Rhythms of Insect Evolution E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
Documents morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, evolutionary changes, and interactions of 23 orders of insects from the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous faunas in Northern China
This book showcases 23 different orders of insect fossils from the Mid Mesozoic period (165 to 125 Ma) that were discovered in Northeastern China. It covers not only their taxonomy and morphology, but also their potential implications on natural sciences, such as phylogeny, function, interaction, evolution, and ecology. It covers fossil sites; paleogeology; co-existing animals and plants in well-balanced eco-systems; insects in the spotlight; morphological evolution and functional development; and interactions of insects with co-existing plants, vertebrates, and other insects. The book also includes many elegant and beautiful photographs, line drawings, and 3-D reconstructions of fossilized and extant insects.
Rhythms of Insect Evolution: Evidence from the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Northern China features chapter coverage of such insects as the: Ephemeroptera; Odonata; Blattaria; Isoptera; Orthoptera; Notoptera; Dermaptera; Chresmodidae; Phasmatodea; Plecoptera; Psocoptera; Homoptera; Heteroptera; Megaloptera; Raphidioptera; Neuroptera; Coleoptera; Hymenoptera Diptera; Mecoptera; Siphonaptera; Trichoptera and Lepidoptera.
- Combines academic natural science, popular science, and artistic presentation to illustrate rhythms of evolution for fossil insects from the Mid Mesozoic of Northern China
- Documents morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, and evolutionary changes of 23 orders of insects from the Middle Jurassic and Early Cretaceous faunas in Northern China
- Presents interactions of insects with plants, vertebrates, and other insects based on well-preserved fossil evidence
- Uses photos of extant insects and plants, fossil and amber specimens, line drawings, and 3-D computer-generated reconstruction artworks to give readers clear and enjoyable impressions of the scientific findings
- Introduces insect-related stories from western and Chinese culture in text or sidebars to give global readers broader exposures
Rhythms of Insect Evolution: Evidence from the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Northern China will appeal to entomologists, evolutionists, paleontologists, paleoecologists, and natural scientists.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019
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Table of Contents
Cover
Preface
List of Contributors
Acknowledgements
1 Jurassic‐Cretaceous Non‐Marine Stratigraphy and Entomofaunas in Northern China
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Non‐marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Insect Fossil‐Bearing Lithostratigraphic Division and Correlation in Northern China
1.3 Non‐marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Entomofaunas in Northern China
1.4 Geological Ages of Non‐marine Jurassic and Cretaceous Strata and Entomofaunas in Northern China
References
2 Coexisting Animals and Plants in the Ecosystems
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Representative Fossils of Coexisting Animals
2.3. Representative Fossils of Coexisting Plants
References
3 Insects – In the Spotlight
3.1 Introduction to Insects
3.2 How to Identify an Insect
3.3 Origin and Evolution of Insects
References
4 A History of Paleoentomology in China
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Early Foundational Studies (1923–1935)
4.3 Early Taxonomic Studies (1965–1985)
4.4 Major Taxonomic Studies (1985–Present)
4.5 Phylogenetic and Paleobiological Studies (1991–Present)
4.6 International Cooperative Studies (2000–Present)
References
5 Ephemeroptera – Mayflies
5.1 Introduction to Ephemeroptera
5.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Ephemeroptera
5.3 Representative Fossils of Ephemeroptera from Northern China
References
6 Odonata – Dragonflies and Damselflies
6.1 Introduction to Odonata
6.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Odonata
6.3 Representative Fossils of Odonata from Northern China
References
7 Blattaria – Cockroaches
7.1 Introduction to Blattaria
7.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Blattodea
7.3 Representative Fossils of Blattaria from Northern China
References
8 Termitoidae – Termites
8.1 Introduction to Termitoidae
8.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Termites
8.3 Representative Fossil Termites from Northern China
References
9 Orthoptera – Grasshoppers and Katydids
9.1 Introduction to Orthoptera
9.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Orthoptera
9.3 Representative Fossils of Orthoptera from Northern China
References
10 Notoptera – Rock Crawlers and Ice Crawlers
10.1 Introduction to Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea)
10.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea)
10.3 Representative Fossils of Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) from Northern China
References
11 Dermaptera – Earwigs
11.1 Introduction to Dermaptera
11.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Dermaptera
11.3 Representative Fossils of Dermaptera from Northern China
References
12 Chresmodidae – Water‐Walking Insects
12.1 Introduction to Chresmodidae
12.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Chresmodidae
12.3 Representative Fossils of Chresmodidae from Northern China
References
13 Phasmatodea – Stick Insects and Leaf Insects
13.1 Introduction to Phasmatodea
13.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Phasmatodea
13.3 Representative Fossils of Phasmatodea from Northern China
References
14 Plecoptera – Stoneflies
14.1 Introduction to Plecoptera
14.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Plecoptera
14.3 Representative Fossils of Plecoptera from Northern China
References
15 Psocoptera – Barklice and Booklice
15.1 Introduction to Psocoptera
15.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Psocoptera
15.3 Representative Fossils of Psocoptera from Northern China
References
16 Homoptera – Cicadas and Hoppers
16.1 Introduction to Homoptera
16.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Homoptera
16.3 Representative Fossils of Homoptera from Northern China
References
17 Heteroptera – True Bugs
17.1 Introduction to Heteroptera
17.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Heteroptera and Fossil Coleorrhyncha
17.3 Representative Fossils of Heteroptera from Northern China
References
18 Megaloptera – Dobsonflies, Fishflies, and Alderflies
18.1 Introduction to Megaloptera
18.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Megaloptera
18.3 Representative Fossils of Megaloptera from Northern China
References
19 Raphidioptera – Snakeflies
19.1 Introduction to Raphidioptera
19.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Raphidioptera
19.3 Representative Fossils of Raphidioptera from Northern China
References
20 Neuroptera – Lacewings
20.1 Introduction to Neuroptera
20.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Neuroptera
20.3 Representative Fossils of Neuroptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Northern China
References
21 Coleoptera – Beetles
21.1 Introduction to Coleoptera
21.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Coleoptera
21.3 Representative Fossils of Coleoptera from Northern China
References
22 Hymenoptera – Sawflies and Wasps
22.1 Introduction to Hymenoptera
22.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Hymenoptera
22.3 Representative Fossils of Hymenoptera from Northern China
References
23 Diptera – True Flies with Two Wings
23.1 Introduction to Diptera
23.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Diptera
23.3 Representative Fossils of Diptera from Northern China
References
24 Mecoptera – Scorpionflies and Hangingflies
24.1 Introduction to Mecoptera
24.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Mecoptera
24.3 Representative Fossils of Mecoptera from Northern China
References
25 Siphonaptera – Fleas
25.1 Introduction to Siphonaptera
25.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Fleas
25.3 Representative Fossils of Siphonaptera from Northern China
References
26 Trichoptera – Caddisflies
26.1 Introduction to Trichoptera
26.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Trichoptera
26.3 Representative Fossils of Trichoptera from Northern China
References
27 Lepidoptera – Butterflies and Moths
27.1 Introduction to Lepidoptera
27.2 Progress in the Studies of Fossil Lepidoptera
27.3 Representative Fossils of Lepidoptera from Northern China
References
28 Insect Feeding
28.1 Introduction
28.2 Pollination Mutualism – Feeding on Pollination Drops Before Angiosperms
28.3 Predation – Preying on Other Insects
28.4 Blood Feeding by Ectoparasite Fleas
28.5 Blood Feeding by True Bugs
28.6 Herbivores: Feeding on Plant Matter as Evidenced by Insect Damage Types
References
29 Camouflage, Mimicry or Eyespot Warning
29.1 Introduction
29.2 Camouflage by Fossil Insects
29.3 Mimicry by Fossil Insects
29.4 Eyespot Warning for Fossil Insects
29.5 Summary and Prospects
References
30 Gene Propagation – Courtship, Mating, and Next Generation
30.1 Introduction
30.2 Extreme Sexual Display
30.3 Serenade with Love Songs
30.4 Sensing and Locating Potential Mates with Ramified Antennae
30.5 Forever Love – The Hitherto Earliest Record of Copulating Insects
30.6 Long Ovipositors Used for Laying Eggs into Hosts
30.7 Breeding – Oviposition, Gall and Leaf Mining
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Jurassic‐Cretaceous non‐marine lithostratigraphic division and correla...
