Self-Organized Surfactant Structures E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 526

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Highlighting recent developments as well as future challenges, this series of volumes covers such topics as emulsions, nano-emulsions, nano-dispersions and novel techniques for their investigation. It also considers the fundamental approach in areas such as controlled release, drug delivery and various applications of nanotechnology.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Related Titles

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Preface

Scientific Contributions by Professor Hironobu Kunieda

References

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Viscoelastic Worm-Like Micelles in Nonionic Fluorinated Surfactant Systems

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Rheological Behavior of Worm-Like Micelles

1.3 Viscoelastic Worm-Like Micelles in Nonionic Fluorinated Surfactant System (Without Additives)

1.4 Viscoelastic Worm-Like Micelles in Mixed Nonionic Fluorinated Surfactant Systems

1.5 Summary

References

Chapter 2: Structure of Nonionic Surfactant Micelles in Organic Solvents: A SAXS Study

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Phase Behavior

2.3 Structure of Reverse Micelles

2.4 Conclusion

Dedication

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 3: Nonionic Microemulsions: Dependence of Oil Chain Length and Active Component (Lidocaine)

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Microemulsion Model

3.3 Phase Studies

3.4 Microemulsions at Emulsification Boundary

3.5 Influence of Oil Chain Length

3.6 The Effect of Temperature

3.7 The Temperature at Which the Microemulsion Becomes Bicontinuous

3.8 Interfacial Tension: Investigating the Microemulsion Model and Scaling

3.9 Microemulsions as Models for Drug-Delivery Systems

3.10 Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Some Characteristics of Lyotropic Liquid-Crystalline Mesophases

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Phase Transitions Within Poly(oxyethylene) Cholesteryl Ethers-Based Systems

4.3 Nonconventional Liquid-Crystalline Structures

4.4 Summary

References

Chapter 5: Swelling of Vesicle Precipitates from Alkyldimethylaminoxide and a Perfluoroalcohol by Refractive-Index Matching with Glycerol

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Experimental

5.3 Results and Discussion

5.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 6: Si QDots: Where Does Photoluminescence Come From?

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Experimental

6.3 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

Chapter 7: Worm-Like Micelles in a Binary Solution of Nonionic Surfactant C16E7 and Water

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Experimental

7.3 Results

7.4 Discussion

7.5 Summary

References

Chapter 8: Mesophase Morphologies of Silicone Block Copolymers in a Selective Solvent Studied by SAXS

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Experimental Section

8.3 Results

8.4 Discussion

8.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 9: Molecular Dynamics Study of Isoprenoid-Chained Lipids: Salient Features of Isoprenoid Chains As Compared with Ordinary Alkyl Chains

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Effect of Chain Branching on the Lipid Bilayer Properties

9.3 Summary

9.4 Future Perspective

References

Chapter 10: Structures of Poly(dimethylsiloxane)-Poly(oxyethylene) Diblock Copolymer Micelles in Aqueous Solvents

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Experimental Section

10.3 Results and Discussions

10.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

Chapter 11: Preparation of Mesoporous Materials with Nonhydrocarbon Surfactants

11.1 Mesoporous Materials: Basic Concepts

11.2 Silicone Surfactants in the Preparation of Mesoporous Materials

11.3 Fluorinated Surfactants in the Preparation of Mesoporous Materials

11.4 Summary

References

Chapter 12: Worm-Like Micelles in Diluted Mixed Surfactant Solutions: Formation and Rheological Behavior

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Worm-Like Micelles: Formation and Rheological Behavior

12.3 Deeper Studies of the Surfactant–Cosurfactant Interaction

12.4 Influence of Dissolved Oil in Systems Containing Worm-Like Micelles

12.5 Conclusion

References

Index

Self-Organized Surfactant Structures

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The Editor

Prof. Dr. Tharwat F. Tadros89 Nash Grove LaneWokingham, Berkshire RG404HEUnited Kingdom

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Print ISBN: 978-3-527-31990-9 ePdf ISBN: 978-3-527-63264-0 ePub ISBN: 978-3-527-63265-7 Mobi ISBN: 978-3-527-64164-2

In memory of Professor Hironobu Kunieda.

Yokohema, November 17, 1948 – November 17, 2005

Dedicated to

his wife Akemi Kunieda and daughters

Yukiko Kunieda and Naoko Kunieda

Preface

This volume is dedicated to the late Professor H. Kunieda who did a great deal of research on self-organized surfactant structures. The scientific contributions of Prof. H. Kunieda are given in the first part of the book. The authors of the chapters in this volume have known Prof. H. Kunieda for many years and some of them were his students. The book addresses a variety of topics ranging from structure of lamellar liquid-crystalline phases to micellar systems both in aqueous and nonaqueous media. Aspects of the rheological behavior of micellar systems have also been addressed. The preparation of mesoporous materials using surfactant-organized structures has also been described.

This book, which deals with many diverse topics of self-organized surfactant structures, will be valuable to many research workers who deal with the phase behavior of surfactant systems. It can also be of much value for industrial researchers who are interested in application of these structures in their formulation, in particular in the area of cosmetics and pharmaceuticals.

The authors of the book address the topics at a fundamental level and try to relate the phase behavior to the surfactant structure. We are very grateful for the care the authors took in the preparation of the manuscripts.

Barcelona, March 2010

Tharwat TadrosConxita Solans

Scientific Contributions by Professor Hironobu Kunieda

Conxita Solans and Björn Lindman

The research interests of Prof. H. Kunieda focused on surfactant chemistry from the beginning of his scientific career. Understanding surfactant self-organizing structures by studying thermodynamic (i.e. phase equilibria), structural and dynamic aspects was his main scientific objective.

His earliest publications, dating from the early 1970s, dealt with the study of dissolution mechanisms in surfactant systems and the factors by which the mutual solubility of oil and water is increased. The reported results [1, 2] resolved the existing controversy about the nature of microemulsions allowing the conclusion to be drawn that microemulsions should not be regarded as emulsions but as solubilized systems. A particularly interesting outcome of his early research was to show that double-chain surfactants display a biomimetic behavior [3–5]. He reported in 1977 [3] that double-chain cationic surfactants form, in water, a rather stable two-phase dispersion consisting of water and lamellar liquid-crystalline phase (region II in Figure 1), the same phase behavior as lecithin. In the same year, Kunitake et al. reported for the first time that synthetic surfactants form normal vesicles [6]. He also found that the phase behavior of Aerosol OT is strongly influenced by the presence of salts and proposed a method to purify it [7–11]. This finding prompted other authors to revise previous papers related to the phase behavior of this surfactant.

Figure 1 Phase diagram of water/(C12H25)2N(CH3)2Cl system as a function of temperature

(from Ref. [4], with permission).

Research on microemulsions was a major topic in his scientific activity, since the earlier work under Prof. Shinoda’s supervision [1, 2], through his entire scientific career. First, the attention was focused to find the conditions to produce three-phase equilibria (balanced conditions) in both ionic [9–12] and nonionic [13–17] surfactant systems. In this context, it was shown that the effect of temperature in ionic surfactant systems is opposite to that in polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants [10] and that both types of surfactant systems display similarities in phase behavior [18]. The most detailed phase equilibria of a water/ nonionic surfactant/aliphatic hydrocarbon system around the HLB temperature (Figure 2) was reported in 1982 [16].

Figure 2 Phase diagram of water/C12H25(OCH2CH2)5OH/tetradecane system at 44.5 °C

(from Ref. [16], with permission).

In spite of the complexity in obtaining the phase behavior for the chosen surfactant, C12H25(OCH2CH2)5OH), due to the formation of liquid-crystalline phases, the basic changes around the three-phase region were shown to be the same as those in short-chain nonionic surfactants [13].

