Security Aspects of Uni- and Multimodal Hazmat Transportation Systems E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 508

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Written in a clear language, for use by scholars, managers and decisionmakers, this practical guide to the hot topic is unique in treating the security aspects of hazmat transportation from both uni-modal and multi-modal perspectives. To begin with, each transport mode and its relation to security vulnerability, analyses, figures, and approaches is discussed separately. Secondly, the optimization process of a hazmat supply chain is examined from a holistic, integrated viewpoint. Finally, the book discusses and compares the various hazmat transport security policies and strategies adopted in various regions around the world. The result is a must-have source of high-quality information including many case studies.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Related Titles

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

List of Contributors

Part One: Introductory Section

1 Editorial Introduction

1.1 History, Importance, and Economic Aspects of Hazmat Transportation

1.2 Security of Hazmat Transportation: Unimodal Perspectives

1.3 Security of Hazmat Transportation: Multimodal Perspectives

1.4 Security of Hazmat Transportation: International Policies and Practices

2 History and Importance of Hazmat Transportation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 History of Hazmat-Transportation Research

2.3 Importance of Research on Hazmat Transportation and Associated Risks

2.4 Conclusions

3 Economic Issues in Hazmat Transportation

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Hazmat Transportation in the United States and in the European Union

3.3 Models of Hazmat Transport

3.4 Concluding Remarks

Part Two: Security of Hazmat Transports: Unimodal Perspectives

4 Security of Hazmat Transports by Road

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Hazmat Truck Types

4.3 Security-Sensitive Materials

4.4 Carrier Responsibility

4.5 Shipper and Consignee Responsibility

4.6 Motor-Carrier Enforcement

4.7 Law Enforcement and Emergency Response

4.8 Community Vigilance

4.9 Security-Related Events

4.10 Conclusions

5 Security Aspects of Hazmat Transport Using Railroad

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Railroad Transportation System

5.3 Risk Assessment

5.4 Risk Management

5.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

6 Security of Hazmat Transports by Inland Waterways

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Transport of Hazardous Materials by Inland Waterways – Current Legislation

6.3 Incidents on Inland Waterways

6.4 Security of Inland Waterways and Ports – Current Practices

6.5 Proposals for Security Improvements on Inland Waterways

6.6 Proposals for Improvements of Inland Ports’ Security

6.7 Conclusion

7 Security of Hazmat Transports by Pipeline

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Security Risks to Hazmat Pipelines

7.3 US Pipeline Security after September 11, 2001

7.4 Policy Issues in Hazmat Pipeline Security

7.5 Conclusions

Part Three: Security of Hazmat Transports: Multimodal Perspectives

8 Mulitmodal Transport: Historical Evolution and Logistics Framework

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Evolution of Multimodal Transport in the European Union, in the United States and in Asia

8.3 Problem Statement

8.4 The Standard Framework

8.5 Reconsidering the Case

8.6 Conclusions

9 Multimodal Analysis Framework for Hazmat Transports and Security

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Literature Review

9.3 Refined Approach for the Calculation of Multimodal Hazmat-Transport Risk

9.4 Intended Incidents with Hazmat Transport

9.5 How to Include Security in the Modal Choice

9.6 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

10 Metaheuristics for the Multimodal Optimization of Hazmat Transports

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Metaheuristics

10.3 Characteristics of Multimodal Hazmat Transportation Optimization Problems and the Case for Using Metaheuristics

10.4 Metaheuristics for Multimodal Hazmat Transportation

10.5 A Metaheuristic for Multimodal Hazmat Transportation

10.6 Conclusions and Research Opportunities

11 Freight Security and Livability: US Toxic and Hazardous Events from 2000 to 2010

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Background

11.3 Data on Consequences

11.4 Consequences and Geography

11.5 Event Consequences

11.6 Conclusions

Part Four: Security of Hazmat Transports: International Policies and Practices

12 Security of Hazmat Transports in Italy

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Economic Significance of Hazmat Transport in Italy

