Reviews in Modern Astronomy Vol. 23 E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Serie: Reviews in Modern Astronomy
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Seitenzahl: 523

Beschreibung

High resolution is a key element in research in astronomy and cosmology. Advances in instrumentation and new methods are enabling us to constantly make new exciting discoveries, and progress in theoretical modelling allows us to gain a deeper understanding of cosmic physics. One example of this progress in instrumentation and observing strategy have made possible the discovery of a rich population of low-mass planets orbiting solar-type stars (Michel Mayor et al., Karl Schwarzschild Lecture 2010). This 23rd volume in the series Reviews of Modern Astronomy contains 14 invited reviews and highlight contributions presented during the 2010 annual meeting of the Astronomical Society on the topic "Zooming in: The cosmos at high resolution", held in Bonn, Germany, in September 2010.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

The Road to Earth Twins

1 The Discovery of a Rich Population of Low Mass Planets on Tight Orbits

2 The HARPS Program to Search for Very Low Mass Planets

3 Emerging Characteristics of Low-Mass Planets and Their Host Star

Acknowledgements

References

Stellar Forensics with the Supernova-GRB Connection1

1 Introduction: The Importance of Stellar Forensics

2 Solid Cases of SN-GRB

3 Do all SNe Ic-bl have an Accompanied GRB?

4 Aspherical Explosions: Only in SN-GRBs?

5 Progenitor Mass as the Culprit?

6 Metallicity as the Culprit?

7 SN 2008D/XRT080109: Stellar Forensics by Witnessing the Death Throes of a Stripped Star

8 The Future is Now: The Golden Age of Transient Surveys and Corresponding Host Galaxy Studies

Acknowledgements

References

Accretion, Jets and Winds: High-Energy Emission from Young Stellar Objects1

1 Introduction

2 Classical T Tauri Stars

3 Herbig Ae/Be Stars

4 Summary

Acknowledgements

References

The Physics and Astrophysics of Supernova Explosions

1 Introduction – Some Observational Facts

2 Physical Classification

3 Numerical Simulations

4 Summary and Conclusions

References

The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research: A New Era for Supernova Dynamics and Nucleosynthesis

1 The Facility for Antiproton and Ion Research FAIR

2 Introductory Remarks to Nuclear Astrophysics

3 Electron Capture in Core-Collapse Supernovae

4 Electron Capture in Core-Collapse Supernovae

5 Supernova Nucleosynthesis

6 Summary

References

The Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy (BeSSeL) Survey: Mapping the Milky Way with VLBI Astrometry1

1 Introduction

2 Galactic Distances

3 VLBI Astrometry

4 A New Model for the Milky Way

5 The Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy Survey

Acknowledgements

References

On the Origin of Gaseous Galaxy Halos – Low-Column Density Gas in the Milky Way Halo

1 Introduction

2 Motivation of Our Project

3 Data

4 Results

5 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Radio Studies of Galaxy Formation: Dense Gas History of The Universe

1 Introduction

2 Tools of radio astronomy

3 Molecular Gas at High Redshift

4 Extreme Starbursts: Massive Galaxy Formation in the Early Universe

5 Secular Galaxy Formation During the Epoch of Galaxy Assembly

6 Dense Gas History of the Universe

7 ALMA and EVLA

Acknowledgements

References

Water in Star-Forming Regions with Herschel1, 2

1 Introduction

2 Observational strategy

3 Results

4 Conclusions

References

Light-Element Abundance Variations in Globular Clusters1

1 Introduction

2 Development of the Observational Data Set

3 Current Models for Globular Cluster Formation

4 Recent Observational Progress

5 Evolution of the Galactic Globular Cluster System

6 Future Challenges

References

Massive Black Holes and the Evolution of Galaxies

1 Introduction

2 Massive Black Hole Formation

3 Understanding the Effect of Environment on Black Hole Growth

4 Black Holes and Their High Redshift Hosts

5 Blazars at Early Cosmic Times

6 Conclusions

7 Acknowledgments

References

High-Energy Astrophysics

1 Introduction

2 The Origin of Cosmic Rays in the GeV–TeV Energy Band

4 The Hunt for Dark-Matter Signals

Acknowledgements

References

Star Formation at High Resolution: Zooming into the Carina Nebula, the Nearest Laboratory of Massive Star Feedback