A remarkable achievement was the discovery in 1984 of tricritical-point phenomena (Figure 3) in surfactant-containing systems [19]. He was the first researcher to report such behavior [19, 20] and to show that three-phase microemulsions are related to multicritical-solution phenomena (when three phases become identical and ultralow interfacial tension is attained) [21]. He reported tricritical phenomena in several surfactant systems [19–23].

Figure 3 The effect of temperature on the three-phase region at constant salinity in a surfactant (sodium taurocholate NaTC)/brine/cosurfactant (monoglycerideTEH)/oil (triglyceride THE) system. The three-phase region becomes narrower with the increase of temperature and vanishes above 59.1 °C, where a tricritical point exists,

(adapted from Ref. [19], with permission).

Evaluation of the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) properties of nonionic surfactants and understanding the phase behavior of surfactant mixtures in water and oil were the main objectives of his research from the early 1980s. In a series of papers published in 1985 [24–26] he clarified the concept of HLB temperature in mixed-surfactant systems by considering the monomeric solubility of surfactant in oil. In mixed nonionic surfactant or ionic surfactant–cosurfactant mixed systems, the monomeric solubility of lipophilic surfactant or cosurfactant is usually large. Therefore, the surfactant mixing ratio at water/oil interfaces deviates from the initial mixing ratio in the presence of a sufficient amount of oil. By geometrical calculations in a space of temperature and compositions, an equation of the HLB plane was developed by which the effect of temperature, oil/water ratio, weight ratio between the surfactants and surfactant concentration on the phase behavior of mixed-surfactant systems is explained. The HLB plane is expressed in a tetrahedral phase diagram in a four-component system at constant temperature as depicted in Figure 4.

Figure 4 The HLB plane in a tetrahedral phase diagram of a four-component system at constant temperature. The shaded area means a three-phase triangle in the midst of a three-phase region,

(from Ref. [24], with permission).

It was shown that the HLB temperature is shifted to higher temperature with decreasing surfactant concentration or increasing oil content even if the total mixing ratio of surfactant is fixed [24, 25]. HLB numbers for ionic surfactants could be estimated by the proposed equation [26]. Furthermore, although the conditions to produce a three-phase region in ionic surfactant systems had been studied, the effect of the oil/water ratio and surfactant concentration had not been taken into account. Kunieda investigated the effect of these parameters in brine/ionic surfactant/nonionic surfactant/oil systems. He showed that temperature-insensitive microemulsions are achieved in a dilute region of ionic–nonionic surfactant mixtures by depressing the solubility of the lipophilic surfactant in the oil phase of the three-phase region [26]. The important outcome of this research was that the phase-inversion temperature (PIT) can be predicted [24–26].

The deep knowledge in surfactant phase behavior led to the discovery of four-phase microemulsions containing excess of water and oil phases and two kinds of microemulsions, in a water/nonionic surfactant/two-oil system (Figure 5), in 1998 [27]. The mechanism for the formation of the four-phase region and the existence of four types of three-phase regions were discovered in carefully selected systems [28–31]. Of particular interest was the finding of a four-phase region in a single surfactant system (a ternary water/nonionic surfactant/triglyceride system) at constant temperature [31]. Moreover, the correlation between the formation of liquid crystal in dilute regions and the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) of a surfactant as well as the transition from lamellar liquid crystal into microemulsion in both nonionic and ionic surfactant systems were described [32–37]. In this context, the effect of amphiphilic [33–36] and mixed [37] oils was thoroughly studied.

Figure 5 Phase diagrams for a water/C12H25(OCH2CH2)4OH/mixed oil (triglyceride/ hexadecane) system () and water/ C12H25(OCH2CH2)4OH/ single oil (hexadecane) system (•) as a function of oil/ (water + oil) and temperature. The black area is a four-phase region

(from Ref. [27], with permission).

Another important finding by Kunieda was that of reverse vesicles, the counter structure to normal vesicles. He was the first to predict and report [38, 39], in 1991, the existence of this new class of molecular assembly, a manifestation of the symmetry between normal and reverse amphiphilic structures. Reverse vesicles consist of lamellar liquid crystals dispersions swollen with a large amount of oil (i.e. closed bimolecular layers in which the hydrophilic groups of surfactants orient inwards). The basis for the prediction was the observation that with long-chain surfactants, lamellar liquid crystals extend into both the water- and oil-rich regions of the phase diagrams of ternary water/surfactant/oil systems at the HLB temperature. As a consequence, if the lamellar liquid-crystal phase coexists with excess water and oil, normal vesicles should form in the water-rich region and reverse vesicles should form in the oil-rich-region at the HLB temperature (Figure 6).

Figure 6 Schematic phase diagram of a water (W)/nonionic surfactant (S)/oil (O) system at the HLB temperature and self-organizing structures: (a) “normal” lamellar liquid crystal; (b) normal vesicles; (c) bicontinuous surfactant phase (middle-phase microemulsion; (d) “reversed” lamellar liquid crystal; (e) reversed vesicles. The lipophilic moiety of surfactant is represented by a solid rod and the hydrophilic part is represented by an open ellipse attached to the rod

(from Ref. [39], with permission).

Indeed, these phase equilibria was found in several single surfactant systems (e.g., water/R12EO4/dodecane system, shown in Figure 7) that allowed him to establish a general correlation between phase behavior, structure of lamellar liquid crystals and the formation of both normal and reverse vesicles in single amphiphilic systems near the HLB temperature [38–43]. Several aspects were studied systematically such as the conditions to produce reverse vesicles below the HLB temperature [40], the formation of reverse vesicles in different type of surfactants systems [42–47], including anionic [44], biocompatible [45–47] and long-polyoxyethylene-chain nonionic [48] surfactant systems. Studies of stability and size control [49] and membrane permeability [50], were also the object of research. His work on reverse vesicles was reviewed up to 1996 [51].

Figure 7 Phase diagram for a water/C12H25(OCH2CH2)4OH/dodecane system at 25 °C. L.C. lamellar liquid crystal; D, isotropic surfactant phase; I, II, II, one-, two- and three-phase regions, respectively. W and O are excess water and oil phases. Om is a reversed micellar solution phase

(adapted from Ref. [39], with permission).

Kunieda was involved since 1985 in the study of highly concentrated emulsions (gel emulsions), an interesting class of emulsions characterized by an internal phase volume fraction exceeding 0.74, the critical value of the most compact arrangement of uniform, undistorted spherical droplets. Important outcomes in the early stages of this research were the relation found between stability and microstructure of the continuous phase and the explanation of their “spontaneous” formation through phase behavior [52–60]. The higher stability of W/O gel emulsions in water/ethoxylated nonionic surfactant/oil systems at 25–30 °C above the HLB temperature [55] was shown to be due to a change in the continuous phase structure from bicontinuous to droplet-type microemulsion with increase of temperature. The “spontaneous” formation of this type of emulsions by the phase-inversion temperature method, which leads to emulsions with smaller droplets and lower polydispersity than those obtained by conventional methods, was explained [58, 59] by the change in the spontaneous curvature of the surfactant in the formation process. Figure 8 shows the changes in self-organizing structures during the spontaneous formation process of highly concentrated W/O emulsions [58].

Figure 8 Schematic change in spontaneous curvature of surfactant layers in the process of spontaneous formation of highly concentrated W/O emulsions

(from Ref. [58], with permission).

Another important achievement on this subject was the description for the first time of cubic-based highly concentrated O/W emulsions having a micellar cubic as the continuous phase [61]. It was earlier reported that the formation of a micellar (I1) cubic liquid-crystal phase is promoted by adding long-chain alkanes to hydrophilic surfactant/water systems [48, 62]. Highly concentrated O/W, I1-phase-based, emulsions were formed in the oil-rich region of water/hydrophilic surfactant/oil systems [61, 63]. The formation of W/O highly concentrated emulsions having a reverse micellar cubic (I2) liquid-crystal phase as the continuous phase was later reported in a poly(oxyethylene) poly(dimethylsiloxane) surfactant system [64] and in systems containing a perfume, limonene, as the oil component [65]. These contributions established the basis for further progress, namely the use of highly concentrated emulsions as templates for the preparation of novel materials with dual meso/macroporous structure in single-step methods.