Table 1.2 Biostratigraphic sequence of entomofaunas in Northern China during the...
Table 1.3 Biostratigraphic sequence of entomofaunas with important accompanying ...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Contributions by researchers to Chinese paleoentomology in stages over...
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 A list of fossil Ephemeroptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Chi...
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 List of fossil Odonata from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 A List of Fossil Blattaria from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 A list of fossil termites from the Cretaceous of China.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 A list of fossil Orthoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 A list of fossil Notoptera (Mantophasmatodea and Grylloblattodea) fro...
Chapter 11
Table 11.1 A list of fossil Dermaptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China...
Chapter 12
Table 12.1 A list of fossil Chresmodidae from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Nor...
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 A list of fossil Phasmatodea from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Chin...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 A list of fossil Plecoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 A species of fossil Psocoptera from the Jurassic of China.
Chapter 16
Table 16.1 A list of fossil Homoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China.
Chapter 17
Table 17.1 A list of fossil Heteroptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Chin...
Chapter 18
Table 18.1 A list of fossil Megaloptera from the Jurassic of China.
Chapter 19
Table 19.1 A list of fossil Raphidioptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Ch...
Chapter 20
Table 20.1 A list of fossil Neuroptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China...
Chapter 21
Table 21.1 A list of fossil Coleoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China...
Chapter 22
Table 22.1 A list of fossil hymenoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Chin...
Chapter 23
Table 23.1 A list of fossil Diptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China.
Chapter 24
Table 24.1 A list of fossil Mecoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of China.
Chapter 25
Table 25.1 A list of fossil Siphonapterans from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of C...
Chapter 26
Table 26.1 A list of fossil Trichoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Chin...
Chapter 27
Table 27.1 A list of fossil Lepidoptera from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Chin...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Fossil excavation site at the Daohugou locality.
Figure 1.2 A delegation of the Insect Fossil Conference visited the Dao...
Figure 1.3 The Daohugou Fossil Museum.
Figure 1.4 The Ningcheng National Geological Park Museum.
Figure 1.5 A delegation of the Insect Fossil Conference visited the Shi...
Figure 1.6 A delegation of the Insect Fossil Conference visited the Shi...
Figure 1.7 The Chaoyang Paleontological Fossil Museum.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 Comparison of vertebrate diversity of the Yanliao and Jehol ...
Figure 2.2
Sinosauropteryx prima
Ji & Ji, 1996.
Figure 2.3
Microraptor gui
Xu, Zhou & Wang, 2003.
Figure 2.4
Dilong paradoxus
Xu, Norell & Kuang, 2004.
Figure 2.5
Mei long
Xu & Norell, 2004 [16].
Figure 2.6
Anchiornis huxleyi
Xu, Zhao & Norell, 2009 [17].
Figure 2.7
Jeholopterus ningchengensis
Wang, Zhou & Zhang, 2002 [22]. ...
Figure 2.8 Pterosaur egg and embryo [18].
Figure 2.9
Confuciusornis sanctus
Hou, Zhou & Gu, 1995 [28].
Figure 2.10
Dingavis longimaxilla
, holotype, IVPP V20284, full slab pho...
Figure 2.11
Jeholodens jenkinsi
Ji, Luo & Ji, 1999 [34].
Figure 2.12 Holotype specimen of
Juramaia sinensis
Luo, Yuan, Meng & Ji...
Figure 2.13 The Late Jurassic mammal
Rugosodon eurasiaticus
Yuan, Ji, M...
Figure 2.14
Monjurosuchus splendens
Endo, 1940.
Figure 2.15
Mongolarachne jurassica
Selden, Shih & Ren, 2011 comb. nov....
Figure 2.16
Mesobunus dunlopi
Giribet, Tourinho. Shih & Ren, 2012 [42]....
Figure 2.17
Archaefructus liaoningensis
additional material [49].
Figure 2.18
Archaefructus sinensis
Sun, Ji, Dilcher & Nixon, 2002 [50]....
Figure 2.19
Williamsonia
sp.
Figure 2.20 Czekanowskiales,
Solenites
sp.
Figure 2.21
Ginkgoites
sp. leaf and fruit.
Figure 2.22 Conifer leaves and seeds.
Figure 2.23 Conifer seeds.
Figure 2.24 Seeds of
Ephedrites
sp.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 The conversion of pupa to adult of a lacewing mantispid.
Figure 3.2 Head with antennae, eyes, and chewing mouthparts of a beetle...
Figure 3.3 A wasp of the species
Solenura ania
(Pteromalidae, Chalcidoi...
Figure 3.4 Butterfly with siphonate mouthparts.
Figure 3.5 Honeybees with pollen‐carrying hind legs.
Figure 3.6 A fishfly (Corydalidae) spreading its four wings with clear ...
Figure 3.7 The terminologies of the insect wing.
Figure 3.8 Butterflies mating.
Figure 3.9 Flies mating.
Figure 3.10 A lacewing laying eggs.
Figure 3.11 A bee visiting flowers.
Figure 3.12 A fly visiting flowers.
Figure 3.13 Two cantharids (soldier beetles) feeding on Texas thistle (
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Dr. Amadeus W. Grabau.
Figure 4.2 The memorial gravestone for Dr. Amadeus W. Grabau in the cam...
Figure 4.3 Dr. Chi Ping.
Figure 4.4 Dr. Youchong Hong.
Figure 4.5 Dr. Youchong Hong and Dr. Dong Ren in the Jiuquan basin of G...
Figure 4.6 Dr. Qibin Lin.
Figure 4.7 Dr. Haichun Zhang.
Figure 4.8 Dr. Di‐ying Huang.
Figure 4.9 About 160 participants from 18 countries attended the Fifth ...
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 A mayfly imago.
Figure 5.2 A mayfly imago.
Figure 5.3 A mayfly nymph molted to subimago.
Figure 5.4 A mayfly subimago.
Figure 5.5 Calligraphy of Su Shi on his article of the Red Cliff in Son...
Figure 5.6
Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus
Huang, Ren & Shih, 2007 (Holot...
Figure 5.7 A 3‐D reconstruction of
Epicharmeropsis hexavenulosus
Huang,...
Figure 5.8
Epicharmeropsis quadrivenulosus
Huang, Sinitshenkova & Ren, ...
Figure 5.9
Multiramificans ovalis
Huang, Liu, Sinitshenkova & Ren, 2007...
Figure 5.10
Jurassonurus amoenus
Huang, Ren & Sinitshenkova, 2008 (Holo...
Figure 5.11
Proximicorneus rectivenius
Lin, Shih & Ren, 2018 (Holotype,...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Damselfly.
Figure 6.2 Dragonfly.
Figure 6.3 Mating dragonflies.
Figure 6.4 Mating damselflies.
Figure 6.5 Dragonflies laying eggs.
Figure 6.6
Shenzhousia qilianshanensis
Zhang & Hong, 2006 [5]. (a) Phot...
Figure 6.7
Sopholibellula eleganta
Zhang, Ren & Zhou, 2006, (Holotype, ...
Figure 6.8
Amnifleckia guttata
Zhang, Ren & Cheng, 2006, (Holotype, D28...