12.3 The Italian Legal Framework on Hazmat Transport Security

12.4 Recent Italian Case Studies Related to Hazmat Transport Security

12.5 Concluding Remarks

13 Security of Hazmat Transports in The Netherlands from a Security Practitioner’s Point of View

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Safety and Security

13.3 The Netherlands: a Risk-Prone Country with a Risk-Prone Infrastructure

13.4 The Dutch Transport Infrastructure as Risk Factor

13.5 Transport and Logistics in The Netherlands

13.6 Security Issues in Transport and Logistics

13.7 Terrorism

13.8 Transport and Logistics Crime

13.9 Safety First

13.10 Partners in Security

13.11 Conclusion

14 Safeguarding Hazmat Shipments in the US: Policies and Challenges

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Intermodalism

14.3 The Pre-9/11 Situation

14.4 The Magnitude of the Problem

14.5 The Impact of 9/11

14.6 The Rail Sector

14.7 Highways

14.8 Conclusions

15 Security of Hazmat Transports in Iran

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Overview of the Current Status

15.3 Strengths and Weaknesses of Iran’s Transportation System

15.4 Safety and Security Strategies

15.5 Discussion

15.6 Conclusions

16 Conclusions and Recommendations

16.1 Unimodal and Multimodal Transportation Put into Perspective

16.2 A Country-Wise Comparative Study

16.3 A Look into the Future: Sustainable Multimodality

Index

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The Editors

Prof. Genserik L.L. Reniers

University of Antwerp

City Campus, Office B-434

Prinsstraat 13

2000 Antwerp

Belgium

Prof. Luca Zamparini

University of Salento

Dip. Studi Giuridici

Via per Monteroni snc

73100 Lecce

Italy

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Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

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© 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

Print ISBN: 978-3-527-32990-8

To the memory of my father, Giampaolo Zamparini, a hazmat transport logistician.

Luca Zamparini

Preface

In recent decades, transport security has gained increasing importance for both regulators and the industry, as well as for academia. The emphasis on this topic is partly due to specific security-related occurrences, but it is also linked to the ever-growing dimension of international transport and the consequent need to safeguard the most important hubs and links, given the worldwide consequences of a terrorist attack.

The transportation of chemicals and other hazardous materials is one industrial sector that is particularly prone to represent a terrorist target. The movement of such goods on roads, railways, waterways, and through pipelines, would thus need full protection that, however, appears to be both economically and practically infeasible.

Therefore, it is important to develop approaches, methods, and tools that allow informed and sound decisions to be made based on prioritized defensive and mitigating measures, and on the available resources.

Political and academic agendas are ever more filled with all possible aspects of transportation, and efforts are made to ensure that dangerous-materials transports are kept safe and secured. In order to reach the above-mentioned goals, different stakeholders with varying backgrounds and interests need to be involved in the prioritization and assessment process of hazmat transportation. This is because advancing security of hazmat transports is obviously very complex. A part of the complexity, but also of the opportunities, is provided by the available choices between different transport modes.

This book therefore investigates the latest economic and operational findings for the different modes, and discusses state-of-the-art insights and models for encompassing security within a multimodal framework and line of thinking. A discussion of the most relevant issues related to the movement of hazardous materials in the various transport modes and in a multimodal setting is proposed. Moreover, approaches from different regions around the world on how to deal with hazmat transport security and multimodality are given and elaborated.

In summary, trade-offs between security measures and industrial and civil liberties, and a multidisciplinary and multistakeholder approach are needed to truly advance hazmat transport security. While the book does not dictate any single model or method to be applicable for all transportation security problems, it does paint a complex picture of issues with possible solutions.

Genserik Reniers

Luca Zamparini

Antwerp and Lecce, November 11, 2011

List of Contributors

Marco Castro

ANT/OR – University of Antwerp Operations Research Group

Prinsstraat 13

2000 Antwerp

Belgium

Wout Dullaert

Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp

Keizerstraat 64

2000 Antwerp

Belgium

and

Antwerp Maritime Academy

Noordkasteel Oost 6

2030 Antwerp

Belgium

Fynnwin Prager

University of Southern California

School of Policy, Planning and Development

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA 90089

USA

Juha Hintsa

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Faculty of Economic Sciences

Department MOSI-Transport and Logistics

Research group MOBI – Mobility and Automotive Technology Bldg. M (231)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Daniel Inloes, Jr.

