.

Challenges

Mitigation approach

Constraints

Pilot contamination

Chain network uses pilot sequence division, zeroforcing (ZF) precoding

Band FD M-MIMO uses pilot sequence, nonreciprocal transceiver

Drones

ICIC design UAV UL, multi-beam UAV UL, Echo state network

Downstream intervention difficulties for cellular users and UAVs in various circumstances

Finding Base Station

Spectrum pooling coordination, pencil beam formation, Interference avoidance

Periodic packet loss, latency, the impact of real world execution

Control channel

Sparse power control, power level

Joint development of control and data channels, coverage gaps

Receiver configuration

Non-linear processing

Spacing of antenna element

1.5 What Will 5G Accomplish?

Besides improving network connections dramatically, 5G provides us with unprecedented opportunities to deliver stunning solutions that reach across all aspects of our lives.

In the future, billions of physical and digital devices will gather and share real-time information to prevent road accidents; or lag-free guaranteed connections will launch life-saving applications into the air, or manufacturing lines sufficiently predictive that they can block interruptions far before they happen.

1.6 Progressing Societies

With 5G, safety and sustainability can be enhanced in groundbreaking ways.

Perceptive power grids for significantly decreased carbon emissions.

More linked vehicles sharing information to avoid collisions

Quick promptness of emergency services in case of an accident.

Natural disasters can be detected early with connected sensors.

The emergency response becomes faster and more effective with drones.

Experts from remote locations can consult and diagnose patients with ease.

1.7 Transforming Industries

The future of business depends on 5G enabling flexibility, efficiency, and responsibility.

Supply and demand are handled autonomously by production lines.

Real-time failure of machines can be foreseen using digital copies.

Networks that are used for logistic purposes provide direction to the goods cargo intelligently depending on constraints of the real world.

Traceability of items all the way down to the individual item at warehouses and ports.

Robots and vehicles that can operate remotely to ensure safety in dangerous environments.

IoT is used in agriculture to increase efficiency in crop production.

1.8 The Invention of 5G

5G was not invented by any company or an individual because many mobile companies worked together to make this extraordinary networking exist in the world.

1.8.1 Technologies of 5G

The mobile ecosystem has several companies that are enabling 5G to exist, but no single company or person owns it. But few companies like Apple, Qualcomm, Ericson and so on claim credit for inventing many of the key technologies that form the 5G foundation in the uprising wireless communication generation.

The 3GPP is the third Generation Partnership Project is a work cluster that makes global specifications related to Universal Mobile Telecommunications System for 3G networks in addition to high-speed packet access, 4G Long-Term Evolution, and fifth generation networks, at its center.

3GPP utilizes various key improvements in all components of 5G architecture from connecting from the application layer of the source to the destination device. Other contributors of this technology show diversification from architecture operators and element manufacturers to mobile band users and internet service providers.

The 5G network is principally based on OFDM, which modulates digital data over numerous varying transmission mediums to lessen the intrusion of communication.

Higher bandwidth telecommunication technology like Sub-6GHz as well as millimeter wave is used in the 5G New Radio technique combined with OFDM principles in the 5G network. When the working procedures of the 5G with OFDM and 4G LTE are compared, we can say that both are the same. When OFDM is employed in the 5G NR wireless interface, adaptability and expandability are greatly increased which in turn empower access of numerous communities and objects effectively in all kinds of situations.

The 5G network utilizes the spectrum resources ranging from sub-3 GHz to 100 GHz in the transformation from 3G to 5G, resulting in greater bandwidths. 5G will be capable of operating under the two bands namely sub-6 GHz and millimeter-wave bands i.e. 24 GHz and higher, resulting in low latency, increased capacity, reduced latency with Gbps output and low latency.

5G is envisioned to broaden its application area in delivering a wide number of services like Internet of Things connectivity to a huge network and establishing an impossible connection into reality. To facilitate this, Time-division duplex design is used in numerous innovative 5G New Radio techniques.

In the end of the year 1998, 3GPP was launched by (ETSI) European Telecommunications Standards Institute in collaboration with other global SDOs for the development of technology innovations of the third generation.