1 Introduction

2 The Chandra Carina Complex Project

3 HAWK-I Near-Infrared Observations of the Carina Nebula Complex

4 LABOCA sub-mm mapping of the Carina Nebula Complex

5 Future Herschel Observations of the Carina Nebula Complex

6 Conclusions and Outlook

Acknowledgements

References

Characteristic Structures in Circumstellar Disks -Potential Indicators of Embedded Planets

1 Introduction

2 (Proto-)Planets in Young, Gas-Rich Disks

3 Planets in Debris Disks

References

Index of Contributors

General Table of Contents

General Index of Contributors

Reviews in Modern Astronomy Vol. 23

Edited byRegina von Berlepsch

The Series Reviews in Modern Astronomy

Vol. 22: Deciphering the Universe through Spectroscopy

2010

ISBN: 978-3-527-41055-2

Vol. 21: Formation and Evolution of Cosmic Structures

2009

ISBN: 978-3-527-40910-5

Vol. 20: Cosmic Matter

2008

ISBN: 978-3-527-40820-7

Vol. 19: The Many Facets of the Universe - Revelations by New Instruments

2006

ISBN: 978-3-527-40662-3

Vol. 18: From Cosmological Structures to the Milky Way

2005

ISBN: 978-3-527-40608-1

Vol. 17: The Sun and Planetary Systems – Paradigms for the Universe

2004

ISBN: 978-3-527-40476-6

Vol. 16: The Cosmic Circuit of Matter

2003

ISBN: 978-3-527-40451-3

Vol. 15: Astronomy with Large Telescopes from Ground and Space

2002

ISBN: 978-3-527-40404-9

Edited on behalf of the Astronomische Gesellschaft by

Regina von Berlepsch Leibniz Institute for Astrophysics Potsdam Potsdam, [email protected]

Cover Artist conception of the Milky Way (R. Hurt: NASA/JPL-Caltech/SSC) showing all sources currently measured (green), including unpublished sources, and all sources observed in the first year of BeSSeL (red), based on their kinematic distances (A. Brunthaler et al.; this book).

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© 2011 Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

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Composition Uwe Krieg, Berlin

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-41113-9

Preface

The annual series Reviews in Modem Astronomy of the ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT was established in 1988 in order to bring the scientific events of the meetings of the Society to the attention of the worldwide astronomical community. Reviews in Modem Astronomy is devoted to the Karl Schwarzschild Lectures, the Ludwig Biermann Award Lectures, the invited reviews, and to the Highlight Contributions from leading scientists reporting on recent progress and scientific achievements at their respective research institutes.

The Karl Schwarzschild Lectures constitute a special series of invited reviews delivered by outstanding scientists who have been awarded the Karl Schwarzschild Medal of the Astronomische Gesellschaft, whereas excellent young astronomers are honoured by the Ludwig Biermann Prize.

Volume 23 continues the series with fourteen invited reviews and Highlight Contributions which were presented during the International Scientific Conference of the Society on “Zooming in: The Cosmos at High Resolution” held in Bonn, Germany, September 13 to 17, 2010.

The Karl Schwarzschild medal 2010 was awarded to Professor Michel Mayor, Genf. His lecture with the title “Exoplanets: The road to Earth twins” opened the meeting.

The talk presented by the Ludwig Biermann Prize winner 2010, Dr. Maryam Modjaz, Berkeley, dealt with the topic “Stellar Forensics with the Supernova-GRB connection”.

In 2010 the Doctoral Thesis Award was established by the Astronomische Gesellschaft to honor the author of the most outstandig Doctoral Thesis of the past year. The first awardee was Hans Moritz Günther. His lecture with the title “Accretion, jets and winds: High-energy emission from young stellar objects” was one of the highlights of the conference.

Other contributions to the meeting published in this volume discuss, among other subjects, the gas history of the universe, the facility for antiproton and ion research, the Bar and Spiral Structure Legacy (BeSSeL) survey and star formation at high resolution.

A report on the Herschel Key Program “Water in star-forming regions with Herschel” completes this volume.

The editor would like to thank the lecturers for their stimulating presentations. Thanks also to the local organizing committee from the Argelander Institute for Astronomy and the Max Planck Institute for Radio Astronomy.