University of Southern California

School of Policy, Planning and Development

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA 90089

USA

Josip Kasum

University of Split

Zrinsko Frankopanska 38

Split 21000

Croatia

Amir Saman Kheirkhah

Bu Ali Sina University

Faculty of Engineering

Department of Industrial Engineering

Shahid Fahmideh Avenue

65174 Hamedan

Iran

Mark Lepofsky

Visual Risk Technologies, Inc.

1400 Key Blvd.

Suite 810

Arlington, VA 22209

USA

Cathy Macharis

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Faculty of Economic Sciences

Department MOSI-Transport and Logistics

Research group MOBI – Mobility and Automotive Technology Bldg. M (231)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Olivier Mairesse

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Faculty of Economic Sciences

Department MOSI-Transport and Logistics

Research group MOBI – Mobility and Automotive Technology Bldg. M (231)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Pablo Maya Duque

ANT/OR – University of Antwerp Operations Research Group

Prinsstraat 13

2000 Antwerp

Belgium

Pamela Murray-Tuite

Virginia Tech University

Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering

7054 Haycock Road

Falls Church, VA 22043

USA

Henk Neddermeijer

Kernel Group

Postbus 357

2740 AJ Waddinxveen

The Netherlands

Paola Papa

University of Salento

Dipartimento di Studi Giuridici

Via per Monteroni, snc

73100 Lecce

Italy

Paul W. Parfomak

Specialist in Energy and Infrastructure Policy

Congressional Research Service

101 Independence Avenue SE

Washington, DC 20540

USA

Genserik Reniers

University of Antwerp

Antwerp Research Group on Safety and Security (ARGoSS)

Prinsstraat 13

2000 Antwerp

Belgium

and

HUB, KULeuven

Centre for Economics and Corporate Sustainability (CEDON)

Stormstraat 2

1000 Brussels

Belgium

Mohja Rhoads

University of Southern California

School of Policy, Planning and Development

312 RGL

University of Southern California

Los Angeles, CA 90089

USA

Lisa Schweitzer

University of Southern California

School of Policy, Planning and Development

312 RGL

Los Angeles, CA 90014

USA

Kenneth Sörensen

ANT/OR – University of Antwerp Operations Research Group

Prinsstraat 13

2000 Antwerp

Belgium

Joseph S. Szyliowicz

University of Denver

Josef Korbel School of International Studies

Ben M. Cherrington Hall

201 South Gaylord Street

Denver, CO 80208

USA

Christine Vanovermeire

ANT/OR – University of Antwerp Operations Research Group

Prinsstraat 13

2000 Antwerp

Belgium

Koen Van Raemdonck

Vrije Universiteit Brussel

Faculty of Economic Sciences

Department MOSI-Transport and Logistics

Research group MOBI – Mobility and Automotive Technology Bldg. M (231)

Pleinlaan 2

1050 Brussels

Belgium

Manish Verma

Memorial University

Faculty of Business Administration

BN. 3017

St. John’s, NL

Canada A1B 3X5

Bert Vernimmen

Institute of Transport and Maritime Management Antwerp

Keizerstraat 64

2000 Antwerp

Belgium

Vedat Verter

McGill University

Desautels Faculty of Management

1001 Sherbrooke St., West Montreal, Quebec, H3A 1G5 Canada

Pero Vidan

Faculty of Maritime Studies

University of Split

Zrinsko Frankopanska 38

Split 21000

Croatia

Luca Zamparini

Università del Salento

Dipartimento di Studi Giuridici

Via per Monteroni snc

73100 Lecce

Italy

and

Faculty of Social, Political and Regional Studies

Cittadella della Ricerca di Brindisi-Mesagne

72100 Brindisi

Italy

Part One Introductory Section

1

Editorial Introduction

Luca Zamparini and Genserik Reniers

The last decade has witnessed an increasing worldwide concern for security-related issues. Terrorist attacks have hit several regions of the world (the United States, Great Britain and Spain in Europe, Indonesia and so on) and this has raised the interest towards security in a dramatic way at all levels of government (local, national, and international). In this context, it is important to consider that it has been computed that, between 1970 and 2010, about 6% of all terrorist attacks have targeted transport means and infrastructures1). It then becomes relevant that the improved security in transport represents one of the key topics in the agendas of counterterrorist agencies worldwide. In the United States, for example, one of the first actions undertaken soon after the 9/11 attacks was the creation of the Transportation Security Administration as an agency of the US Department of Homeland Security.