Figure 6.9
Parafleckium senjituense
Li, Nel, Ren & Pang, 2012, (Holotyp...
Figure 6.10 Photo of forewing of
Hsiufua chaoi
Zhang & Wang, 2013 (NIGP...
Figure 6.11
Sinoeuthemis daohugouensis
Li, Nel, Shih, Ren & Pang, 2013,...
Figure 6.12
Sophoaeschna frigida
Zhang, Ren & Pang, 2008, (Holotype, CN...
Figure 6.13
Decoraeshna preciosa
Li, Nel, Ren & Pang, 2012, (Holotype, ...
Figure 6.14 (a) Photograph of new material CNU‐ODO‐LB2010001; (b) Line ...
Figure 6.15
Sinocymatophlebiella hasticercus
Li, Nel, Ren & Pang, 2012,...
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Cockroach.
Figure 7.2 Cockroaches mating.
Figure 7.3 New material (CNU‐NX1–303) of
Qilianiblatta namurensis
.
Figure 7.4
Habroblattula drepanoides
.
Figure 7.5
Nuurcala obesa
.
Figure 7.6
Piniblattella yixianensis
.
Figure 7.7
Piniblattella yixianensis
Gao, Shih & Ren, 2018, Source: Art...
Figure 7.8
Fuzia dadao
Figure 7.9
Perlucipecta aurea
Wei & Ren, 2013 (Holotype, CNU‐B‐NN‐20116...
Figure 7.10
Divocina noci
Liang, Vršanský & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU‐B‐...
Figure 7.11
Falcatusiblatta gracilis
Liang, Shih & Ren, 2017 (Holotype,...
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Worker Formosan subterranean termites (
Coptotermes formosanu
...
Figure 8.2 A soldier of Formosan subterranean termites (
Coptotermes for
...
Figure 8.3 A soldier termite of
Nasutitermes takasagoensis
; inhabits fr...
Figure 8.4 A Formosan subterranean termite under attack by an ant.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Leaf feeding by an “Oblong‐Winged” katydid (
Amblycorypha obl
...
Figure 9.2Figure 9.2 Mating katydids.
Figure 9.3Figure 9.3 Molting of a katydid.
Figure 9.4 A possible summary phylogeny of Orthoptera with divergence t...
Figure 9.5
Liassophylum caii
Gu, Qiao & Ren, 2012 (Paratype, CNU‐ORT‐NN...
Figure 9.6
Archaboilus musicus
Gu, Engel & Ren 2012, (a–d) photographs ...
Figure 9.7 File morphology of
Cyphoderris buckelli
and
A. musicus
. (a) ...
Figure 9.8
Vitimoilus ovatus
Gu, Tian, Yin, Shi & Ren 2017 (Holotype, C...
Figure 9.9
Bacharaboilus lii
Gu, Qiao & Ren, 2011 (Holotype, CNU‐ORT‐NN...
Figure 9.10
Panorpidium yixianensis
Fang, Wang, Zhang, Wang, Jarzembows...
Figure 9.11
Locustopsis rhytofemoralis
Gu, Yue, Shi, Tian & Ren, 2016 (...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1
Karoophasma biedouwense
Klass, Picker, Damgaard, van Noort ...
Figure 10.2
Grylloblattella cheni
Bai, Wang & Yang, 2010.
Figure 10.3
Juramantophasma sinica
Huang, Nel, Zompro & Walker, 2008 (H...
Figure 10.4
Juraperla grandis
Cui, Béthoux, Shih & Ren, 2010 (Holotype,...
Figure 10.5
Plesioblattogryllus minor
Ren & Aristov, 2011 (CNU‐GRY‐NN20...
Figure 10.6
Geinitzia aristovi
Cui, Storozhenko & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, ...
Figure 10.7
Shurabia grandis
(Huang & Nel, 2008) (new material, CNU‐GRY...
Figure 10.8
Sinonele fangi
Cui, Béthoux, Klass & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, C...
Figure 10.9
Sinonele hei
Cui, Béthoux, Klass & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, CNU...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Maternal care for cleaning and protecting eggs.
Figure 11.2
Abrderma gracilentum
Xing, Shih & Ren, 2016, (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 11.3
Belloderma arcuata
Zhao, Shih & Ren, 2010, (Holotype, CNU‐D...
Figure 11.4 Reconstruction of
Belloderma arcuata
Zhao, Shih & Ren, 2010...
Figure 11.5
Cylindopygia falcate
Yang, Ren & Shih, 2015, (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 11.6
Gracilipygia canaliculata
Ren, Zhang, Shih & Ren, 2017. (Ho...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Water striders (Gerridae) mating and walking on water..
Figure 12.2
Jurachresmoda gaskelli
Zhang, Ren & Shih, 2008 (Holotype, C...
Figure 12.3
Chresmoda multinervis
Zhang, Ren & Shih, 2010 (Holotype, CN...
Figure 12.4
Chresmoda shihi
Zhang, Ren & Shih, 2010 (Holotype, CNU‐CH‐H...
Figure 12.5 Photo of Jason Shih who took and provided many insect photo...
Figure 12.6
Sinochresmoda magnicornia
Zhang, Ren & Pang, 2008 (Holotype...
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 A stick insect with elongated stick‐like body..
Figure 13.2 Molting by a nymph of stick insects..
Figure 13.3
Tumefactipes prolongates
Chen, Shih, Ren & Gao, 2018, (Holo...
Figure 13.4
Aethephasma megista
Ren, 1997 (Holotype, CNU‐PHA‐LB1997003)...
Figure 13.5
Hagiphasma paradoxa
Ren, 1997 (CNU‐PHA‐LJ2010001c).
Figure 13.6
Cretophasmomima melanogramma
Wang, Béthoux and Ren, 2014 (H...
Figure 13.7
Adjacivena rasnitsyni
Shang, Béthoux & Ren, 2011 (Holotype,...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Stoneflies..
Figure 14.2 The oldest stonefly fossil,
Gulou carpenteri
Béthoux, Cui, ...
Figure 14.3
Aristoleuctra yehae
Liu, Ren & Sinitshenkova, 2006 (Holotyp...
Figure 14.4
Paranotonemoura zwicki
Cui & Béthoux, 2018 (Holotype, CNU‐P...
Figure 14.5
Sinosharaperla zhaoi
Liu, Sinitshenkova & Ren, 2007 (Holoty...
Figure 14.6
Pteroliriope sinitshenkovae
Cui, Shih & Ren, 2016 (Holotype...
Figure 14.7
Pronemoura shii
Liu, Sinitshenkova & Ren, 2011 (Holotype, C...
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1
Archipsylla sinica
Huang, Nel, Azar, and Nel, 2008. Holotyp...
Chapter 16
Figure 16.1 Mating of planthopper nogodinids.
Figure 16.2 A cicada emerging from nymph exoskeleton.
Figure 16.3 A froghopper,
Machaerota
sp. (Machaerotidae in Superfamily ...
Figure 16.4 An aphid delivering a baby.
Figure 16.5 Ants feeding honeydew from aphids which are attacked by a p...
Figure 16.6
Oviparosiphum stictum
Fu, Yao & Qiao, 2017. (a), Habitus of...
Figure 16.7
Daoaphis magnalata
Huang, Wegierek, Żyła & Nel, 2015, (Holo...
Figure 16.8
Poljanka hirsuta
Yang, Yao & Ren, 2012. Photographs: (a). H...
Figure 16.9
Foveopsis heteroidea
Zhang, Ren & Yao, 2017. (a). Holotype,...
Figure 16.10
Fenghuangor imperator
Li & Szwedo, 2011. Holotype. CUN‐HEM...
Figure 16.11
Anthoscytina perpetua
Li, Shih & Ren, 2013. (a). Holotype,...
Figure 16.12
Stellularis longirostris
Chen, Yao & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, ...
