Smart Port Management and Strategy E-Book

• Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 227

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2001

Beschreibung

A smart port is defined as a port that uses technologies such as big data, AI, and IoT to manage transportation and logistics services. Smart Port Management and Strategy covers the design, operation and applications of a smart port to improve capacity and productivity. The book has been written by the author from an operations management perspective with the aim of providing technical knowledge to readers on how to use technology for optimizing port performance.

Key Features:
- Eight key topics relevant to smart port management
- Focus on calculations and technical operations
- Guidance on OCR, RFID and sensor technologies for gates
- Includes information about port performance measurement
- Includes access to Korean Port MIS
- Covers automation equipment such as AGV, ARMGC, and remote control QC
- Includes port simulation, digitization strategies and financial analysis

Smart Port Management and Strategy is the definitive resource for anyone, whether they are professionals in transportation services or students of civil engineering or operations management, who want to learn about smart ports and how they are managed.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

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General:

PREFACE

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

Acknowledgments

Strategy of Smart Port

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE CONCEPT OF SMART PORT

3. PORT OPERATION APPLICATIONS

3.1. Introduction

3.2. The Applications of Los Angeles Port

3.3. The Applications of Rotterdam Port

3.4. The Applications of Hamburg Port

3.5. The Applications of Antwerp Port

3.6. Summary

4. PORT ENERGY APPLICATIONS

4.1. Introduction

4.2. The Applications of Rotterdam Port

4.3. The Applications of Hamburg Port

4.4. The Applications of Jurong Port in Singapore

4.5. Summary

5. PORT ENVIRONMNET APPLICATIONS

5.1. Introduction

5.2. The Applications of Advanced Ports

5.3. The Applications of LA and LB Ports

5.4. Summary

6. PORT SAFETY AND SECURITY APPLICATIONS

Conclusion

REFERENCES

QC, ARMGC and AGV of Smart Port

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. Quay Crane

3. ARMGC

4. AGV and ALV

Conclusion

References

Layout Design of Smart Port

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. THE CONFIGURATION OF ACT

2.1. The Required Ground Slots

2.2. Configuration of Yard

2.2.1. QC Set Back

2.2.2. QC Rail Span

2.2.3. AGV Area

2.2.4. WSTP (Water Side Transfer Point)

2.2.5. LSTP (Land Side Transfer Point)

2.2.6. Support Facility

2.2.7. CY Block

2.2.8. Gate Facility

3. LAYOUT DESIGN BY CONTAINER Type

3.1. The Vertical Y Type

3.2. The Vertical L Type

3.3. The Vertical U Type

4. LAYOUT DESIGN BY CONTAINER Type

4.1. Layout Design of Reefer Container Storage

4.2. Layout Design of Dangerous Container Storage

4.3. Layout Design of Oversized Container Storage

5. LANE DESIGN OF GATE

6. THE REQUIRED NUMBER OF EQUIPMENT

6.1. The Required Number of QCs

6.2. The Required Number of ASC

6.3. The Required Number of AGV

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Proper Terminal Capacity of Smart Port

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. SERVICE LEVEL FOR PORT CAPACITY

3. QUEUING THEORY

4. TERMINAL CAPACITY WITH PROPER SERVICE

CONCLUSION

References

Key Performance Indicators of Smart Port

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. PERFORMANCE INDICATORS OF SMART PORT

3. Output Indicator

3.1. The Number of Calling Ships

3.2. Container Throughput

3.3. The number of Ships by Size Class

3.4. Ship Size and Ship Load Ratio

3.5. The Number of Stacked Containers in CY

4. Productivity Indicator

4.1. Quay Crane Productivity

4.2. Ship Productivity

4.3. Yard Productivity

5. Utilization Indicators

5.1. Berth Occupancy Ratio

5.2. Yard Utilization Ratio

6. Service Indicator

6.1. Ship Waiting

6.1.1. Average Ship Waiting Time

6.1.2. Average Ship Service Time

6.1.3. Average Ship Waiting Ratio

6.2. Ship Turnaround Time

6.3. Container Dwell Time in CY

6.4. Truck Turnaround Time

Conclusion

Appendix

References

Simulation Model of Smart Port

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. BERTH Simulation Model

2.1. Introduction to Berth Simulation

2.2. Data Analysis for Berth Simulation Model

2.3. Design of Berth Simulation Model

2.4. Berth Simulation Model: As-is Model

2.5. Berth Simulation Model: To-be Model

3. CY SIMULATION MODEL

3.1. Introduction to CY Simulation Model

3.2. Data Analysis for CY Simulation Model

3.3. CY Simulation Model: As-is Model

3.4. CY Simulation Model: To-be Model

4. Gate Simulation Model

4.1. Data Analysis for the Gate Simulation Model

4.2. Design of Gate Simulation Model

5. AGV OPERATION SIMULATION

5.1. Defining Variables

5.2. Simulation Model

Step 1: Assigning AGVs to QC

Step 2: Assign ARMGC to Yard Block

Step 3: QC Workload Allocation Model

Step 4: QC Load Container on AGV

Step 5: Loading on the AGV under QC-transporting- getting off at AGV in Block

Step 5: ASC Picking and Unloading at Block

Step 6: Make a Decision on the Required Number of AGVs

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Digitalization of Smart Port