Potsdam, Mai 2011

Regina v. Berlepsch

The ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT awards the Karl Schwarzschild Medal. Awarding of the medal is accompanied by the Karl Schwarzschild lecture held at the scientific annual meeting and the publication. Recipients of the Karl Schwarzschild Medal are

1959

Martin Schwarzschild: Die Theorien des inneren Aufbaus der Sterne. Mitteilungen der AG 12, 15

1963

Charles Fehrenbach: Die Bestimmung der Radialgeschwindigkeiten mit dem Objektivprisma. Mitteilungen der AG 17, 59

1968

Maarten Schmidt: Quasi-stellar sources. Mitteilungen der AG 25, 13

1969

Bengt Strömgren: Quantitative Spektralklassifikation und ihre Anwendung auf Probleme der Entwicklung der Sterne und der Milchstraße. Mitteilungen der AG 27, 15

1971

Antony Hewish: Three years with pulsars. Mitteilungen der AG 31, 15

1972

Jan H. Oort: On the problem of the origin of spiral structure. Mitteilungen der AG 32, 15

1974

Cornelis de Jager: Dynamik von Sternatmosphären. Mitteilungen der AG 36, 15

1975

Lyman Spitzer, jr.: Interstellar matter research with the Copernicus satellite. Mitteilungen der AG 38, 27

1977

Wilhelm Becker: Die galaktische Struktur aus optischen Beobachtungen. Mitteilungen der AG 43, 21

1978

George B. Field: Intergalactic matter and the evolution of galaxies. Mitteilungen der AG 47, 7

1980

Ludwig Biermann: Dreißig Jahre Kometenforschung. Mitteilungen der AG 51, 37

1981

Bohdan Paczynski: Thick accretion disks around black holes. Mitteilungen der AG 57, 27

1982

Jean Delhaye: Die Bewegungen der Sterne und ihre Bedeutung in der galaktischen Astronomie. Mitteilungen der AG 57, 123

1983

Donald Lynden-Bell: Mysterious mass in local group galaxies. Mitteilungen der AG 60, 23

1984

Daniel M. Popper: Some problems in the determination of fundamental stellar parameters from binary stars. Mitteilungen der AG 62, 19

1985

Edwin E. Salpeter: Galactic fountains, planetary nebulae, and warm HI. Mitteilungen der AG 63, 11

1986

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar: The aesthetic base of the general theory of relativity. Mitteilungen der AG 67, 19

1987

Lodewijk Woltjer: The future of European astronomy. Mitteilungen der AG 70, 21

1989

Sir Martin J. Rees: Is there a massive black hole in every galaxy. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 2, 1

1990

Eugene N. Parker: Convection, spontaneous discontinuities, and stellar winds and X-ray emission. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 4, 1

1992

Sir Fred Hoyle: The synthesis of the light elements. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 6, 1

1993

Raymond Wilson: Karl Schwarzschild and telescope optics. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 7, 1

1994

Joachim Trümper: X-rays from Neutron stars. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 8, 1

1995

Henk van de Hulst: Scaling laws in multiple light scattering under very small angles. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 9, 1

1996

Kip Thorne: Gravitational Radiation – A New Window Onto the Universe. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 10, 1

1997

Joseph H. Taylor: Binary Pulsars and Relativistic Gravity. not published

1998

Peter A. Strittmatter: Steps to the LBT – and Beyond. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 12, 1

1999

Jeremiah P. Ostriker: Historical Reflections on the Role of Numerical Modeling in Astrophysics. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 13, 1

2000

Sir Roger Penrose: The Schwarzschild Singularity: One Clue to Resolving the Quantum Measurement Paradox. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 14, 1

2001

Keiichi Kodaira: Macro- and Microscopic Views of Nearby Galaxies. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 15, 1

2002

Charles H. Townes: The Behavior of Stars Observed by Infrared Interferometry. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 16, 1

2003

Erika Boehm-Vitense: What Hyades F Stars tell us about Heating Mechanisms in the outer Stellar Atmospheres. Reviews in Modern Astronomy 17, 1

2004

Riccardo Giacconi: The Dawn of X-Ray Astronomy Reviews in Modern Astronomy 18, 1

2005

G. Andreas Tammann: The Ups and Downs of the Hubble Constant Reviews in Modern Astronomy 19, 1

2007

Rudolf Kippenhahn: Als die Computer die Astronomie eroberten Reviews in Modern Astronomy 20, 1

2008

Rashid Sunyaev: The Richness and Beauty of the Physics of Cosmological Recombination Reviews in Modern Astronomy 21, 1