Figure 16.13
Jiania crebra
Wang & Szwedo, 2012 (Holotype, NIGP154598a, ...
Figure 16.14
Hirtaprosbole erromera
Liu, Yao & Ren, 2016 (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 16.15
Suljuktocossus yinae
Wang & Ren, 2007 (Holotype, CNU‐H‐NN2...
Figure 16.16
Daohugoucossus shii
Wang, Ren & Shih, 2007 (Holotype, CNU‐...
Figure 16.17
Synapocossus sciacchitanoae
Wang, Shih & Ren, 2013 (Paraty...
Chapter 17
Figures 17.1 A “lychee giant shield bug”,
Tessaratoma papillosa
(Tessar...
Figure 17.2 A brilliantly colored nymph of the “lychee giant shield bug...
Figure 17.3 An “assassin bug”,
Epidaus famulus
(Stål, 1863) (Reduviidae...
Figure 17.4 A “brown marmorated stink bug”,
Halyomorpha halys
, in the g...
Figure 17.5 Prof. Ren (left), Prof. Popov (middle) and Prof. Yao (right...
Figure 17.6
Sinovelia mega
Yao, Zhang & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU‐HE‐LB2...
Figure 17.7
Brevrimatus pulchalifer
Zhang, Yao & Ren, 2011 (Holotype, C...
Figure 17.8
Longianteclypea tibialis
(Popov, 1986) (a) Photograph of CN...
Figure 17.9
Propritergum opimus
Zhang, Engel, Yao & Ren, 2012 (Holotype...
Figure 17.10 Phylogeny of Infraorder Leptopodomorpha (modified from [7...
Figure 17.11
Floricaudus multilocellus
Yao, Ren & Shih, 2011 (Holotype,...
Figure 17.12
Angulochterus quatrimaculatus
Yao, Zhang & Ren, 2011 (Holo...
Figure 17.13
Miroculus laticephlus
Zhang, Yao, Ren & Zhao, 2011 (Holoty...
Figure 17.14
Notonecta vetula
Zhang, Yao & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU‐HET...
Figure 17.15
Torirostratus pilosus
Yao, Shih & Engel, 2014 (Holotype, C...
Figure 17.17 The strict consensus tree for Cimiciformes (modified from ...
Figure 17.18 The strict consensus tree for Cimicoidea (modified from [...
Figure 17.16
Punctivetanthocoris pubens
Tang, Yao & Ren, 2017 (Holotype...
Figure 17.19
Venicoris solaris
Yao, Ren & Rider, 2012 (Holotype, male, ...
Figure 17.20 Phylogeny of extant and extinct Pentatomomorpha (modified ...
Figure 17.21
Sinopachymeridium popovi
Yao, Cai & Ren, 2006 (Holotype, C...
Figure 17.22
Vescisalignus indecorus
Chen, Yao & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, C...
Figure 17.23
Dehiscensicoris sanctus
Du, Yao & Ren, 2017 (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 17.24 Phylogeny of extant and extinct Dehiscensicoridae (modifie...
Figure 17.25
Orienicydnus hongi
Yao, Cai & Ren, 2007 (Holotype, CNU‐HE‐...
Figure 17.26
Primipentatoma peregrina
Yao, Cai, Rider & Ren, 2013 (Holo...
Figure 17.27 Phylogeny of extinct Primipentatomidae and other families ...
Figure 17.28
Cicadocoris anisomeridis
Dong, Yao & Ren, 2014 (Holotype, ...
Figure 17.29 The strict consensus tree (modified from [147]): tree len...
Chapter 18
Figure 18.1 A female fishfly (Corydalidae: Chauliodinae).
Figure 18.2 Phylogeny of Megaloptera.
Figure 18.3 Phylogeny of fishflies, both fossil and extant.
Figure 18.4
Eochauliodes striolatus
Liu, Wang, Shih, Ren & Yang, 2012. ...
Chapter 19
Figure 19.1
Agulla
sp. (in Raphidiidae) with elongate prothorax and int...
Figure 19.2
Inocellia japonica
(in Inocelliidae) with a long ovipositor...
Figure 19.3 Evolutionary chronogram of Raphidioptera based on present r...
Figure 19.4
Baissoptera bicolor
Lyu, Ren & Liu, 2017, (Holotype, CNU‐RA...
Figure 19.5
Microbaissoptera monosticha
Lyu, Ren & Liu, 2017, (Holotype...
Figure 19.6
Juroraphidia longicollum
Liu, Ren & Yang, 2014, (Paratype, ...
Figure 19.7
Mesoraphidia daohugouensis
Lyu, Ren & Liu, 2015, (Holotype,...
Figure 19.8
Ororaphidia bifurcata
Lyu, Ren & Liu, 2017, (Holotype, CNU‐...
Figure 19.9
Stenoraphidia obliquivenatica
(Ren, 1994), (additional mate...
Figure 19.10
Styporaphidia magia
Engel & Ren, 2008, (additional materia...
Chapter 20
Figure 20.1 Lance lacewing (
Osmylus
sp.).
Figure 20.2 Antlion lacewing.
Figure 20.3 Owlfly lacewing.
Figure 20.4 Mantispid lacewing.
Figure 20.5 Green lacewing.
Figure 20.6 A larva of lacewing carrying debris for camouflage.
Figure 20.7 Phylogeny of Neuroptera.
Figure 20.8 Phylogeny of Neuroptera combining morphological and molecul...
Figure 20.9 Phylogeny of Neuroptera..
Figure 20.10
Aetheogramma bistriatum
Yang, Makarkin, Shih & Ren, 2015 (...
Figure 20.11
Cyclicogramma rotundum
Yang, Makarkin, Shih & Ren, 2015 (H...
Figure 20.12
Sinosmylites rasnitsyni
Makarkin, Yang & Ren, 2011 (Holoty...
Figure 20.13
Dipteromantispa brevisubcosta
Makarkin, Yang & Ren, 2013 (...
Figure 20.14
Grammolingia uniserialis
Shi, Wang & Ren, 2013 (Holotype, ...
Figure 20.15
Chorilingia euryptera
Shi, Wang, Yang & Ren, 2012 (Holotyp...
Figure 20.16
Lasiosmylus longus
Zheng, Ren & Wang, 2016 (Holotype, CNU‐...
Figure 20.17
Guithone bethouxi
Zheng, Ren & Wang, 2016 (Holotype, CNU‐N...
Figure 20.18 Phylogenetic relationships within the Kalligrammatidae.. ...
Figure 20.19
Kalligramma elegans
Yang, Makarkin & Ren, 2014 (Holotype, ...
Figure 20.20
Oregramma aureolusa
Yang, Wang, Labandeira, Shih & Ren, 20...
Figure 20.21
Protokalligramma bifaciatum
Yang, Makarkin & Ren, 2011 (Ho...
Figure 20.22
Abrigramma calophleba
Yang, Wang, Labandeira, Shih & Ren, ...
Figure 20.23
Archaeodrepanicus nuddsi
Jepson, Heads, Makarkin & Ren, 20...
Figure 20.24
Kareninoides lii
Yang, Makarkin & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 20.25
Choromyrmeleon aspoeckorum
Ren & Engel 2008 (Holotype, LB2...
Figure 20.26
Guyiling jianboni
Shi, Béthoux, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype...
Figure 20.27 The phylogenetic relationships of extant and extinct insec...
Figure 20.28
Sialium sinicus
Shi, Winterton & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, CNU‐...
Figure 20.29
Spilonymphes major
Shi, Winterton & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, C...
Figure 20.30
Jurakempynus sinensis
Wang, Liu, Ren & Shih, 2011 (Holotyp...
Figure 20.31
Undulopsychopsis alexi
Peng, Makarkin & Ren, 2011 (Holotyp...