At the European Union level, the strategy to augment the security of transportation has mainly been based on a series of regulations, directives, and proposals aimed at enhancing the security levels of the various transport modes and infrastructures. On the Asian continent, international policies related to security have mostly taken the form of agreements on themes as transit of goods and people and on more general security cooperation issues.

This increased political concern on transportation security has been somewhat matched by researchers in various disciplines (among them, economics, law, engineering, political science) that have tried to analyze the current security systems and devices and the transport networks at the local, national, and international scales to propose viable alternatives to strengthen the security procedures, without hampering in a marked way the need for seamless and efficient transport flows.

One of the basic issues that part of the literature has been trying to clarify is the conceptual heterogeneity between safety and security in transportation. The first term refers to the absence (or, more properly, the minimization) of all dangers, risks, injuries, and fatalities that may depend on accidental and unintended events related to inadvertent or hazardous behavior. On the other hand, security can be defined as the prevention of and protection against deliberate actions that aim at generating (mass) fatalities, disruption of services, and economic and social distress. From the scientific viewpoint, the main difference between safety and security is represented by the fact that the former can be analyzed by means of statistical and probabilistic techniques, while the latter (given its very low frequency and the fact that terrorist acts are intentional) cannot be treated with the same tools and requires, for example, the use of cost–benefit analyses in order to estimate the economic and social incentives to raise the level of security, and, for example, of game theory to mimic the strategic interactions between people and organizations planning and executing terrorist actions and counterterrorist agencies.

A segment of the transport sector that is particularly prone to the generation of mass fatalities in the case of a terrorist attack and that requires particular strategies, actions, and protocols in order to guarantee its degree of security is definitely represented by the hazardous materials (so-called “hazmat”) business. The large quantities of explosives and of chemical, radioactive, and poisonous goods that are shipped every day within and among countries represent both a necessity for the productive sector and a concern for security agencies and personnel. In this context, the efficiency and the security of transport do not seem to represent a trade-off but rather a conjoint necessity and goal. Particular care has to be paid to the planning, implementation, and monitoring of hazmat transport activities both at the company and at the Government level. Routes have to be selected with particular care in order to minimize the possible effects of terrorist acts given that shipments of hazardous materials can represent both targets and weapons of mass destruction. Moreover, the security of the transport nodes (ports, warehouses, logistic platforms, and so on) is probably even more important than the monitoring of transport flow (Lewis, 2008). It is thus relevant to consider the hazmat transportation not just as a series or set of unimodal activities but rather as an integrated multimodal system.

By taking into consideration all of the above-mentioned topics, the present book, whose structure is sketched in Figure 1.1, aims at covering both the unimodal and the multimodal issues related to hazmat transportation. The first introductory section will provide a description of the history and importance of hazmat transportation and of the main economic themes and models that have been proposed in the literature in order to analyze this sector. The second section, in line with a part of the traditional literature on hazmat transportation, will analyze the various transport modes that are concerned with hazmat transportation (road haulage, railways, inland waterways, and pipelines) from a unimodal perspective. The third section will offer a multimodal perspective both in terms of formal models and of empirical evidence. The fourth section will present a series of country case studies (Italy, The Netherlands, the United States, and Iran) in order to ascertain the similarities and homogeneities in several geographic regions around the world, subject to different economic and social contexts.

Figure 1.1 Structure of the book.

The next paragraphs will offer an outlook of the fourteen contributions that constitute the various sections of the book. In order to provide an introduction to the various chapters, a description of the main themes that are dealt with in each one will be given. Moreover, the main topics that constitute the book (security, efficiency, unimodal and multimodal approaches) will be highlighted.