Although the general features of the phase behavior of water/mixed-surfactant/oil systems had been reported [24–26], the detailed behavior of mixed-surfactant systems was not completely elucidated until the 1990’s. During this decade, Kunieda intensified the studies on phase behavior and formation of microemulsions in mixed-surfactant systems [66–76], in order to understand the relationship between maximum solubilization of microemulsions and surfactant distribution of mixed surfactants at the water/oil interface in the microemulsion phase. He developed a method to calculate the net composition of each surfactant at the interface in the bicontinuous microemulsions assuming that the monomeric solubility of each surfactant in oil is the same as in the oil microdomain of the microemulsions [69]. Using this approach, the distribution of surfactants in the different domains of bicontinuous microemulsions (Figure 9) could be quantified [70–75], even if the complete microstructure of these systems was not completely elucidated.

Figure 9 The schematic change in phase behavior in a mixed-surfactant system. Wm and Om are aqueous micellar and reverse micellar solution phases. W and O are excess water and oil phases. D indicates a microemulsion (surfactant) phase. W1 is the weight fraction of lipophilic surfactant in the mixed surfactant

(from Ref. [69], with permission).

A very important achievement by the end of the 1990s was the understanding of the complete phase behavior of water/nonionic surfactant/oil systems. By studying the water/poly(oxyethylene) oleyl ether nonionic surfactant system as a function of polyoxyethylene chain length at constant temperature, he reported in 1997 [77] a correlation among phase behavior, packing of the surfactant alkyl chain in the self-organizing structures and the HLB value. Various self-organizing structures were found in that system (Figure 10): hexagonal (H1, H2), lamellar (Lα) and four kinds of isotropic (I1, V1, V2a, V2b) liquid crystals, a sponge phase (D2) as well as aqueous and reverse micellar phases (Wm and Om). The transition from direct to reverse being produced by modulating the surfactant HLB (EO units).

Figure 10 Phase diagram of water/poly(oxyethylene) oleyl ether(POIE) system as a function of the volume fraction of EO chain in the surfactant molecule and weight fraction of POIE at 25 °C

(from Ref. [77], with permission).

Similar results were obtained in the phase behavior of the water/C12EOn system as a function of EO-chain length, at constant temperature [78]. By investigating the oil-induced change in surfactant layer curvature of water/C12EOn system at constant temperature [79] and of other systems [48, 79–90] he showed that the solubilization mechanism is different depending on the type of oil: if oil has a strong tendency to dissolve in the surfactant palisade layer, the effective area per molecule, aS, becomes large upon addition of oil, and if oil is solubilized in the deep core of aggregates aS is almost unchanged. Thus, aromatic hydrocarbons or short-chain alkanes have a “penetration” tendency making the curvature less positive, whereas long-chain saturated hydrocarbons have a “swelling” tendency causing a change to more positive surfactant curvature, as schematically shown in Figure 11. Moreover, it was shown that the different oil-solubilization mechanism causes differences in phase transitions in liquid crystals [79, 82]. The effect of electrolytes on liquid-crystalline structures was also object of investigations in nonionic [91] and ionic [92] surfactant systems.

Figure 11 Schematic representation of complete penetration (a) and swelling (b) of oil. In the case of (a), rH is unchanged while aS is expanded upon addition of oil. In the case of (b), aS remains constant whereas rH increases

(from Ref. [86], with permission).

Kunieda investigated thoroughly the phase behavior of a wide variety of nonionic and ionic surfactants, focusing on those environmentally friendly such as sucrose esters [93–99], mono- and polyglycerol fatty acid esters [100–104], amino acid derivatives [105–107], cholesterol- and phytosterol-based polyoxyethylene alkyl ethers [108–113], conjugated esters with a glycerol residue as spacer [114–116] and gemini or dimeric [117–119]. He also investigated the phase behavior of silicone-derived amphiphiles in water and water-oil systems as well as in the molten state, making important contributions [120–129]. Another topic of his interest was the phase behavior and interactions in surfactant block-copolymer systems [130–133]. He clarified the role of the hydrophobic chain on the thermodynamics of self-aggregation and showed that surfactant is dissolved in polymer aggregates, but polymer is not dissolved in surfactant aggregates. Other surfactants investigated include fluorinated [134–136] and alkanoyl N-alkanolamides [111, 137, 138], the latter well known as foam boosters and thickening agents. He had investigated the foaming properties of surfactant solutions in earlier research [139, 140] and also more recently [119, 141–143].

A remarkable contribution in recent years was to have shown for the first time the formation of highly viscoelastic worm-like micelles (Figure 12) in mixed nonionic surfactant systems [110]. This finding allowed to clarify the relation between packing constraints of hydrophobic chains and micellar growth because the complex interactions between counterions (present in ionic surfactant systems) and headgroups had not to be taken into consideration.

Figure 12 (a) Partial phase diagram of the water/polyoxyethylene cholesteryl ether(ChEO10)-C12EO3 system, in the dilute region at 25 °C, (b) Variation of zero-shear viscosity (η0) with the mole fraction of C12EO3, X, at various concentrations of ChEO10 in the system.

(From Ref. [110], with permission).

He showed the formation of viscoelastic worm-like micelles in various nonionic and ionic surfactant systems and described the evolution of micellar growth namely by rheology and small-angle X ray scattering [110, 112, 118, 113, 137, 144–155]. Zero-shear viscosities 3 × 107 times that of water was reported for certain systems [118].

The deep and extensive knowledge on surfactant phase behavior inspired new research lines. In this context, the first report on the preparation of mesoporous silica from anionic surfactant systems appeared in 2003 [156]. He had an astonishing ability to deduce a lot of microscopic information from few macroscopic data about how surfactants behave in the presence of oil and/or water. Without doubt, his research will inspire future generations of scientists.

References

1 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1972) Factors to increase the mutual solubility of oil and water by solubilizer. J. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 11, 2001–2006 (in Japanese).

2 Shinoda, K., and Kunieda, H. (1973) Conditions to produce so-called microemulsions: factors to increase the mutual solubility of oil and water by solubilizer. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 42 (2), 381–387.

3 Kunieda, H. (1977) The mechanism of dissolution of quaternary ammonium chlorides containing two long-chain alkyl groups in water, Nikka. J. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 2, 151–156 (in Japanese).

4 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1978) Solution behavior of dialkyldimethylammonium chloride in water: basic properties of antistatic softeners. J. Phys. Chem., 82 (15), 1710–1714.

5 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1978) Solution behavior of dialkyldimethylammonium chloride in water: basic properties of antistatic softeners. J. Phys. Chem., 82 (15), 1710–1714.

6 Kunitake, T., and Okahata, Y. (1977) A totally synthetic bilayer membrane. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 99, 3860.

7 Kunieda, H., and Hyakutake, M. (1978) The effect of types of solvents and salts added on the solubilization of water in aerosol OT nonaqueous solutions. J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc., 27 (9), 598–601 (in Japanese).

8 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1979) Solution behavior of aerosol OT/water/oil system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 70 (3), 577–583.

9 Kunieda, H., and Sato, T. (1979) Ternary phase diagram for aerosol OT/water/oil system, a basic study on microemulsion. J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc., 28, 627–631 (in Japanese).

10 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1980) Solution behavior and hydrophile–lipophile balance temperature in aerosol OT/isooctane/brine system: correlation between microemulsions and ultralow interfacial tensions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 75, 601–606.

11 Shinoda, K., and Kunieda, H. (1987) The effect of salt concentration, temperature, and additives on the solvent property of aerosol OT solution. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 118, 586–589.

