Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Title
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PREFACE
List of Contributors
Appendixes
Elbows
Shoulders
Hips
Knees
Ankles
Feet
Cervical spine
Thoracic spine
Lumbar spine
Basic Knowledge of Rheumatoid Arthritis
Abstract
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
A: Alignment
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Deformities
Fingers and Thumbs
Swan-neck Deformities
Button-hole Deformities (boutonnière Deformities)
Deformities of the Metacarpophalangeal (MCP) Joints
Ulnar Deviations of the MCP Joints
Palmar Subluxations at the MCP Joints
Zigzag Deformities
Splaying Laterally of the Digits
Cup-and-saucer Deformities
Deformities of PIP Joints
Lateral Subluxations at the PIP Joints
Deformities of DIP Joints
Mallet Fingers
Thumb Deformities
Hitchhiker Thumb Deformities (Boutonnière Deformities, Z-shape Deformities)
Swan-neck Deformities of the Thumbs
Pencil-in-cup Sign (Pencil-in-cup Appearance)
Arthritis Mutilans
Wrists
Radial Deviation at the Radiocarpal Compartment
Volar Translocation of the Carpus (Palmar (Sub)Luxation in the Radiocarpal Joint)
Inferior Radioulnar and Distal Ulnar Malalignment
Carpal Bones
Elbows
Shoulders
Glenohumeral Joints
Proximal Migration of Humeral Head
Superior Migration of Humeral Head
Proximal and Superior Migration of Humeral Head
Inferior Migration of Humeral Head
Acromial Humeral Joints
Acromioclavicular Joint
Hips
Axial Migration
Superior or Medial Migaration of Femoral Head
Acetabular Protrusion
Osteonecrosis of Femoral Head
Pubic Osteolysis
Knees
Subluxation of Knees
Ankles and Feet
Pes Planovalgus
Spreading of Metatarsal Bones (Daylight Sign)
Hallux Valgus
Digitus Minimus Varus
Dorsiflexion and Lateral Subluxation of Proximal Phalanges at MTP Joints
Cock-up Toe
Arthritis Mutilans
Atlantoaxial Subluxation
Subaxial Articulations
Thoracic Spine
Lumbar Spine
Bone Fractures
Insufficiency Fractures
Parasymphyseal Insufficiency Fractures
Compression Fractures of Thoracic and Lumbar Spine
Traumatic Bone Fractures
Destruction of the Joints
Septic Arthritis
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
B: Bone Mineralization and Shape
Abstract
Bone Density
Normal Mineralization
Decreased Mineralization
Diffuse Osteoporosis (Systemic Osteoporosis)
Osteoporosis of Lumbar Spine
Juxta-articular Osteoporosis, Periarticular Osteoporosis
Fingers and Thumbs
IPs
PIPs
MCPs
CMCs
Wrists
Elbows
Knees
Increased Mineralization
Osteosclerosis
Erosions
Fingers and Thumbs
IPs
PIPs
Second PIPs
Third PIPs
Fourth PIPs
Fifth PIPs
MCPs
First MCPs
Second MCPs
Third MCPs
Fourth MCPs
Fifth MCPs
DIPs
CMCs
First CMCs
Second CMCs
Third CMCs
Fourth CMCs
Fifth CMCs
Wrists
Trapezium
Capitate
Hamate
Scaphoid
Lunate
Triquetrum
Pisiform
EROSIONS OF ULNAR STYLOID PROCESS AND RADIAL STYLOID PROCESS
Radius
Distal Radioulnar Joints
Ulna
Elbows
Erosions on Olecranon
Erosions of Humeroradial Joints
Erisions of Humeroulnar Joints
Erosions of Proximal Radioulnar Joints
Shoulders
Erosions of Head of Humerus
Erosions on Glenoids of Shoulders
Hips
Erosion of Femoral Head
Knees
Ankles
Mid-foot
TMTs
First IPs
Sternoclavicular Joints
Pubic Symphysis
Bone Cysts
RC Joints
Hips
Knees
Mid-foot
MTP joints
Osteophyte Formation
Proliferation of Bones at Joints
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
C: Capsula Articularis, Intra Articular: Joint Spaces and Calcifications
Abstract
Joint Space Narrowing (JSN)
Fingers and Thumbs
IP Joints
PIP Joints
MCP Joints
DIP Joints
Wrists
Elbows
Shoulders
Hips
Knees
Ankles
Ankylosis
Joint Space Widening
Calcification in Joints
Elbows
Knees
MCP Joints
Wrists
Lateral
Medial
Shoulders
Hips
Knees
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
D: Distribution
Abstract
Introduction
Distribution in Body
Distribution in the regions in RA
Hands
Shoulders
Pelvis
Knees
Feet
Distribution in the Regions of Other Rheumatic Diseases
OA
Erosive OA
Gout
Calcium Pyrophosphate Dehydrate Deposition (CPPD) Crystal Deposition Disease
Adult Onset Still’s Disease (AOSD) and Juvenile Idiopathic Arthritis (JIA)
Psoriatic Arthritis (PsA)
Ankylosing Spondylitis (AS)
Reactive Arthritis
Hemochromatosis
Sjögren’s Syndrome (SS)
Systemic Sclerosis (SSc)
Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)
Dermatomyositis (DM) and Polymyositis (PM)
Hyperthyroidism
Hyperparathyroidism
3. Distribution in Joints
Distribution in the Time: Disease Chronology
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
E: External Bone, Extra-Articular Manifestations
Abstract
Soft Tissues
Soft Tissue Swelling Due to Arthritis
Dactylitis
Rheumatoid Nodules
Bursitis
Shoulders
Lateral
Posterior
Baker’s Cyst
Ankles
Feet
Calcaneus
Bursae of the Foot
Fingers
Extensor Tenosynovitis
Flexor Tenosynovitis
Wrists
Extensor Tendon Compartments
The First Compartment
The Second Compartment
The Third Compartment
The Fourth Compartment
The Fifth Compartment
The Sixth Compartment
Flexor Tendons
Shoulders
Feet
Enthesitis and Tendonitis
Shoulders
Knees
Feet
Calcification
Hands
Elbows
Shoulders
Legs
Nerves
Median Nerve
Carpal Tunnel Syndrome; Carpal Canal Syndrome; CTS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Frontiers in Arthritis
(Volume 3)
Rheumatoid Arthritis: A systematic approach
Edited by
Syuichi Koarada
Division of Rheumatology,
Faculty of Medicine, Saga University,
Saga,
Japan
BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.