1.1 History, Importance, and Economic Aspects of Hazmat Transportation

This first, introductory, section is constituted by two contributions. The first one, History and Importance of Hazmat Transportation, clarifies what are the categories of hazardous materials and their paramount importance for the competitiveness and development of both the industrial and the service sector. In this respect, the operational risks that characterize hazmat transportation and the implied difficulties in their planning are discussed jointly with the need for collaboration among security experts and transport specialists. The chapter also sketches a chronology of the main hazmat transport accidents since the late 1970s and the role played by security issues, especially after 9/11, for a renewed interest in hazmat-transport-related research and indicates sustainability as the other key issue. After proposing the latest security-related events, the chapter concludes by mentioning the economic relevance of some terrorist attacks, the benefit in terms of advancement in technology that can spur from security-related research.

The second contribution of this section, Economic Issues in Hazmat Transportation, provides a brief description of the relevance of the hazmat transport market both in the US and in the European Union in order to highlight the relevance of the hazmat-transport market, where the diffusion of multimodal transport is still limited. Moreover, it surveys recent models that have been proposed in order to analyze the risk assessment, the routing/scheduling, and the allocation problem in the case of hazardous materials where heterogeneous analytical settings are discussed and the scarcity of models considering security is underscored.

1.2 Security of Hazmat Transportation: Unimodal Perspectives

The second section of the book is composed of four chapters. The first one, Security of Hazmat Transports by Road, pinpoints the large heterogeneity that exists in terms of road haulage of hazardous materials. It also describes the various possible truck types that can be used for hazmat. It then analyzes the various responsibilities that pertain to motor carriers in terms of general security issues, risk assessment, attack profiles, and training of personnel. The chapter also lists and considers all possible threats that may be related to unauthorized access (in loading docks, storage facilities, vehicles, and so on) and all possible profiles of en route security. Lastly, it describes the technologies that can be usefully employed to counter intended unlawful acts with a particular emphasis on the Hazmat Transport Vehicle Tracking System introduced in Singapore in 2005.

The second chapter of this section, Security Aspects of Hazmat Transport Using Railroad, discusses the reasons why security is very relevant in the case of rail transport, given the degree of interconnectivity of its arcs and nodes and the large number of entry points for perspective terrorists. Coherently with the previous chapter, it then proposes all possible sources of risk. Moreover, it stresses the importance in identifying the critical points in the railway system, the route risks, and the probabilities and consequences of attacks. The chapter then comments on the adopted steps in risk-management strategies (information sharing and coordination, policing and surveillance and routing of hazmat) and on the necessity to implement further steps (interdiction models, tank car design, and placement of hazmat railcars).

The third chapter of this section, Security of Hazmat Transports by Inland Waterways, introduces the most important legislation that is related to this segment of the transport market and describes the causes that can lead to a lack of safety of a vessel in navigation, emphasizing the security-related ones (terrorism, vandalism, pilferage). It also proposes the current regulations and practices enacted in order to increase security. Moreover, it proposes the strategy to further improve inland waterways transportation security suggested by the “International Ship and Port Facility Security Code in Inland Waterways” and its three levels of operations (vessels, organizations, and ports) and other connected initiatives (as container monitoring).

The last contribution of this section, Security of Hazmat Transports by Pipeline, proposes an outlook of the hazmat pipeline infrastructure around the world, specifying the regional shares and the transported materials. It then describes the security risks to hazmat pipelines and, especially, the commodity thefts and the global terrorist attacks and incidents in the last decade. Moreover, it estimates the costs and impacts of pipeline security incidents and the range of measures that have been implemented by pipeline operators and government agencies. The second part of the chapter describes the US strategy and security programs in the last decades and emphasizes the need for international cooperation and exchange of available sensitive information.

1.3 Security of Hazmat Transportation: Multimodal Perspectives

The third section of the book is constituted by four chapters. The first chapter, Multimodal Transport: Historical Evolution and Logistics Framework, constitutes a general introduction to the multimodal perspectives discussed in this section. It describes the trends in multimodal transport in the European Union, in the United States, and in the ASEAN (Association of South-East Asian Nations) region, providing the economic rationale for its diffusion and the likely future trends in the next decades. The chapter also proposes a logistics model that provides a standard framework and the important variables that have to be taken into account in the choice among several multimodal transport alternatives.