12 Kunieda, H. (1983) Phase equilibria in an ionic surfactant/brine/cosurfactant/oil system. J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc., 32, 393–396 (in Japanese).

13 Kunieda, H., and Friberg, S.E. (1981) Critical phenomena in a surfactant/water/oil system: basic study on the correlation between solubilization, microemulsion, and ultralow interfacial tensions. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 54, 1010–1014.

14 Shinoda, K., Hanrin, M., Kunieda, H., and Saito, H. (1981) Principles of attaining ultra-low interfacial tension: the role of hydrophile–lipophile-balance of surfactant at oil/water interface. Colloids Surf., 2, 301–314.

15 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1982) Correlation between critical solution phenomena and ultralow interfacial tensions in a surfactant/water/oil system. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 55, 1777–1781.

16 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1982) Phase behavior in systems of nonionic surfactant/water/oil around the hydrophile–lipophile-balance-temperature (HLB-temperature). J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 3, 233–244.

17 Shinoda, K., Kunieda, H., Arai, T., and Saijo, H. (1984) Principles of attaining very large solubilization (microemulsion): inclusive understanding of the solubilization of oil and water in aqueous and hydrocarbon media. J. Phys. Chem., 88, 5126–5129.

18 Shinoda, K., Kunieda, H., Obi, N., and Friberg, S.E. (1981) Similarity in phase diagrams between ionic and nonionic surfactant solutions at constant temperature. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 80, 304–305.

19 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1983) Phase behavior and tricritical phenomena in a bile salt system. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 56, 980–984.

20 Kunieda, H., and Arai, T. (1984) The tricritical point in the n-C8H17SO3Na/n-C4H9OH/H2O/n-C14H30 system. Bull. Chem. Soc. Jpn., 57, 281–282.

21 Kunieda, H. (1987) Phase behavior and ultralow interfacial tensions around a tricritical point in a sodium taurocholate system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 116, 224–229.

22 Kunieda, H. (1988) Tricritical phenomena in a brine/ionic surfactant/ cosurfactant/oil system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 122, 138–142.

23 Yamaguchi, Y., Aoki, R., Azemar, N., Solans, C., and Kunieda, H. (1999) Phase behavior of cationic microemulsions near the tricritical point. Langmuir, 15, 7438–7445.

24 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1985) Evaluation of the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) of nonionic surfactants. I. Multisurfactant systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 107, 107–121.

25 Kunieda, H., and Ishikawa, N. (1985) Evaluation of the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) of nonionic surfactants. II. Commercial-surfactant systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 107, 122–128.

26 Kunieda, H., Hanno, K., Yamaguchi, S., and Shinoda, K. (1985) The three-phase behaviour of a brine/ionic surfactant/nonionic surfactant/oil system: evaluation of the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) of ionic surfactant. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 107, 129–137.

27 Kunieda, H., Asaoka, H., and Shinoda, K. (1988) Two types of surfactant phases and four coexisting liquid phases in a water/nonionic surfactant/triglyceride/ hydrocarbon system. J. Phys. Chem., 92, 185–189.

28 Yamaguchi, S., and Kunieda, H. (1988) Phase behavior of two types of isotropic surfactant phases in a brine/sodium dodecyl sulfate/hexanol/hexadecane system. J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc., 37, 648–653 (in Japanese).

29 Kunieda, H., Yago, K., and Shinoda, K. (1989) Two types of biosurfactant phases in a bile salt system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 128, 363–369.

30 Kunieda, H., and Miyajima, A. (1989) Anomalous three-phase behavior in a water/ octaethyleneglycol dodecyl ether/decanol system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 129, 554–560.

31 Kunieda, H., and Haishima, K. (1990) Overlapping of three-phase regions in a water/nonionic surfactant/triglyceride system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 140, 383–390.

32 Kunieda, H. (1986) Correlation between the formation of a lamellar liquid-crystalline phase and the hydrophile–lipophile balance (HLB) of surfactants. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 114, 378–385.

33 Kunieda, H. (1989) Phase behaviors in water/nonionic surfactant/hydrocarbon and water/nonionic surfactant/amphiphilic oil system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 133, 237–243.

34 Kunieda, H., and Nakamura, K. (1991) Azeotropic and critical points in a brine/ionic surfactant/long-chain alcohol system. J. Phys. Chem., 95, 1425–1430.

35 Kunieda, H., Nakamura, K., and Uemoto, A. (1992) Effect of added oil on the phase behavior in a water/ionic surfactant/alcohol system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 150, 235–242.

36 Kunieda, H., and Miyajima, A. (1989) Anomalous Three-Phase Behavior in a Water/Octaethyleneglycol Dodecyl Ether/Decanol system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 129, 554–560.

37 Kunieda, H., and Miyajima, A. (1989) The effect of the mixing of oils on the hydrophile–lipophile-balanced (HLB) temperature in a water/non-ionic surfactant/oil system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 128, 605–607.

38 Kunieda, H., Nakamura, K., and Evans, F. (1991) Formation of reversed vesicles. J. Am. Chem. Soc., 113, 1051–1052.

39 Kunieda, H., Nakamura, K., Davis, H.T., and Evans, D.F. (1991) Formation of vesicles and microemulsions at HLB temperature. Langmuir, 7, 1915–1919.

40 Kunieda, H., and Yamagata, M. (1992) Conditions to produce reversed vesicles. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 150, 277–280.

41 Nakamura, K., Machiyama, Y., and Kunieda, H. (1992) Formation of reversed vesicles in a mixture of ionic and nonionic amphiphiles. J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc., 41, 480–484 (in Japanese).

42 Kunieda, H., Akimura, M., and Nakamura, N.U.K. (1993) Reversed vesicles: counter structure of biological membranes. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 156, 446–453.

43 Kunieda, H., Nakamura, K., Olsson, U., and Lindman, B. (1993) Spontaneous formation of reverse vesicles. J. Phys. Chem., 97, 9525–9531.

44 Kunieda, H., Makino, S., and Ushio, N. (1991) Anionic reversed vesicles. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 147, 286–288.

45 Kunieda, H., Nakamura, K., Infante, M.R., and Solans, C. (1992) Reversed vesicles by bio-compatible surfactants. Adv. Mater., 4, 291–293.

46 Ushio, N., Solans, C., Azemar, N., and Kunieda, H. (1993) Formation and stability of reverse vesicles in a sucrose alkanoate system. J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc., 42, 915–922 (in Japanese).

47 Kunieda, H., Kanei, N., Uemoto, A., and Tobita, I. (1994) Structure of reverse vesicles in a sucrose monoalkanoate system. Langmuir, 10, 4006–4011.

48 Kunieda, H., Shigeta, K., and Suzuki, M. (1999) Phase behavior and formation of reverse vesicles in long-polyoxyethylene-chain nonionic surfactant systems. Langmuir, 15, 3118–3122.

49 Nakamura, K., Uemoto, A., Imae, T., Solans, C., and Kunieda, H. (1995) Stability and size control of reverse vesicles. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 170, 367–373.

50 Olsson, U., Nakamura, K., Kunieda, H., and Strey, R. (1996) Normal and reverse vesicles with nonionic surfactant: solvent diffusion and permeability. Langmuir, 12, 3045–3054.

51 Kunieda, H., and Rajagopalan, V. (1996) Formation and structure of reverse vesicles, in Vesicles (ed. M. Rossof), Dekker, New York, pp. 79–103.

52 Kunieda, H., Solans, C., Shida, N., and Parra, J.L. (1987) The formation of gel emulsions in a water/nonionic surfactant/oil system. Colloids Surf., 24, 225–237.

53 Kunieda, H., Yano, N., and Solans, C. (1989) The stability of gel-emulsions in a water/non-ionic surfactant/oil system. Colloid Surf., 36, 313–322.