Initially, 3GPP was impacted more by the existing 2GT DMA-based GSM standard. Simultaneously, the state of the art cluster established the 3rd Generation Partnership Project 2 (3GPP2) in the USA, with the goal of developing universal specifications for the third generation networks deployed on the progression of the second generation IS-95 CDMA principles. The enhancements in this technology were achieved by the active and continued evolution of new standards by the several businesses, including Intel, HiSilicon, Qualcomm and Apple though they are competitors of one another.

Although certain discrepancies remained, both 3GPP and 3GPP2 eventually narrowed down to use instigated CDMA technology which formed the foundation for the standards of 3G networks. W-CDMA or UMTS is the other name given to 3GPP3 technologies which used the carrier bandwidth of five MHz. CDMA2000 is the technology of 3GPP2 technologies which utilizes a bandwidth of 1.5 MHz for carriers.

The above two technologies are recognized as 3G standards by the expert organization for information and communication of the United Nations named International Telecommunication Union. It was further developed with innovative data optimization technologies (3GPP2 EVDO, 3GPP HSPA) that are used globally.

This gets the people the fifth generation of networks. This 5G is likely the very much determined generation yet, focusing not only to bring the latest extent of performance and competence to improve the broadband experiences and also to develop an integrated service for an ample of applications at an express rate of connectivity. To fulfill these requirements, in the year 2016, 3GPP started to do research and development in establishing the Universal standards for the fifth generation -> 5G NR (New Radio) -> 5G NextGen (Architecture for next generation). Simultaneously, 4G LTE continued to improve since 5G NextGen will become critical. ITU 5G/IMT 2020 standards work on the basis of joint collaboration of 4G LTE and 5G NR. The technologies used in 5G are considered to be unique and organizations compete for the development of 5G compared to the previous generations. People across the world know that the 5G will provide a massive impact on almost all forms of businesses and areas, so understanding the architecture and the working method of the 3GPP is vital in the technology world.

1.8.2 Misinterpretations of 3GPP –Addressed

3GPP evolves technical specifications, rather than standards this is a minor but critical clarification of companies. The 3GPP is indeed an engineering group that develops design details that are subsequently converted into standards by the SSO’s (seven regional Standards Setting Organizations) that are responsible for designing and implementing an IPR strategy.

3GPP is an organization that has been guided by its members. R&D, industrial innovations and other alliances of individual members of the whole world will take care of all the technical projects in addition to the usual IT services offered by 3GPP. The chairpersons of the various 3GPP groups are elected amongst all the member companies across the globe and are expected to work harmoniously abiding to the objectives of 3GPP.

3GPP works on very minimal end-to-end oversight with a disjointed way of working. It specifies the requirements for a complete end-to-end communication system, comprising mobile devices, remote interface, Internet service providers and the network architecture. The intricacy and the expansion of such networks are huge, so in order to provide more sophisticated services like cyber security and remote connectivity, fragmentation of the various work areas must be increased.

As shown in Figure 1.2, 3GPP is grouped into sixteen distinct Working Groups (WG). These Working Groups, together with the three prevailing Technical Specification Groups (TSG), are responsible for the majority of the innovation work and decisions.

1.8.3 3GPP’s Real-Time Progress Indicator

With the constant evolution of generations of cellular technologies every decade, new specifications and new services that are similar to releases of prominent OS for smartphones/PCs offer distinguished value to the ecosystem around us.

3GPP is wrapping up work on a lot of astonishing releases and a number of other launches simultaneously happen at varying phases while work is currently in progress as illustrated in Figure 1.3. All upgrades are fully fixed and available for execution when a launch is finalized. However, every 3GPP launch is independent, implying that a telecom system can be developed utilizing the pack of fixed criteria in that launch. Finally, launches do not simply include newly developed features; they’re also extremely cyclic, based on previous launches.

Figure 1.2 The structure of the 3GPP distributed organization

Figure 1.3 3GPP-flashcard.

The working procedures of the 3GPP and this generation network cannot be understood easily as the complication involved in this is higher because it was developed by collective determination amid hundreds of diverse entities with potentially disparate interests.