Figure 20.32
Nematopsychops unicus
Peng, Makarkin & Ren, 2015 (Holotype...
Figure 20.33
Parakseneura metallica
Yang, Makarkin & Ren, 2012 (Holotyp...
Figure 20.34
Cretapsychops decipiens
Peng, Makarkin, Yang & Ren, 2010 (...
Figure 20.35
Bellinympha filicifolia
Wang, Ren, Liu & Engel, 2010 (Holo...
Figure 20.36 Dr. Ulrike Aspöck and the co‐authors of the paper [166]. ...
Figure 20.37
Ulrikezza aspoeckae
Fang, Ren & Wang, 2015 (Holotype, CNU‐...
Chapter 21
Figure 21.1 A beetle ready to fly with opened elytra and extended hind ...
Figure 21.2 (a)
Stenus
spp. (Staphylinidae); (b)
Cyrtotrachelus thompso
...
Figure 21.3 Phylogenetic relationships: the single most parsimonious tr...
Figure 21.4 (a)
Macrohyliota militaris
(Erichson, 1842) (Silvanidae); (...
Figure 21.5 (a)
Aegus dispar
Didier, 1931 (Lucanidae) feeding on dead o...
Figure 21.6
Gracilicupes crassicruralis
Tan, Ren & Shih, 2006, (Holotyp...
Figure 21.7
Pareuryomma tylodes
(Tan, Ren, Shih & Ge, 2006), (Holotype,...
Figure 21.8 Results of the phylogenetic analyses as represented by stri...
Figure 21.9
Abrohadeocoleodes eurycladus
Tan, Ren, Shih & Yang, 2013, (...
Figure 21.10
Oxyporus yixianus
Solodovnikov & Yue, 2011, (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 21.11 Results of maximal parsimony (MP) analyses. Majority rule ...
Figure 21.12
Alloioscarabaeus cheni
Bai, Ren & Yang, 2012, (Holotype, C...
Figure 21.13
Septiventer quadridentatus
Bai, Ren, Shih & Yang, 2013, (H...
Figure 21.14 Preferred cladogram of three most parsimonious trees from ...
Figure 21.15
Trapezitergum grande
Yu, Ślipiński & Shih, 2013, (Holotype...
Figure 21.16
Lasiosyne fedorenkoi
Kirejtshuk, Chang, Ren & Shih, 2010, ...
Figure 21.17 Phylogenetic reconstructions of Artematopodidae: a tree wi...
Figure 21.18
Desmatinus cognatus
Chang, Kirejtshuk & Ren, 2010, (Holoty...
Figure 21.19
Palaeoxenus sinensis
Chang, Muona & Teräväinen, 2016, (Hol...
Figure 21.20 Ecological reconstruction of
Palaeoxenus sinensis
Chang, M...
Figure 21.21
Yixianteres beipiaoensis
Yu, Ślipiński, Leschen, Ren & Pan...
Figure 21.22
Palaeoboganium jurassicum
Liu, Ślipiński, Lawrence, Ren & ...
Figure 21.23 Majority consensus tree of two maximal parsimony trees (le...
Figure 21.24 Simplified chronogram for higher‐level groups of Chrysomel...
Figures 21.25
Sinopraecipuus bilobatus
Yu, Ślipiński, Reid, Shih, Pang ...
Figure 21.26
Renicimberis latipecteris
(Liu, Ren & Tan, 2006), (Holotyp...
Chapter 22
Figure 22.1 The phylogenetic hypothesis of the “basal” Hymenoptera and ...
Figure 22.2 A sawfly,
Macrophy albicincta,
in the family of Tenthredini...
Figure 22.3 Phylogenetic hypothesis of the Apocritans in Hymenoptera. ...
Figure 22.4 Parasitoid wasps deposit their eggs into the hosts.
Figure 22.5 A wasp building a nest to keep eggs.
Figure 22.6 Hunting wasps caught insects to feed their larvae in the ne...
Figure 22.7 Vespidae wasps caught and brought various insects to their ...
Figure 22.8 A “cicada killer wasp”,
Sphecius speciosus,
caught a cicada...
Figure 22.9 Parasitoid wasps lay eggs into hosts via various modes.
Figure 22.10 Parasitoid braconid wasps attacked tobacco hornworm.
Figure 22.11
Platyxyela unica
Wang, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU‐HYM...
Figure 22.12
Cathayxyela extensa
Wang, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2014 (Holotype,...
Figure 22.13
Aethotoma aninomorpha
Gao, Shih, Engel & Ren, 2016 (Holoty...
Figure 22.14
Aethotoma aninomorpha
Gao, Shih, Engel & Ren, 2016 and
Xye
...
Figure 22.15 Several examples of fossil insects with wings possessing v...
Figure 22.16 A 3‐D ecological reconstruction of
Prolyda
Rasnitsyn, 1968...
Figure 22.17
Ferganolyda insolita
Wang, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015 (Ho...
Figure 22.18
Novalyda cretacica
Gao, Engel, Shih & Ren, 2013 (Holotype,...
Figure 22.19
Rectilyda sticta
Wang, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holoty...
Figure 22.20 Cladogram of extant basal Hymenoptera after Ronquist
et al
Figure 22.21 Noncladistic cladogram of basal Hymenoptera after Rasnitsy...
Figure 22.22
Medilyda procera
Wang & Rasnitsyn, 2016 (Holotype, CNU‐HYM...
Figure 22.23
Strenolyda marginalis
Wang & Rasnitsyn, 2016 (Holotype, CN...
Figure 22.24
Rudisiricius tenellus
Wang, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015 (H...
Figure 22.25
Archoxyelyda mirabilis
Wang, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2013 (Holoty...
Figure 22.26 Antennae of various sawflies (modified from [77]). (a)
Pl
...
Figure 22.27
Hoplitolyda duolunica
Gao, Shih, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2013 (Ho...
Figure 22.28
Scabolyda orientalis
Wang, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Ho...
Figure 22.29
Jibaissodes bellus
Gao, Shih, Labandeira & Ren, 2016 (Holo...
Figure 22.30 Phylogeny of extant and extinct Pamphilioidea (modified fr...
Figure 22.31 Phylogeny of extant and extinct Pamphiliidae (modified fro...
Figure 22.32
Archaeopelecinus tebbei
Shih, Liu and Ren, 2009 (Holotype,...
Figure 22.33
Shoushida infera
Guo, Shih & Ren, 2016 (Holotype CNU‐HYM‐L...
Figure 22.34
Megapelecinus changi
Shih, Liu & Ren, 2010 (Holotype CNU‐H...
Figure 22.35
Stelepelecinus longus,
Guo, Shih & Ren, 2016 (Holotype CNU...
Figure 22.36
Brachypelecinus eythyntus
Guo, Shih & Ren, 2016 (Holotype,...
Figure 22.37 Pelecinidae and two outgroups with their respective charac...
Figure 22.38
Archaeohelorus hoi
Shih, Feng & Ren, 2011, (Holotype CNU‐H...
Figure 22.39
Sinohelorus elegans
Shi, Shih & Ren, 2013 (Holotype CNU‐HY...
Figure 22.40
Bellohelorus fortis
Li, Shih & Ren, 2017 (Holotype CNU‐HYM...
Figure 22.41
Sinoserphus shihae
Shih, Feng & Ren, 2011 (Holotype CNU‐HY...
Figure 22.42
Ozososerphus lepidus
Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2017 (Holo...
Figure 22.43 Line drawings of forewings in Mesoserphidae highlighting s...
Figure 22.44
Mirabythus lechrius
Cai, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype CNU‐HY...
Figure 22.45
Anomopterella pygmea
Li, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holotype CNU‐HY...
Figure 22.46
Procretevania mitis
Li, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holotype CNU‐HYM...