54 Kunieda, H., Evans D.F., Solans, C., and Yoshida, M. (1990) The structure of gel-Emulsions in a water/nonionic surfactant/oil system. Colloid Surf., 47, 35–43.

55 Solans, C., Pons, R., Zhu, S., Davis, H.T., Evans, D.F., Nakamura, K., and Kunieda, H. (1993) Studies on macro-and microstructures of highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsions (gel emulsions). Langmuir, 9, 1479–1482.

56 Rajagopalan, V., Solans, C., and Kunieda, H.E.S.R. (1994) Study on the stability of W/O gel emulsions. Colloid Polym. Sci., 272, 1166–1173.

57 Kunieda, H., Rajagopalan, V., Kimura, E., and Solans, C. (1994) Nonequilibrium structure of water in oil gel emulsions. Langmuir, 10, 2570–2577.

58 Kunieda, H., Fukui, Y., Uchiyama, H., and Solans, C. (1996) Spontaneous formation of highly concentrated water-in-oil emulsions (gel-emulsions). Langmuir, 12, 2136–2140.

59 Ozawa, K., Solans, C., and Kunieda, H. (1997) Spontaneous formation of highly concentrated oil-in-water emulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 188, 275–281.

60 Kunieda, H., Ogawa, E., Kihara, K., and Tagawa, T. (1997) Formation of highly concentrated emulsions in water/sucrose dodecanoate/oil systems. Colloid Polym. Sci., 105, 239–243.

61 Rodríguez, C., Shigeta, K., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Cubic-phase-based concentrated emulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 223, 197–204.

62 Kunieda, H., Ozawa, K., and Huang, K.-L. (1998) Effect of oil on the surfactant molecular curvatures in liquid crystals. J. Phys. Chem., 102, 831–838.

63 Uddin, M.H., Kanei, N., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Solubilization and emulsification of perfume in discontinuous cubic phase. Langmuir, 16, 6891–6897.

64 Uddin, M.H., Rodriguez, C., Watanabe, K., Lopez-Quintela, A., Kato, T., Furukawa, H., Harashima, A., and Kunieda, H. (2001) Phase Behavior and formation of reverse-cubic-phase-based emulsion in water/poly(oxyethylene)poly (dimethylsiloxane) surfactants/silicone oil systems. Langmuir, 17, 5169–5175.

65 Watanabe, K., Kanei, N., and Kunieda, H. (2002) Highly Concentrated emulsions based on the reverse-micellar-cubic phase. J. Oleo Sci., 50, 771–779.

66 Kunieda, H., and Yamagata, M. (1993) Mixing of nonionic surfactants at water-oil interfaces in microemulsions. Langmuir, 9, 3345–3351.

67 Kunieda, H., and Yamagata, M. (1993) Three-phase behavior in a mixed nonionic surfactant system. Colloid Polym. Sci., 271, 997–1004.

68 Kunieda, H., Ushio, N., Nakano, A., and Miura, M. (1993) Three-phase behavior in a mixed sucrose alkanoate and polyethyleneglycol alkyl ether system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 159, 37–44.

69 Kunieda, H., Nakano, A., and Akimaru, M. (1995) The effect of mixing of surfactants on solubilization in a microemulsion system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 170, 78–84.

70 Kunieda, H., Nakamo, A., and Pes, M.A. (1995) Effect of oil on the solubilization in microemulsion systems including non-ionic surfactant mixtures. Langmuir, 11, 3302–3306.

71 Kunieda, H., and Aoki, R. (1996) Effect of added salt on the maximum solubilisation in ionic-surfactant microemulsion. Langmuir, 12, 5796–5799.

72 Pes, M.A., Aramaki, K., Nakamura, N., and Kunieda, H. (1996) Temperature-insensitive microemulsions in a sucrose monoalkanoate system. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 178, 666–672.

73 Aramaki, K., Ozawa, K., and Kunieda, H. (1997) Effect of temperature on the phase behavior of ionic-nonionic microemulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 196, 74–78.

74 Kunieda, H., Ozawa, K., Aramaki, K., Nakano, A., and Solans, C. (1998) Formation of microemulsions in mixed ionic-nonionic surfactant systems. Langmuir, 14, 260–263.

75 Nakamura, N., Tagawa, T., Kihara, K., Tobita, I., and Kunieda, H. (1997) Phase transition between microemulsion and lamellar liquid crystal. Langmuir, 13, 2001–2006.

76 Li, X., Ueda, K., and Kunieda, H. (1999) Solubilization and phase behavior of microemulsions with mixed anionic–cationic surfactants and hexanol. Langmuir, 15, 7973–7979.

77 Kunieda, H., Shigeta, K., Ozawa, K., and Suzuki, M. (1997) Self-organizing structures in poly(oxyethylene) oleyl ether-water system. J. Phys. Chem. B, 101, 7952–7957.

78 Huang, L., Shigeta, K., and Kunieda, H. (1998) Phase behavior of polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether-water systems. Prog. Colloid Polym. Sci., 110, 171–174.

79 Kunieda, H., Ozawa, K., and Huang, K.L. (1998) Effect of oil on the surfactant molecular curvatures in liquid crystals. J. Phys. Chem. B, 102, 831–838.

80 Aramaki, K., and Kunieda, H. (1999) Solubilization of oil in mixed cationic liquid crystal. Colloid Polym. Sci., 277, 34–40.

81 Kanei, N., Tamura, Y., and Kunieda, H. (1999) Effect of types of perfumes on the HLB temperature. J. Colloid Interface Sci, 218, 13–22.

82 Kunieda, H., Umizu, G., and Aramaki, K. (2000) Effect of mixing oils on the hexagonal liquid crystalline structures. J. Phys. Chem. B, 104, 2005–2011.

83 Shigeta, K., Rodríguez, C., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Solubilization of oil in discontinuous cubic liquid crystal in poly(oxyethylene) oleyl ether systems. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 21, 1023–1042.

84 Li, X., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Cubic-phase microemulsions with anionic and cationic surfactants at equal amounts of oil and water. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 231, 143–151.

85 Li, X., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Solubilization of micellar cubic phases and their structural relationships in the systems anionic–cationic surfactant–dodecane–water. Langmuir, 16, 10092–10100.

86 Kunieda, H., Horii, M., Koyama, M., and Sakamoto, K. (2001) Solubilization of polar oils in surfactant self-organized structures. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 236, 78–84.

87 Ozawa, K., Olsson, U., and Kunieda, H. (2001) Oil-induced structural change in nonionic microemulsions. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 22, 119–124.

88 Kumar, A., Kunieda, H., Rodríguez, C., and López-Quintela, M.A. (2001) Studies of domain size of hexagonal liquid crystals in C12EO8/water/alcohol systems. Langmuir, 17, 7245–7250.

89 Aramaki, K., Kabir, H., Nakamura, N., and Kunieda, H. (2001) Formation of oil swollen cubic phase or cubic-phase microemulsion in sucrose alkanoate systems. Colloids Surf. A, 183–185, 371–379.

90 Kanei, N., Watanabe, K., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Effect of added perfume on the stability of discontinuous cubic phase. J. Oleo Sci., 52 (11), 607–619.

91 Iwanaga, T., Suzuki, M., and Kunieda, H. (1998) Effect of added salts or polyols on the liquid crystalline structures of polyoxyethylene-type nonionic surfactants. Langmuir, 14, 5775–5781.

92 Rodríguez, C., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Effect of electrolytes on discontinuous cubic phases. Langmuir, 16, 8263–8269.

93 Aramaki, K., Kunieda, H., Ishitobi, M., and Tagawa, T. (1997) Effect of added salt on three-phase behavior in a sucrose monoalkanoate system. Langmuir, 13, 2266–2270.

94 Nakamura, N., Yamaguchi, Y., Håkansson, B., Olsson, U., Tagawa, T., and Kunieda, H. (1999) Formation of microemulsion and liquid crystal in biocompatible sucrose alkanaote systems. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 20, 535–557.