The second contribution of this section, Multimodal Analysis Framework for Hazmat Transports and Security, proposes a review of the literature related to hazmat transport emphasizing the role of multicriteria analysis and of multicriteria routing models to analyze this market. It then proposes a model for the calculation of multimodal hazmat-transport risk and considering the probability of occurrence of a catastrophic incident as the result of combination of a general probability and of a locality parameter. It also considers the impact of these events on the basis of the involved transport mode. The chapter then shifts its attention to intended incidents due to terrorists or activists, and proposes a model that considers security as one of the most relevant parameters for modal choice.

The following chapter of this section, Metaheuristics for the Multimodal Optimization of Hazmat Transports, introduces the metaheuristics technique and clarifies the rationale for its use in the case of multimodal hazmat transportation optimization problems. In this context, it discusses the role of multilevelness and multiobjectivity, and surveys the contributions that have used metaheuristics for multimodal transportation in general and for hazmat transportation in particular. Lastly, it proposes a peculiar metaheuristic for hazmat transportation in the case of an intermodal network.

The last chapter of this section, Freight Security and Livability: US Toxic and Hazardous Events from 2000 to 2010, is based on the previous contributions and discusses the implications of transport consolidation and distribution strategies on the local communities that live around important hazmat-transportation hubs. It also discusses the interactions and relationships among land use, infrastructure location, and industrial organization. The chapter then tests these assumptions on the basis of the events that have occurred in the last decade in California and relates them to the location of multimodal hub facilities. It then compares the evacuation, the environmental damage, the time loss, and the total damage on the basis of the transport mode and of the hazardous materials class in terms of response, property and remediation costs.

1.4 Security of Hazmat Transportation: International Policies and Practices

The fourth section of the book is based on four contributions. The first one, Security of Hazmat Transport in Italy, ascertains the economic significance of hazmat transport in Italy with a set of statistics related to the last decade. It also describes the Italian legal framework on hazmat security for the various transport modes and provides the list of the most relevant and recent cases where the security measures have been effective. The second chapter, Security of Hazmat Transport in the Netherlands from a Security Practitioner’s Point of View, discusses the peculiarities of The Netherland’s stance on security and the role played by its infrastructure as a possible risk factor. It then analyzes the security issues that pertain to transport and logistics in this country, and discusses the network of private and public organizations that are involved in the degree of security in the country. The third contribution, Safeguarding Hazmat Shipments in the US: Policies and Challenges, compares the pre-9/11 and the post-9/11 situations and policies, and provides detailed statistics of the magnitude of the hazmat-transport business in the US. It then examines the vulnerabilities of the rail sector and the envisaged policies, protocols and emergency planning and response. It further analyses the role and the interactions among the federal government, the local governments and the private sector, and the situation and issues related to road haulage. The last contribution of this section, Security of Hazmat Transports in Iran, provides a description of the most relevant hazmat-transport-related accidents in the last decade, and proposes and discusses a list of all the strengths and weaknesses related to this sector and the optimal policies to implement in order to increase the security level.

Note

1) See the Global Terrorism Database at http://www.start.umd.edu/gtd/features/GTD-Data-Rivers.aspx (accessed 11 July 2011).

Bibliography

Lewis, T. G. (2008) Critical Infrastructure Protection in Homeland Security. Defending a Networked Nation, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, NJ.

2

History and Importance of Hazmat Transportation

Genserik Reniers

2.1 Introduction

Transporting chemical substances to serve the chemicals using industries (such as e.g., petrochemical plants, pharmaceutical companies but also industries manufacturing, for example, paints, varnishes, soaps, detergents, etc.) is needed for the storage, production, and distribution of raw materials, base chemicals, intermediates, etc., within and across regional, national and international borders. Daily transportation activities of such so-called “hazardous materials” (hazmat) or “dangerous goods” via roads, railways, inland waterways and pipeline networks are essential to national economies, and such transportation is even crucial to – and a necessary condition for – a healthy world economy and our modern-day lives. In fact, service industries, including financial, medical and social services, are only made possible by the wealth-producing activities of production industries and the transportation activities between the numerous chemical plants, storage and production centers, etc. The competitiveness of all these sectors is partly dependent on the efficient supply of chemical products. It is for that reason that the chemical industry, including hazmat transportation, has been described as the “anchor” of a modern economy (Howitt, 2000; McKinnon, 2004; Schreckenbach and Becker, 2006).