1.9 Role of 5G

The fifth generation is bringing a revolution in all the domains of the world through its technological development (see Figure 1.4).

1.9.1 Impact on an Individual

5G is intended to do wonders in human life through providing with greater browsing experience with faster uploading and downloading speeds, connecting a thousand million devices with ease mainly in the field of Internet of Things (IoT), connecting people anywhere, virtual reality (VR) and artificial intelligence (AI).

To quote few, 5G will help to access improved and novel amenities like near-immediate cloud service at the fingertips, experiencing wonderful gaming scenarios for more than one player, exaggerated reality purchasing and live video collaboration.

Furthermore, 5G will provide innovative alluring practices like virtual reality and Augmented reality with quicker, increased data rate, reduced time delay, and economical usage expenses in smartphones.

5G can be used for the industry transformation through its ultra-reliable networks with low latency in the services like controlling the critical infrastructure, automobiles and medical systems remotely.

5G connects an enormous number of embedded sensors remotely without a glitch with the property of giving incredibly lean and economical connection solutions with reduced power.

Data Usage by an average individual through smartphones is predicted to be 12GB/month in the year 2022-2023. The reason behind this is that they are exposed to tons of sources of information in the form of entertainment and IoT and cloud computing services.

4G has dramatically revolutionized the way people use data. Industries developing mobile have grown to huge heights introducing bank transactions, video streaming, food delivery, transportation sharing, and much more.

5G will broaden the telecom community in all the domains of the modern world. Due to this, the development of cutting-edge user experiences such as continuous IoT, infinite extreme reality, innovative business apps, rapid cloud access, and much more are developed.

Figure 1.4 A glimpse of 5G services.

1.9.2 Impact on Industries

Productivity of almost all the companies are increased because of the increased network reliability and transmission speed of the 5G network.

The characteristics of 5G such as increased speed, reduced latency and always connected network make certain organizations that are designed as smart factories to operate industrial Ethernet to improve operational productivity and precision effectively.

5G can be used in remote-controlled equipment that relies on time-critical communication to stop accidents and dangers.

Mission-critical use cases can be achieved by the increased emphasis on availability, robustness, and resilience of 5G to serve the new business.

Data protection is guaranteed with the confidential computing technologies of 5G.

5G can be used to build Smart cities to make the residents of that place live a high tech life with all kinds of regions like infrastructure, vehicle safety, VR, media and entertainment more connected at a faster rate under one umbrella at high efficiency.

1.10 Is a New Phone Required for 5G?

Yes, new smartphones are required to use the 5G network. Smartphones with Snapdragon 5G Mobile Platforms are capable of supporting 5G. Nowadays, to enable the usage of 5G by the customers, internet service providers across the globe are offering 5G services and mobile phone manufactures are introducing new models to support this enhanced service. Once 5G technology is implemented and its compatible smart devices become more widely available, we can expect the release of a variety of smartphones and carrier subscriptions at regular intervals of time.

1.11 Summary

The smartphone has become an integral part of our daily life. The average person spends about three hours every day on their smartphone for various purposes like downloading, uploading, sharing, interacting, browsing, and so on. The people started to adore the way mobile devices were capable of accessing high-speed Internet anywhere anytime. In order to achieve greater efficiency and throughput continuous evolution of the 3G & 4G Volte mobile technologies takes place regularly across the world.

5G – the next generation of wireless technology will bring a new era of superior, comprehensive wireless broadband experiences to almost every industry, product, and link. 5G provides faster connections than ever before while creating brand new opportunities for businesses and individuals.

Increasing connectivity speeds, reducing latency, and increasing bandwidth allow societies to advance, industries to transform, and to make every day enjoyable. Telehealth, connected automobiles, road/air regulatory systems, sophisticated gaming and video streaming with cloud services used to seem ultramodern, but now they’re mainstream.

5G technology will build a brighter, secure, and highly viable future for the people. Let us join and embrace the latest technology and browse faster and stay connected with people, devices and the world and enjoy the benefits of this technology revolution.

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