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PREFACE
Arthritis is a common condition, which affects joints and tissues surrounding the joints. It affects the patients widely and is one of the most common causes of disability. The eBook volume entitled “Rheumatoid Arthritis: A systematic approach,” will provide a simplified but high-quality diagnostic interpretation of various radiographic images, including magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and ultrasound. We hope to illustrate each disease by each volume, one by one. The contents of the series are based on my lectures that have been approved by our students and residents in Saga University, Japan. The diagnostic approach to make decision by conventional radiography is originated based on my experience of research and education in the division of the Rheumatology at the University of Pittsburgh, the U.S. However, arthritis images in the book are not only conventional radiographs but also images by multiple modalities. To make accurate diagnosis from radiographs, the methodology has been uniquely developed, through ABCDEGFGH (A; alignment, B; bone, C; cartilage, and D; distribution may be common, but E: extra-bone, F: further examination and G: goal and H; healing will be much more important) and improved by the experience of more than thousands of cases with rheumatic diseases in our institute.
In our various experienced cases, there are many interesting and rare cases. For example, there are a number of patients with Behçet’s disease with arthritis. Our cohort also includes cases of adult onset at Still’s disease (AOSD) with severe arthritis and are treated with various biologics and immunosuppressive drugs. Because we have established the diagnostic criteria of AOSD that has been approved world-widely, our hospital is one of the central institutes of AOSD in Japan and in the world. We have first proposed the method to prevent aseptic osteonecrosis of femoral head (AONF) induced by corticosteroid therapy in SLE patients. We found the novel marker of plasmablasts in IgG4-related disease (IgG4-RD). We also found that plasmablasts should be the targets for systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and various autoimmune diseases. We investigated new therapy for SLE and B cell targeting therapies. We performed ultrasound of the joints including hydro-US routinely (more than 1000 cases/ year) and published reports of ultrasound. These original findings will be included in our series of arthritis which may be interesting for rheumatologists, orthopedists, physiatrists, pediatricians and general physicians. The series of “Frontier in Arthritis” will broadly cover osteoarthritis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), SLE, juvenile arthritis, gout, systemic sclerosis, AOSD, Behçet’s disease and so on. We present a systemic approach to understand the frontier of arthritis and diseases.
Syuichi Koarada
Division of Rheumatology
Faculty of Medicine, Saga University
Saga
Japan
List of Contributors
Akihito MaruyamaDivision of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JapanMariko SakaiDivision of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JapanNobuyuki OnoDivision of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JapanSyuichi KoaradaDivision of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JapanYoshifumi TadaDivision of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JapanYuri SadanagaDivision of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, JapanYukiko TakeyamaDivision of Rheumatology, Faculty of Medicine, Saga University, Saga, Japan
Appendixes
Syuichi KoaradaNormal Radiographs and Images of US and MRI.
Normal Radiographs and Images of US and MRI of the hands and wrists (Figs. 1-16).
Fig. (1))
PA view of the hands in a normal person.
Fig. (2))
Oblique view of the hands in a normal person.
Fig. (3))
Nørgaard view of the hands in a normal person.
Fig. (4))
Radiographic anatomy of the skeleton of the hands and wrists: PA view.
Fig. (5))
Radiographic anatomy of the skeleton of the hand and the wrist: PA view.
Fig. (6))
The bones of the phalanges and metacarpals.
Fig. (7))
Radiographic anatomy of the skeleton of the finger: PA view.
Fig. (8))
Radiographic anatomy of the skeleton of carpal bones.
Fig. (9))
The transverse gray-scale US images show normal bone shapes of the finger. Surface shapes of bones tell the position in the finger. Note the lack of bone at the joints.
Fig. (10))
US image of the MCP joint in a normal person.
Fig. (11))
US image of the PIP joint in a normal person.
Fig. (12))
US image of the DIP joint in a normal person.
Fig. (13))
Longitudinal gray-scale US images show normal joints of the hand.
Fig. (14))
Longitudinal power Doppler US images show normal joints of the hand.
Fig. (15))
Coronal T1 image (MRI) of the hands in a normal person.
Fig. (16))
Coronal T2-STIR (MRI) of the hands in a normal person.
Elbows
Normal Radiographs of the elbows (Figs. 17-21).
Fig. (17))
Radiographic anatomy of the skeleton of the elbow: AP view.
Fig. (18))
Radiographic anatomy of the skeleton of the elbow: lateral view.
Fig. (19))
Joints of the elbow. There are three joints in the elbow, the humeroradial joint, the humeroulnar joint and the proximal radioulnar joint.