95 Aramaki, K., Hayashi, T., Katsuragi, T., Ishitobi, M., and Kunieda, H. (2001) Effect of adding an amphiphilic solubilization-improver sucrose distearates on the solubilization capacity of nonionic microemulsions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 236, 14–19.

96 Kanei, N., Kunieda, H. (2000) Phase behavior of water/sucrose dodecanoate/perfume systems. J. Jpn. Oil Chem. Soc., 49, 957–966.

97 Rodríguez, C., Acharya, D.P., Hinata, S., Ishitobi, M., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Effect of ionic surfactants on the phase behavior and structure of microemulsion in sucrose fatty acid systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 262, 500–505.

98 Kabir, M.H., Aramaki, K., Ishitobi, M., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Cloud point and formation of microemulsions in sucrose dodecanoate systems. Colloid Surf. A, 216, 65–74.

99 Rodríguez, C., Aramaki, K., Tanaka, Y., López-Quintela, M.A., Ishitobi, M., and Kunieda, H. (2005) Worm-like micelles and microemulsions in aqueous mixtures of sucrose esters and nonionic cosurfactants. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 291, 560–569.

100 Ishitobi, M., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Effect of distribution of hydrophilic chain on the phase behavior of polyglycerol fatty acid ester in water. Colloid Polym. Sci., 278, 899–904.

101 Kunieda, H., Akahane, A., and Feng, J. (2002) Ishitobi, Phase behavior of polyglycerol didodecanoates in water. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 245, 365–370.

102 Shrestha, L.K., Kaneko, M., Sato, T., Acharya, D.P., Iwanaga, T., and Kunieda, H. (2006) Phase behavior of diglycerol fatty acid esters–non polar oil systems. Langmuir, 22, 1449–1454.

103 Izquierdo, P., Acharya, D.P., Hirayama, K., Asaoka, H., Ihara, K., Tsunehiro, T., Shimada, Y., Asano, Y., Kokubo, S., and Kunieda, H. (2006) Phase behavior of pentaglycerol monostearic and monooleic acid esters in water. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 27, 99–103.

104 Shrestha, L.K., Sato, T., Acharya, D.P., Iwanaga, T., Aramaki, K., and Kunieda, H. (2006) Phase behavior of monoglycerol fatty acid esters in nonpolar oils: reverse rodlike micelles at elevated temperatures. J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 12266–12273.

105 Yamashita, Y., Kunieda, H., Oshimura, E., and Sakamoto, K. (2003) Phase behavior of N-acylamino acid surfactant and N-acylamino acid oil in water. Langmuir, 19, 4070–4078.

106 Acharya, D., Lopez-Quitela, M.A., Kunieda, H., Oshimura, E., and Sakamoto, K. (2003) Phase behavior and effect of enantiomerism on potassium N-dodecanoyl alaninate/water/decanol systems. J. Oleo Sci., 52, 407–420.

107 Kunieda, H., Matsuzawa, K., Makhkamov, R., Horii, M., Yamashita, Y., Yumioka, R., Koyama, M., and Sakamoto, K. (2003) Effect of amino-acid-based polar oils on the Krafft point and solubilization in ionic and nonionic surfactant solutions. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 24 (6), 767–772.

108 Rodríguez, C., Naito, N., and Kunieda, H. (2001) Structure of vesicles in homogeneous short-chain polyoxyethylene cholesterol ether systems. Colloids Surf. A, 181, 237–246.

109 Lopez-Quintela, M.A., Akahane, A., Rodriguez, C., and Kunieda, H. (2002) Thermotropic behavior of poly(oxyethylene) cholesterol ether surfactants. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 247, 186–192.

110 Acharya, D.P., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Formation of viscoelastic wormlike micellar solutions in mixed nonionic surfactant systems. J. Phys. Chem. B, 107, 10168–10175.

111 Hossain, M.K., Acharya, D.P., Sakai, T., and Kunieda, H. (2004) Phase behavior of poly (oxyethylene) cholesteryl ether/novel alkanolamide/water systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 277, 235–242.

112 Naito, N., Acharya, D.P., Tanimura, J., and Kunieda, H. (2004) Rheological behavior of wormlike micellar solutions in mixed nonionic systems of polyoxyethylene phytosterol–polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether. J. Oleo Sci., 53, 599–606.

113 Naito, N., Acharya, D.P., Tanimura, J., and Kunieda, H. (2005) Phase behavior of polyoxyethylene phytosteryl ether/polyoxyethylene dodecyl ether/water systems. J. Oleo Sci., 54, 7–13.

114 Feng, J., Aramaki, K., Ogawa, A., Katsuragi, T., and Kunieda, H. (2001) Phase behavior and solution properties of sodium 3-(3-dodecanoyloxy-2-hydroxypropoxycarbonyl)- propionate in water. Colloid Polym. Sci., 279, 92–97.

115 Feng, J., Ogawa, A., Tsukahara, M., and Kunieda, H. (2002) Formation of microemulsion in NaCl aq/sodium (3-dodecanoyloxy-2-hydroxy-propyl) succinate/ glycerol mono(2-ethylhexyl) ether/oil systems. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 23, 29–36.

116 Kunieda, H., Masuda, N., and Tsubone, K. (2000) Comparison between phase behavior of anionic dimeric (Gemini-type) and monomeric surfactants in water and water–oil. Langmuir, 16, 6438–6444.

117 Kunieda, H., Kaneko, M., Feng, J., and Tsubone, K. (2002) Formation of microemulsions with Gemini-type surfactant. J. Oleo Sci., 51, 761–769.

118 Acharya, D.P., Kunieda, H., Shiba, Y., and Aratani, K. (2004) Phase and rheological behavior of novel Gemini-type surfactant systems. J. Phys. Chem. B., 108, 1790–1797.

119 Acharya, D.P., Gutiérrez, J.M., Aramaki, K., Aratani, K., and Kunieda, H. (2005) Interfacial properties and foam stability effect of novel gemini-type surfactant in aqueous solutions. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 291, 236–243.

120 Kunieda, H., Taoka, H., Iwanaga, T., and Harashima, A. (1998) Phase behavior of polyoxyethylene trisiloxane surfactant in water and water–oil. Langmuir, 14, 5113.

121 Iwanaga, T., and Kunieda, H. (2000) Effect of added salts or polyols on the cloud point and the liquid crystalline structures of polyoxyethylene modified silicone. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 227, 349–355.

122 Kunieda, H., Uddin, M.H., Horii, M., and Harashima, A. (2001) Effect of hydrophilic and hydrophobic-chain lengths on the phase behavior of A-B-type silicone surfactants in water. J. Phys. Chem. B, 105, 5419–5426.

123 Uddin, M.H., Rodriguez, C., Watanabe, K., Lopez-Quintela, A., Kato, T., Furukawa, H., Harashima, A., and Kunieda, H. (2001) Phase Behavior and formation of reverse-cubic-phase-based emulsion in water/poly(oxyethylene)poly (dimethylsiloxane) surfactants/silicone oil systems. Langmuir, 17, 5169–5175.

124 Kumar, A., Uddin, M.H., Kunieda, H., Furukawa, H., and Harashima, A. (2001) Solubilization enhancing effect of A–B-type silicone surfactants in microemulsions. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 22, 245–253.

125 Rodriguez, C., Uddin, M.H., Watanabe, K., Furukawa, H., Harashima, A., and Kunieda, H. (2002) Self-organization, phase behavior, and microstructure of poly(oxyethylene) poly(dimethyl siloxane) surfactants in nonpolar oil. J. Phys. Chem. B, 106, 22–29.

126 Kunieda, H., Uddin, M.H., Yamashita, Y., Furukawa, H., and Harashima, A. (2002) Microemulsions in poly(dimethyl siloxane)–poly(oxyethylene) copolymer (or surfactant) systems. J. Oleo Sci., 51, 113–122.