Figure 22.47
Praeaulacus obtutus
Li, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holotype CNU‐HYM...
Figure 22.48
Habraulacus zhaoi
Li, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015 (Holotype...
Figure 22.49
Eonevania robusta
Rasnitsyn & Zhang, 2010 (Holotype NND002...
Figure 22.50
Archaulacus probus
Li, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holotype CNU‐HYM‐...
Figure 22.51
Symphytopterus graciler
Wang, Li & Shih, 2015 (Holotype CN...
Figure 22.52
Praeproapocritus flexus
Li, Shih & Ren, 2013 (Holotype CNU...
Figure 22.53
Acephialtitia colossa
Li, Shih, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2015 (Hol...
Figure 22.54 Reconstruction of
Acephialtitia colossa
Li, Shih, Rasnitsy...
Figure 22.55
Proephialtitia acantha
Li, Shih, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2015 (Ho...
Figure 22.56 Transformation of the propodeum‐metasomal articulation in ...
Figure 22.57
Praeratavites rasnitsyni
Shih, Li & Ren, 2017 (Holotype CN...
Figure 22.58
Kuafua polyneura
Rasnitsyn & Zhang, 2010 (Holotype NND2005...
Chapter 23
Figure 23.1 Flower flies (Syrphidae) mating while flying.
Figure 23.2 Houseflies (Muscidae) mating.
Figure 23.3 A long‐legged fly (Dolichopodidae) feeding on a small insec...
Figure 23.4 A flower fly (Syrphidae) laying eggs on aphids.
Figure 23.5 Chronogram depicting dipteran phylogeny and estimated age o...
Figure 23.6 Nobel Laureate Youyou Tu [15].
Figure 23.7
Raraxymyia parallela
Shi, Zhu, Shih & Ren, 2013 (Holotype, ...
Figure 23.8
Mesotipula gloriosa
Gao, Shih, Zhao & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, ...
Figure 23.9
Cretolimonia excelsa
Gao, Shih, Zhao & Ren, 2015 (Holotype,...
Figure 23.10
Jurasciophila lepida
Li & Ren, 2009 (Holotype, female, CNU...
Figure 23.11
Similsciophila undulata
Lin, Shih & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, C...
Figure 23.12
Orentalphila gravia
Lin, Shih & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, CNU‐D...
Figure 23.13
Praearchitipula apprima
Gao, Shih, Kopeć, Krzemiński & Ren...
Figure 23.14
Mesoplecia fastigata
Lin, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holotype, CNU‐...
Figure 23.15
Epimesoplecia plethora
Lin, Shih & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, CN...
Figure 23.16
Eoptychopterina postica
Liu, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, C...
Figure 23.17
Vosila sinensis
Vršanský & Ren, 2010 (Holotype, CNU‐PARA‐0...
Figure 23.18
Praemacrochile ovalum
Dong, Shih, Skibińska, Krzemiński & ...
Figure 23.19
Similinannotanyderus lii
Dong, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holotype,...
Figure 23.20
Leptotarsus (Longurio) primitivus
Shih, Dong, Kania, Liu, ...
Figure 23.21
Eotrichocera (Archaeotrichocera) longensis
Dong, Shih & Re...
Figure 23.22
Archirhagio gracilentus
Wang, Shih, Ren & Wang, 2017 (Holo...
Figure 23.23
Calosargus bellus
Zhang, Yang & Ren, 2007 (Holotype, CNU‐D...
Figure 23.24
Qiyia jurassica
Chen, Wang & Engel, 2014, additional mater...
Figure 23.25
Protonemestrius jurassicus
Ren, 1998 (Holotype, LB97005). ...
Figure 23.26
Florinemestrius pulcherrimus
Ren, 1998 (Holotype, LB97007)...
Figure 23.27
Origoasilus pingquanensis
Zhang, Yang & Ren, 2011 (Holotyp...
Figure 23.28
Achrysopilus neimenguensis
Zhang, Yang & Ren, 2008 (Holoty...
Figure 23.29
Palaepangonius eupterus
Ren, 1998 (Holotype, LB97017). (a)...
Figure 23.30
Strenorhagio grimaldi
Zhang, Ren & Shih, 2010 (Holotype, C...
Chapter 24
Figure 24.1 Dated phylogenetic tree inferred through a maximum‐likeliho...
Figure 24.2 Phylogenetic results of Mecoptera, Diptera and Siphonaptera...
Figure 24.3 Male scorpionflies feeding.
Figure 24.4 A female scorpionfly stealing caught insects on spider web....
Figure 24.5 Male (left) and female of
Bittacus planus
Cheng, 1949.
Figure 24.6
Parapolycentropus paraburmiticus
Grimaldi & Rasnitsyn, 2005...
Figure 24.7 Nuptial gifts and mating of
Dicerapanorpa magna
Chou, 1981....
Figure 24.8
Jeholopsyche liaoningensis
Ren, Shih & Labandeira, 2011 (Ho...
Figure 24.9
Vitimopsyche pectinella
Gao, Shih, Labandeira, Santiago‐Bla...
Figure 24.10
Lichnomesopsyche gloriae
Ren, Labandeira & Shih, 2010 (Hol...
Figure 24.11
Lichnomesopsyche prochorista
Lin, Shih, Labandeira & Ren, ...
Figure 24.12
Epicharmesopsyche pentavenulosa
Shih, Qiao, Labandeira & R...
Figure 24.13 Phylogenetic and geometric morphometric results of Mesopsy...
Figure 24.14
Pseudopolycentropus janeannae
Ren, Shih & Labandeira, 2010...
Figure 24.15
Sinopolycentropus rasnitsyni
Shih, Yang, Labandeira & Ren,...
Figure 24.16 Proboscis and antennae of
Sinopolycentropus rasnitsyni
Shi...
Figure 24.17
Conicholcorpa stigmosa
Li, Shih, Wang & Ren, 2017 (Holotyp...
Figure 24.18
Fortiholcorpa paradoxa
Wang, Shih & Ren, 2013 (Holotype, C...
Figure 24.19
Miriholcorpa forcipata
Wang, Shih & Ren, 2013 (Holotype, C...
Figure 24.20 Reconstruction drawing of
Conicholcorpa stigmosa
Li, Shih,...
Figure 24.21
Itaphlebia amoena
Cao, Shih, Bashkuev & Ren, 2015 (Holotyp...
Figure 24.22
Preanabittacus validus
Yang, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, C...
Figure 24.23
Megabittacus spatiosus
Yang, Ren & Shih, 2012 (Holotype, C...
Figure 24.24
Formosibittacus macularis
Li, Ren & Shih, 2008 (Holotype, ...
Figure 24.25
Exilibittacus foliaceus
Liu, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holotype, C...
Figure 24.26 Two bittacids in amber. (a) General habitus of
Burmobittac
...
Figure 24.27
Cimbrophlebia amoena
Zhang, Shih & Ren, 2015 (Holotype, CN...
Figure 24.28
Juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia
Wang, Labandeira, Shih & Ren...
Figure 24.29 Phylogenetic and geometric morphometric results of Cimbrop...
Figure 24.30
Perfecticimbrophlebia laetus
Yang, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holot...
Figure 24.31
Tsuchingothauma shihi
Ren & Shih, 2005 (Holotype, CNU‐MEC‐...
Figure 24.32
Typhothauma excelsa
Zhang, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 24.33
Orthophlebia nervulosa
Qiao, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, C...
Figure 24.34
Jurassipanorpa impunctata
Ding, Shih & Ren, 2014 (Holotype...
Figure 24.35
Paristopsyche angelineae
Qiao, Shih, Petrulevičius & Ren, ...
Chapter 25
Figure 25.1 Proposed preliminary phylogeny of the Mesozoic fleas. Repre...