2009

Rolf-Peter Kudritzki: Dissecting galaxies with quantitative spectroscopy of the brightest stars in the Universe Reviews in Modern Astronomy 22, 1

2010

Michel Mayor: Exoplanets: The road to Earth twins Reviews in Modern Astronomy 23, 1

The Ludwig Biermann Award was established in 1988 by the ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT to be awarded in recognition of an outstanding young astronomer. The award consists of financing a scientific stay at an institution of the recipient’s choice. Recipients of the Ludwig Biermann Award are

1989

Dr. Norbert Langer (Göttingen),

1990

Dr. Reinhard W. Hanuschik (Bochum),

1992

Dr. Joachim Puls (München),

1993

Dr. Andreas Burkert (Garching),

1994

Dr. Christoph W. Keller (Tucson, Arizona, USA),

1995

Dr. Karl Mannheim (Göttingen),

1996

Dr. Eva K. Grebel (Würzburg) and Dr. Matthias L. Bartelmann (Garching),

1997

Dr. Ralf Napiwotzki (Bamberg),

1998

Dr. Ralph Neuhäuser (Garching),

1999

Dr. Markus Kissler-Patig (Garching),

2000

Dr. Heino Falcke (Bonn),

2001

Dr. Stefanie Komossa (Garching),

2002

Dr. Ralf S. Klessen (Potsdam),

2003

Dr. Luis R. Bellot Rubio (Freiburg im Breisgau),

2004

Dr. Falk Herwig (Los Alamos, USA),

2005

Dr. Philipp Richter (Bonn),

2007

Dr. Henrik Beuther (Heidelberg) and Dr. Ansgar Reiners (Göttingen),

2008

Dr. Andreas Koch (Los Angeles),

2009

Dr. Anna Frebel (Cambridge, USA) and Dr. Sonja Schuh (Göttingen),

2010

Dr. Maryam Modjaz (Berkely),

The The Doctoral Thesis Award was established in 2010 by the ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT to honor the author of the most outstandig Doctoral Thesis of the past year. Recipient of the first Doctoral Thesis Award is

2010

Dr. Hans M. Günther (Cambridge/MA),

Karl Schwarzschild Lecture

The road to Earth twins1

Michel Mayor, Christophe Lovis, Francesco Pepe, Damien Ségransan and Stèphane Udry

Observatoire de l’Université de Genève 51 ch. des Maillettes, CH−1290 Versoix, [email protected]

Abstract

A rich population of low-mass planets orbiting solar-type stars on tight orbits has been detected by Doppler spectroscopy. These planets have masses in the domain of super-Earths and Neptune-type objects, and periods less than 100 days. In numerous cases these planets are part of very compact multiplanetary systems. Up to seven planets have been discovered orbiting one single star. These low-mass planets have been detected by the HARPS spectrograph around 3% of solar-type stars. This very high occurrence rate has been recently confirmed by the results of the Kepler planetary transit space mission. The large number of planets of this kind allows us to attempt a first characterization of their statistical properties, which in turn represent constraints to understand the formation process of these systems. The achieved progress in the sensitivity and stability of spectrographs have already led to the discovery of planets with masses as small as 1.5M⊕.

1 The discovery of a rich population of low mass planets on tight orbits

Today, more than 500 extrasolar planets have been discovered. Most of the detected exoplanets have been found by using precise measurements of stellar radial velocities. The planetary mass estimate from Doppler measurements is directly proportional to the amplitude of the stellar reflex motion. Our progress to detect very-low-mass planets are directly related to the progress done to improve the sensitivity and stability of spectrographs. In 1989, the detection of HD 114762 b, a companion of 11 Jupiter masses to a metal deficient F star was obtained with spectrographs allowing Doppler measurements with a precision of some 300 ms−1 (Latham et al. 1989). Fifteen years ago, the precision achieved by any team searching for exoplanets was of the order of 15 ms−1. Today, the instrumental precision achieved with the HARPS spectrograph at La Silla Observatory is better than 0.5 ms−1 (Mayor et al. 2003). At this level of precision we are mostly limited by the intrinsic variability of stellar velocities induced by diverse phenomena (acoustic modes, granulation, magnetic activity). However, by adopting an improved observing strategy, we have already some indications that planetary signals as small as a tiny fraction of a meter per second are detectable.