127 Kunieda, H., Uddin, M.H., Furukawa, H., and Harashima, A. (2001) Phase behavior of a mixture of poly(oxyethylene)–poly(dimethyl siloxane) copolymer and nonionic surfactant in water. Macromolecules, 34, 9093–9099.

128 Uddin, M.H., Rodríguez, C., López-Quintela, A., Leisner, D., Solans, C., Esquena, J., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Phase behavior and microstructure of poly(oxyethylene)–poly(dimethylsiloxane) copolymer melt. Macromolecules, 36, 1261–1271.

129 Uddin, M.H., Morales, D., and Kunieda, H. (2005) Phase polymorphism by mixing of poly(oxyethylene)–poly(dimethylsiloxane) copolymer and nonionic surfactant in water. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 285, 373–381.

130 Hossain, M.K., Hinata, S., López-Quintela, A., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Phase behavior of poly(oxyethylene)–poly(oxypropylene)–poly(oxyethylene) block copolymer in water and water–C12EO5 systems. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 24, 441–422.

131 Kunieda, H., Kaneko, M., López-Quintela, M.A., and Tsukahara, M. (2003) Phase behavior of a mixture of poly(isoprene)–poly(oxyethylene) diblock copolymer and poly(oxyethylene) surfactant in water. Langmuir, 20, 2164–2171.

132 Aramaki, K., Hossain, M.K., Rodriguez, C., Uddin, M.H., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Miscibility of block copolymers and surfactants in lamellar liquid crystals. Macromolecules, 36, 9443–9450.

133 Rodríguez-Abreu, C., Acharya, D.P., Aramaki, K., and Kunieda, H. (2005) Structure and rheology of direct and reverse liquid-crystal phases in a block copolymer/water/oil system. Colloid Surf. A, 269, 59–66.

134 Kunieda, H., and Shinoda, K. (1976) Krafft points, critical micelle concentrations, surface tension, and solubilizing power of aqueous solutions of fluorinated surfactant. J. Phys. Chem., 80 (22), 2468–2470.

135 Rodriguez, C., Kunieda, H., Noguchi, Y., and Nakaya, T. (2001) Surface tension properties of novel phosphocholine-based fluorinated surfactants. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 242, 255–258.

136 Sharma, S.C., Acharya, D.P., García-Roman, M., Itami, Y., and Kunieda, H. (2006) Phase behavior and surface tension of amphiphilic fluorinated random copolymer aqueous solutions. Colloid Surf. A, 280, 140–145.

137 Rodríguez, C., Fujiyama, R., Sakai, T., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Phase behavior and microstructure of alkanolamide/surfactant systems. J. Colloid Interface Sci., 270, 229–235.

138 Feng, J., Kunieda, H., Izawa, T., and Sakai, T. (2004) Effect of novel alkanolamides on the phase behavior and surface properties of aqueous surfactant solutions. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol, 25, 1–10.

139 Friberg, S.E., Blute, I., Kunieda, H., and Stenius, P. (1986) Stability of hydrophobic foams. Langmuir, 2, 659–664.

140 Kunieda, H., and Friberg, S.E. (1986) Foams from a three-phase emulsion. Colloids Surf., 21, 17–26.

141 Kanei, N., Harigai, T., and Kunieda, H. (2005) Effect of added fragrances on the foaming properties of aqueous surfactant solutions. J. Soc. Cosmet. Chem. Japan, 39, 100–108.

142 Shrestha, L.K., Aramaki, K., Kato, H., Takase, Y., and Kunieda, H. (2006) Foaming properties of monoglycerol fatty acid esters in nonpolar oil systems. Langmuir, 22, 8337–8345.

143 Kunieda, H., Shrestha, L.K., Acharya, D.P., Kato, H., Takase, Y., and Gutièrrez, J.M. (2007) Super-stable nonaqueous foams in diglycerol fatty acid esters-non polar oil systems. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol, 28, 133–142.

144 Acharya, D.P., Hattori, K., Sakai, T., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Phase and rheological behavior of salt-free alkyltrimethylammonium bromide/alkanoyl-nmethylethanolamide/water systems. Langmuir, 19, 9173–9178.

145 Rodríguez, C., Hattori, K., Acharya, D.P., Sakai, T., and Kunieda, H. (2003) Phase and rheological behavior of surfactant/novel alkanolamide/water systems. Langmuir, 19, 8692–8696.

146 Acharya, D.P., Hossain, M.K., Feng, J., Sakai, T., and Kunieda, H. (2004) Phase and rheological behavior of viscoelastic wormlike micellar solutions formed in mixed nonionic surfactant systems. Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 6, 1627–1631; Acharya, D.P., Hossain, M.K., Feng, J., Sakai, T., and Kunieda, H. Langmuir19 (2003) 8692–8696; 24 (2003) 411–422.

147 Rodríguez, C., Acharya, D.P., Maestro, A., Hattori, K., and Kunieda, H. (2004) Effect of nonionic head group size on the formation of worm-like micelles in mixed nonionic/cationic surfactant aqueous systems. J. Chem. Eng. Soc. Jpn., 37, 622–629.

148 Kunieda, H., Rodríguez, C., Tanaka, Y., and Ishitobi, M. (2004) Effects of added nonionic surfactant and inorganic salt on the rheology of sugar surfactant and CTAB aqueous solutions. Colloid Surf. B, 38, 127–130.

149 Maestro, A., Acharya, D.P., Furukawa, H., Gutierrez, J.M., López-Quintela, M.A., Ishitobi, M., and Kunieda, H. (2004) Formation and disruption of viscoelastic wormlike micellar networks in the mixed-surfactant systems of sucrose alkanoate and polyoxyethylene alkylether. J. Phys. Chem. B., 108, 14009–14016.

150 Rodríguez-Abreu, C., Garcia-Roman, M., and Kunieda, H. (2004) Rheology and dynamics of micellar cubic phases and related emulsions. Langmuir, 22, 5235–5240.

151 Sato, T., Hossain, M.K., Acharya, D.P., Glatter, O., Chiba, A., and Kunieda, H. (2004) Phase behavior and self-organized structures in water/ poly(oxyethylene) cholesteryl ether systems. J. Phys. Chem. B, 108, 12927–12939.

152 Rodríguez-Abreu, C., Acharya, D.P., Aramaki, K., and Kunieda, H. (2005) Structure and rheology of direct and reverse liquid-crystal phases in a block copolymer/ water/oil system. Colloid Surf. A, 269, 59–66.

153 Acharya, D.P., Sato, T., Kaneko, M., Singh, Y., and Kunieda, H. (2006) Effect of added poly(oxyethylene)dodecyl ether on the phase and rheological behavior of wormlike micelles in aqueous SDS solutions. J. Phys. Chem. B, 110, 754–760.

154 Sato, T., Acharya, D.P., Kaneko, M., Aramaki, K., Singh, Y., Ishitobi, M., and Kunieda, H. (2006) Oil-induced structural change of wormlike micelles in sugar surfactant systems. J. Dispersion Sci. Technol., 27, 611–616.

155 Engelskirchen, S., Acharya, D.P., Garcia-Roman, M., and Kunieda, H. (2006) Effect of C12EOn mixed-surfactant systems on the formation of viscoelastic wormlike micellar solutions in sucrose alkanoate– and CTAB–water systems. Colloid Surf. A, 279, 113–120.

156 Che, S., Garcia-Bennet, A.E., Yokoi, T., Sakamoto, K., Kunieda, H., Terasaki, O., and Tatsumi, T. (2003) A novel anionic surfactant templating route for synthesizing mesoporous silica with unique structure. Nat. Mater., 2, 801–805.