Figure 25.2
Pesudopulex jurassicus
Gao, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 25.3
Pseudopulex magnus
Gao, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU‐NN2...
Figure 25.4
Pseudopulex tanlan
Gao, Shih, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2014 (Paraty...
Figure 25.5
Tyrannopsylla beipiaoensis
Huang, Engel, Cai & Nel, 2013, m...
Figure 25.6 Holotype of
Saurophthirus exquisitus
Gao, Shih, Rasnitsyn &...
Figure 25.7 Paratype of
Saurophthirus exquisitus
Gao, Shih, Rasnitsyn &...
Chapter 26
Figure 26.1
Sinomodus spatiosus
Wang & Ren, 2009, (Holotype, TNP‐42592p...
Figure 26.2 Vitimotauliid pupa (CNU‐T‐LB‐2009000). (a). Photograph; (b)...
Figure 26.3
Cathayamodus fournieri
Gao, Shih, Labandeira & Ren, 2016 (H...
Figure 26.4 A 3‐D reconstruction of
Cathayamodus fournieri
. Source:
Figure 26.5
Liadotaulius limus
Zhang, Shih & Ren, 2017, (Holotype, CNU‐...
Figure 26.6
Declinimodus setulosus
Gao, Yao & Ren, 2013, (Holotype, CNU...
Figure 26.7
Pulchercylindratus punctatus
Gao, Yao & Ren, 2013, (Holotyp...
Figure 26.8
Acisarcuatus variradius
Liu, Zhang, Yao & Ren, 2014, (Holot...
Figure 26.9
Acisarcuatus locellatus
Zhang, Shih & Ren, 2017, (Holotype,...
Chapter 27
Figure 27.1 A “Flour moth,”
Ephestia kuehniella
(Pyralidae), showing sc...
Figure 27.2 A nymphalid butterfly showing dry‐leaf like wings.
Figure 27.3 “The great Mormon butterflies”,
Papilio memnon
, (Papilionid...
Figure 27.4 A moth sipping nectar while pollinating the flowers.
Figure 27.5 An Eastern tiger swallowtail butterfly,
Papilio glaucus
in ...
Figure 27.6
Sabatinca cretacea
Zhang, Wang, Shih & Ren, 2017, (Holotype...
Figure 27.7
Akainalepidopteron elachipteron
Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & R...
Figure 27.8 Artwork of 3‐D reconstruction by Dr. Chen Wang.
Figure 27.9
Longcapitalis excelsus
Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren, 2013,...
Figure 27.10
Seresilepidopteron dualis
Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren, 2...
Figure 27.11
Seresilepidopteron dualis
Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren, 2...
Figure 27.12
Aclemus patulus
Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren, 2015, (Holo...
Figure 27.13
Mesokristensenia trichophora
Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren...
Figure 27.14
Kladolepidopteron oviformis
Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Ren,...
Figure 27.15
Ascololepidopterix multinerve
Zhang, Shih, Labandeira & Re...
Chapter 28
Figure 28.1 Head and siphonate mouthpart features associated with fluid...
Figure 28.2 The head and mouthpart structure of
Jeholopsyche liaoningen
...
Figure 28.3 Pollination of (a).
Pseudopolycentropus janeannae
Ren, Shih...
Figure 28.4 Reconstruction of specimen
Oregramma illecebrosa
Yang, Wang...
Figure 28.5 Honey bees with collected pollen.
Figure 28.6 A bumble bee sipping nectar.
Figure 28.7 A mantidfly with raptorial forelegs.
Figure 28.8
Clavifemora rotundata
Jepson, Heads, Makarkin & Ren 2013 [...
Figure 28.9
Dipteromantispa brevisubcosta
Makarkin, Yang & Ren, 2013 [...
Figure 28.10
Cimbrophlebia gracilenta
Zhang, Shih, Zhao & Ren, 2015 [3...
Figure 28.11
Exilibittacus lii
Yang, Ren & Shih, 2012 [36] in Bittacid...
Figure 28.12 Details of
Pesudopulex jurassicus
Gao, Shih & Ren, 2012 (H...
Figure 28.13
Pseudopulex magnus
Gao, Shih & Ren, 2012 (Holotype, CNU‐ND...
Figure 28.14 Three‐D reconstruction drawing of a flea‐like ectoparasite...
Figure 28.15
Saurophthirus exquisitus
Gao, Shih, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2013 ...
Figure 28.16
Saurophthirus exquisitus
Gao, Shih, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2013,...
Figure 28.17
Pseudopulex tanlan
Gao, Shih, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2014, (Fema...
Figure 28.18 Illustration of calculating the intake volume by holotype
Figure 28.19
Torirostratus pilosus
Yao, Shih & Engel, 2014, (Paratype, ...
Figure 28.20 Ecological reconstruction of blood‐feeding true bugs. Seve...
Figure 28.21 Insect herbivore damage on Ginkgoites leaves of
Y. capitul
...
Figure 28.22 Window feeding and surface abrasion (DT103) on
Liaoningocl
...
Figure 28.23 Damage types on the broadleaved conifer
Podozamites lanceo
...
Figure 28.24 Damage on the broadleaved conifer
Podozamites lanceolatus–
...
Figure 28.25 A cicada might have caused the damages of piercing and suc...
Figure 28.26 Head of
Allaboilus gigantus
Ren & Meng, 2006.
Chapter 29
Figure 29.1 A katydid with green color resembling the leaves.
Figure 29.2 A green hopper with green body and wing resembling the leav...
Figure 29.3 A scorpionfly with streaks of boldly contrasting wing color...
Figure 29.4 Mimicry of eggs of a lacewing.
Figure 29.5
Kallima inachus
(Doyère, 1840) (“dried‐leaf butterfly”) in ...
Figure 29.6
Caligo placidianus
Staudinger, 1887, (“Placid owl butterfly...
Figure 29.7
Spindasis seliga
Fruhstorfer, 1912 in Lycaenidae, with rear...
Figure 29.8
Laccosmylus calophlebius
Ren & Yin, 2003 (CNU‐NEU‐NN1999013...
Figure 29.9
Sialium minor
Shi, Winterton & Ren, 2015 (Paratype, CNU‐NEU...
Figure 29.10
Choristopsyche perfecta
Qiao, Shih, Petrulevičius & Ren, 2...
Figure 29.11
Palaeothyridosmylus septemaculatus
Wang, Liu & Ren, 2009 (...
Figure 29.12
Grammolingia boi
Ren, 2002 (Holotype, NEU99001‐1) [23].
Figure 29.13
Pseudohagla shihi
Li, Ren & Wang, 2007 of Prophalangopsida...
Figure 29.14
Palaeontinodes reshuitangensis
Wang & Zhang, 2007 (CNU‐HEM...
Figure 29.15 (a)
Arbusella magna
Khramov, Liu & Zhang, 2017 with four l...
Figure 29.16 (a)
Bellinympha dancei
Wang, Ren, Shih & Engel, 2010 with ...
Figure 29.17 A reconstruction of
Bellinympha
lacewing in the presumed c...
Figure 29.18 Specimens of
Juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia
Wang, Labandeir...
Figure 29.19 A reconstruction of
Juracimbrophlebia ginkgofolia
mimickin...
Figure 29.20
Elasmophasma stictum
Chen, Shih, Gao & Ren, 2018 (Holotype...
Figure 29.21 Eyespots on wings of Neuroptera
Oregramma illecebrosa
Yang...
Figure 29.22 Eyespots of Type 1 to Type 5 on wings of kalligrammatids. ...
Figure 29.23
Kalligramma
sp. with wing eyespot of Type 6 (CNU‐NEU‐NN201...
Figure 29.24 Phylogenetic context of wing spots and eyespots in mid‐Mes...
Chapter 30
Figure 30.1
Miriholcorpa forcipata
Wang, Shih & Ren, 2013, (Holotype, C...