List of Contributors

Masahiko AbeTokyo University of ScienceFaculty of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Pure and AppliedChemistry2641 Yamazaki, NodaChiba 278-8510JapanTokyo University of ScienceInstitute of Colloid and InterfaceScience1-3 Kagurazaka, ShinjukuTokyo 162-8601Japan

Idit Amar-YuliThe Hebrew University of JerusalemThe Institute of ChemistryCasali Institute of Applied ChemistryGivat Ram CampusJerusalem 91904Israel

Kenji AramakiYokohama National UniversityGraduate School of Environment andInformation SciencesTokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-kuYokohama 240-8501Japan

Abraham AserinThe Hebrew University of JerusalemThe Institute of ChemistryCasali Institute of Applied ChemistryGivat Ram CampusJerusalem 91904Israel

Joakim BaloghLund UniversityDivision of Physical ChemistryCenter for Chemistry and ChemicalEngineeringP.O. Box 124Getingevägen 60221 00 LundSwedenUniversity of CoimbraDepartment of Chemistry3004-535 CoimbraPortugal

Javier Calvo-FuentesNANOGAP sub-nm-powder S.A.R/da Xesta 78-A2Parque Empresarial Novo MilladoiroA Coruña15895 Milladoiro–AmesSpain

Bradley ChmelkaUniversity of CaliforniaDepartment of Chemical Engineering1210 Cheadle HallSanta Barbara, CA 93106USA

Xuejun DuanUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaDepartment of Physical ChemistryLaboratory of Magnetism andNanotechnologyCampus Universitario Sur15782 Santiago de CompostelaSpain

Jordi EsquenaInstitut de Quìmica Avançada deCatalunya (IQAC)Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesCientìficas (CSIC)Jordi Girona 18-2608034 BarcelonaSpain

Nissim GartiThe Hebrew University of JerusalemThe Institute of ChemistryCasali Institute of Applied ChemistryGivat Ram CampusJerusalem 91904Israel

Carmen GonzálezBarcelona UniversityDepartment of Chemical EngineeringMartì i Franquès 108028 BarcelonaSpain

José M. GutiérrezBarcelona UniversityDepartment of Chemical EngineeringMartì i Franquès 108028 BarcelonaSpain

Masakatsu HatoRIKEN Systems and Structural BiologyCenter1-7-22 Suehiro-cho, Tsurumi-ku,YokohamaKanagawa 230-0045Japan

Heinz HoffmannUniversity of BayreuthBZKG95448 BayreuthGermany

Toyoko ImaeNagoya UniversityResearch Center for Materials ScienceFuro-cho, Chikusa-ku, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602JapanNational Taiwan University of Scienceand TechnologyGraduate Institute of Engineering43 Keelung Road, Section 4Taipei 10607Taiwan

Masaya KanekoYokohama National UniversityGraduate School of Environment andInformation ScienceTokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-kuYokohama 240-8501Japan

Helena KaperChristian-Albrechts-Universität KielInsitut für Physikalische ChemieLudewig-Meyn-Str. 824118 KielGermany

Tadashi KatoTokyo Metropolitan UniversityDepartment of Chemistry1-1 Minami-Osawa, HachiojiTokyo 192-0397Japan

Youhei KawabataTokyo Metropolitan UniversityDepartment of Chemistry1-1 Minami-Osawa, HachiojiTokyo 192-0397Japan

Hironobu KuniedaYokohama National UniversityGraduate School of Environment andInformation Sciences79-1 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku,HodogayaYokohama 240-8501Japan

Dietrich LeisnerNagoya UniversityResearch Center for Materials ScienceFuro-cho, Chikusa-ku, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602JapanMetrohm Int. HeadquartersOberdorfstr. 68CH 9101 HerisauSwitzerland

Björn LindmanPhysical Chemistry 1Centre for Chemistry and ChemicalEngineeringUniversity of Lund221 00 LundSweden

M. Arturo López-QuintelaUniversity of Santiago de CompostelaDepartment of Physical ChemistryLaboratory of Magnetism andNanotechnologyCampus Universitario Sur15782 Santiago de CompostelaSpainNagoya UniversityResearch Center for Materials ScienceFuro-cho, Chikusa-ku, ChikusaNagoya 464-8602JapanYokohama National UniversityGraduate School of Environment andInformation Sciences79-1 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku,HodogayaYokohama 240-8501Japan

Alicia MaestroBarcelona UniversityDepartment of Chemical EngineeringMartì i Franquès 108028 BarcelonaSpain

Maria MiguelUniversity of CoimbraDepartment of Chemistry3004-535 CoimbraPortugal

Jordi NollaInstitut d’Investigacions Quìmiques iAmbientals de Barcelona (IIQAB/CSIC)Jordi Girona 18-2608034 BarcelonaSpain

Daisuke NozuTokyo Metropolitan UniversityDepartment of Chemistry1-1 Minami-Osawa, HachiojiTokyo 192-0397Japan

Ulf OlssonLund UniversityCenter for Chemistry and ChemicalEngineeringDivision of Physical ChemistryP.O. Box 124Getingevägen 60221 00 LundSweden

Skov Pedersen JanAarhus UniversityInterdisciplinary NanoScience CenterDepartment of Chemistry and iNANO8000 Aarhus CDenmark

Carlos Rodrìguez-AbreuInstitut de Quìmica Avançada deCatalunya (IQAC)Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesCientìficas (CSIC)Jordi Girona 18-2608034 BarcelonaSpainInternational Iberian NanotechnologyLaboratory (INL)Avda. Central No. 100Edifi cio dos Congregados4710-229, BragaPortugal

Takaaki SatoWaseda UniversityFaculty of Science & EngineeringDivision of Physics and AppliedPhysicsOkubo 3-4-1, Shinjuku-kuTokyo 169-8555Japan

Karin SchillénLund UniversityCenter for Chemistry and ChemicalEngineeringDivision of Physical ChemistryP.O. Box 124Getingevägen 60221 00 LundSweden

Suraj Chandra SharmaTokyo University of ScienceFaculty of Science and TechnologyDepartment of Pure and AppliedChemistry2641 Yamazaki, NodaChiba 278-8510Japan

Yuwen ShenShandong UniversityKey Laboratory of Colloid and InterfaceChemistryMinistry of EducationJinan 250100China

Yuka ShimadaTokyo Metropolitan UniversityDepartment of Chemistry1-1 Minami-Osawa, HachiojiTokyo 192-0397Japan

Wataru ShinodaNational Institute of AdvancedIndustrial Science and Technology(AIST)Research Institute for ComputationalSciences (RICS) Central 21-1-1 Umezono, TsukubaIbaraki 305-8568Japan

Lok Kumar ShresthaInternational Center for MaterialsNanoarchitectonics (MANA)National Institute for Materials Science(NIMS)Namiki, Tsukuba-shiIbaraki 305-0044, TsukubaJapan

Conxita SolansPeking UniversityInstitut de Quìmica Avançada deCatalunya (IQAC)Consejo Superior de InvestigacionesCientìficas (CSIC)Jordi Girona 18-2608034-BarcelonaSpain

Md. Hemayet UddinYokohama National UniversityGraduate School of Environment andInformation Sciences79-1 Tokiwadai, Hodogaya-ku,HodogayaYokohama 240-8501Japan

Håkan WennerströmLund UniversityCenter for Chemistry and ChemicalEngineeringDivision of Physical ChemistryP.O. Box 124Getingevägen 60221 00 LundSweden

Yun YanPeking UniversityCollege of Chemistry and MolecularEngineeringState Key Laboratory for StructuralChemistry of Unstable and StableSpeciesBeijing National Laboratory forMolecular ScienceBeijing 100871China

Ying ZhaoPeking UniversityCollege of Chemistry and MolecularEngineeringState Key Laboratory for StructuralChemistry of Unstable and StableSpeciesBeijing National Laboratory forMolecular ScienceBeijing 100871China