Figure 30.2
Fortiholcorpa paradoxa
Wang, Shih & Ren, 2013, (Holotype, C...
Figure 30.3
Conicholcorpa stigmosa
Li, Shih, Wang & Ren, 2017 in the Ho...
Figure 30.4 Three‐D reconstruction of
Conicholcorpa stigmosa
Li, Shih, ...
Figure 30.5
Rudisiricius validus
Wang, Rasnitsyn, Shih & Ren, 2015, (Ho...
Figure 30.6
Archaboilus musicus
Gu, Engel & Ren 2012, (a), (b) Detail o...
Figure 30.7
Cathayamodus fournieri
Gao, Shih, Labandeira, Santiago‐Blay...
Figure 30.8
Jibaissodes bellus
Gao, Shih, Labandeira, Santiago‐Blay, Ya...
Figure 30.9
Vitimopsyche pectinella
Gao, Shih, Labandeira, Santiago‐Bla...
Figure 30.10
Anthoscytina perpetua
Li, Shih & Ren, 2013, (Holotype, Mal...
Figure 30.11 Ecological reconstruction of
Anthoscytina perpetua
Li, Shi...
Figure 30.12
Proephialtitia acantha
Li, Shih, Rasnitsyn & Ren, 2015, (H...
Figure 30.13 Typical postures of oviposition of extant wasps. (a) The m...
Figure 30.14 Digital photographic images of
Fossafolia offae
Ding, Laba...
Figure 30.15 DT280‐DT103‐DT101 on
Liaoningocladus boii
Sun, Zheng & Mei...
Figure 30.16 Galling on the broadleaved conifer
Podozamites lanceolatus
...
Figure 30.17 Damage on the broadleaved conifer
Podozamites lanceolatus–
...
Figure 30.18 A Chinese Banyan tree with expanded canopy supported by ha...
Guide
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Rhythms of Insect Evolution
Evidence from the Jurassic and Cretaceous in Northern China
Edited by
Dr. Dong Ren
Capital Normal UniversityBJ, China
Dr. Chungkun Shih
Capital Normal UniversityChinaNational Museum of Natural HistoryUSA
Dr. Taiping Gao
Capital Normal UniversityBJ, China
Dr. Yongjie Wang
Capital Normal UniversityBJ, China
Dr. Yunzhi Yao
Capital Normal UniversityBJ, China
Copyright
This edition first published 2019
© 2019 John Wiley & Sons Ltd
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The right of Dr. Dong Ren, Dr. Chungkun Shih, Dr. Taiping Gao, Dr. Yongjie Wang, and Dr. Yunzhi Yao to be identified as the Editors of this editorial material in this work has been asserted in accordance with law.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Applied for
9781119427988
Cover Design: Wiley
Cover Images: Front cover photos, clockwise from top left:Oregramma illecebrosa Yang, Wang, Labandeira, Shih & Ren, 2014, pages 325, 633, 661Lichnomesopsyche gloriae Ren, Labandeira & Shih, 2010, pages 5, 561, 632 Bellinympha filicifolia Wang, Ren, Liu & Engel, 2010, pages 5, 320, 656 Pseudopulex jurassicus Gao, Shih & Ren, 2012, pages 5, 600, 638Back cover photo: Cathayamodus fournieri Gao, Shih, Labandeira & Ren, 2016, pages 611, 671
Preface
Research and documentation of diverse and scientifically important fossil findings from the Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous of Northern China, covering feathered dinosaurs, pterosaurs, birds, mammals, reptiles, amphibians, insects, and gymnosperm and angiosperm plants, have significantly enhanced and expanded our knowledge of paleontology, taxonomy, evolution, ecology and other related natural sciences. Highlighted by and based on the newly documented “silent stories” in numerous academic papers and media or on‐line reports, many natural science textbooks on these subjects have been revised, and interest in these topics by the general public has greatly increased.
Yielding many contributions and serving important functions, insects performed interesting lifestyles of feeding, predation‐avoidance and gene‐propagation in their ecosystems during the Middle Jurassic and the Early Cretaceous. They encountered sudden deaths, most likely due to poisonous gases and volcanic ash, and were well‐preserved as compression fossils. Hidden in layered sediments, with excellent preservation of amazing details and broad diversity, these insect fossils, together with plants and other animals, have been discovered in large numbers from Northern China. Many of these fossils, analyzed and studied with highly technical instrumentation and advanced software, have provided evidence and examples of the rhythms of insect evolution.
Started in 1923 and continued until 1935, Amadeus W. Grabau and Chi Ping carried out respectively the Early Foundational Study for fossil insects in China, then, from 1965 to 1985, Youchong Hong and Qibin Lin became professional paleoentomologists in China and accomplished the Early Taxonomic Studies. Over the period from 1985 to the present, Junfeng Zhang, Dong Ren (with his Team at the Capital Normal University [CNU]), Haichun Zhang (with his Team at the Nanjing Institute of Geology and Palaeontology, Chinese Academy of Sciences [NIGPAS]), and then Di‐ying Huang (with his NIGPAS Team) have carried out the Major Taxonomic Studies of fossil insects and from 1991 to the present, these teams also conducted many Phylogenetic and Paleobiological Studies. For the stage of International Cooperative Studies from 2000 to the present, paleoentomology in China has become more open and international, while many extensive cooperative researches have been conducted actively with international scholars.
Integrating expertise and engaging experts from universities and institutions inside China and around the world in joint research projects has greatly improved the efficiency and effectiveness of uncovering rhythms of insect evolution from these fossils. New morphology and taxonomy of many taxa in 23 orders of insects have been described by paleoentomologists based on vast collections in CNU and NIGPAS in the past 18 years. Systematics, phylogeny, behavior, function, evolution, aberrational development of insects in distant time, and their interesting life styles of feeding, predation‐avoidance and gene‐propagation have been documented. Energized by these reported results and other relevant information in the literature, we present and summarize representative insect fossils from the Jurassic and Cretaceous of Northern China and the rhythms of insect evolution in this book.
Considering that readers of this book may be interested in areas other than just insect sciences, we highlighted this book with three focuses: natural science (presenting entomology, insect morphology, taxonomy, phylogeny, geology, ecosystem, pollination, mimicry, feeding, predation‐avoidance, courtship and mating, etc.), popular science with human‐interest (providing insect‐related stories and cultures from China, USA and other countries) and artistic appreciation (demonstrating the beauty and elegance of fossil and extant insects in photos, line drawings and 3‐D reconstruction artworks as visual arts). This book has a good balance of these three focuses.
Entomologists or paleoentomologists of China and foreign countries, as listed as co‐authors of the literature and summarized in Chapter 4, have cooperated with us by providing their expertise and experience in these studies. Valuable contributions of taxonomy and morphology have been documented in the 23 insect orders (Chapters 5 to 27). Our Team also cover Jurassic–Cretaceous Non‐marine Stratigraphy and Entomofaunas in Northern China (Chapter 1), Coexisting Animals and Plants in the Ecosystems (Chapter 2), Insects – In the Spotlight (Chapter 3), A History of Paleoentomology in China (Chapter 4), Insect Feeding (Chapter 28), Camouflage, Mimicry or Eyespot Warning (Chapter 29) and Gene Propagation – Courtship, Mating and Next Generation (Chapter 30). Large populations of insects with high diversity have certainly played critical roles in the evolution and ecosystems over eons, which in turn have made the Insecta a highly successful class. Utilization of high‐quality and artistic photos of extant insects and plants, fossil and amber specimens, line drawings and 3‐D computer‐generated reconstruction artworks in this book will provide readers with clear and enjoyable impressions of our scientific findings. To provide global readers with broader information, we have included boxes to introduce insect‐related stories from western and Chinese cultures.