Abstract

1. THE INFORMATION EXCHANGE MODEL

1.1. Information Exchange Model for Export Cargo

1.2. Information Exchange Model for Import Cargo

1.3. Information Sharing Platform

2. THE CASE STUDY OF INFORMATION SHARING OF SMART PORT

2.1. TradeLens

2.2. Port Call Optimization

3. TERMINAL OPERAION SYSTEM

3.1. Berth Planning

3.2. Ship Planning

3.3. Yard Planning

3.4. Resource Planning

3.5. Ship Coordinator

3.6. Process Optimizer

3.7. QC Coordinator

3.8. AGV Coordinator

3.9. ARMGC Coordinator

3.10. Coordinator for the Remote Control Operator

3.11. The Coordinator for Truck Operation at Gate

3.12. The Optimizer for Yard Allocator

3.13. The Optimizer for Block and Slot Allocator

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Economic and Financial Analysis of Smart Port

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. ECONOMIC ANALYSIS FROM THE PERSPECTIVE OF PUBLIC

2.1. Premises of Analysis by the Perspective of Public

2.2. Total Investment Cost by the Perspective of Public

2.2.1. Infrastructure Construction Cost

2.2.2. Superstructure Construction Cost

2.2.3. Additional Construction Cost

2.2.4. Operating Cost

2.3. Revenue and Benefits for Economic Analysis

2.3.1. Revenue

2.3.2. Benefit

2.4. Additional Cost

2.5. Net Cash Flow and Present Value

2.6. CONCLUSION

3. FINANCIAL ANALYSIS BY THE PERSPECTIVE OF TOC

3.1. Premises of Analysis by the perspective of TOC

3.2. Total Investment Cost

3.3. Operating Cash Flow and Financial Cash Flow

3.4. Net Cash Flow and Present Value

3.5. Conclusion

References

Smart Port Management and Strategy

Authored by

Nam Kyu Park

International Logistics Department

Tong Myong University

South Korea

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PREFACE

Nam Kyu Park

International Logistics Department,

Tong Myong University,

South Korea

[email protected]

Although discussions on smart ports have been steadily unfolding, most of them have been organized around concepts and technology. This book has been described in terms of the design, operation and strategy of smart port to improve the capacity and productivity.

Smart port is known as economic entity that improves services by applying 4th industrial revolution technologies such as sense, IoT, AI, robot, big data, and 5G communication to the traditional port management field. This technology entrusts the work of humans to robots and AI to make full use of the new strategy. Furthermore, the emergence of these new technology is also affecting changes in design and management practices.

Smart port consists of four main areas like operation, energy, environment, safety and security. Energy, environment and safety are closely linked to port automation. The energy used in the automated terminal is electricity, and the resulting environment is naturally improved. In addition, since it operates without people, safety is guaranteed. Apart from energy, environment, safety and security, all that remain in smart ports is port automation with robotic equipment and digital platform.

Since digitization and automation are basic requirements for smart ports, terminal design, equipment specifications, the number of required equipment like Quay Crane, AGV and ASC etc. and the digital platform for PPI (Port Performance Indicator) emerges as important topics.

In 2021, advanced ports are trying to meet the standards of productivity, safety and environment by building an automated terminal. The United States, Netherlands, Germany and China have already built automated terminals to achieve the improvement of productivity, safety and environment. However, the degree of achievement of the technology is still ongoing. Even if the author himself cannot predict how much the technology will develop, he tries to explain the strategy, design and operation in order to pursue the supreme status that smart port aims.

In general, a smart port is defined as a port that uses technologies such as big data, AI, and IoT, but the author does not focus on technology itself. If you go through the eight themes in this book, you will find that this technique is naturally incorporated into each subject. Viewing the complex system of ports as a simple application of technology does not properly explain smart ports.

When IoT technology is applied to a truck, it automatically identifies which truck it is and where it is currently. If this is attached to the container, what is the temperature and humidity of the cargo loaded into the container? Has the container been shipped? It will help you figure out where the container is now. Such a technology has already been tested on its own and is entering the stage of practical use. This book deals with gates to which OCR, RFID, and sensor technologies are applied in Chapter 2, 3, and 6.

Big data technology is also applied in this book. Port performance measurement in Chapter 5 is impossible without big data. Analysis technology is also important for big data, but a social system that collects it should be the premise. Fortunately, this book has provided access to Port-MIS, which is owned by the Korean government, allowing millions of data to be collected and analyzed. In addition, the friendly TOC was willing to provide terminal operation data for three years.

Robotic technology is being applied to smart ports. In Chapter 2, AGV and ASC are robots applied to port operation. This book does not explain the mechanical properties of robots. These transport equipment and loading/unloading equipment are being deployed on the premise that they are supplied by specialized companies.

AI is a technology that allows machines to replace human thinking systems. It consists of various areas such as automated reasoning and inference, machine learning and deep learning, knowledge reasoning, representation and discovery, and natural language. This chapter 7 deals with the operating system of an automated terminal. AI technology that commands and controls automation equipment such as AGV, ASC, and remote control QC is applied. Since the purpose of this book is how to create a smart port that maximizes productivity, efficiency, and capacity, it does not deal with these unique theories concerning AI.

The layout of the smart port needs to be evaluated by various factors such as cost, capacity, productivity and congestion. Simulation gives insight into solving this problem. The validity of the terminal design, the validity of the required number of equipment, and the waiting time are verified only through simulation. In this book, I would like to introduce the method revealed through experience.

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

Acknowledgments

The author appreciates ZPMC for providing precious material in writing.

Nam Kyu Park International Logistics Department Tong Myong University South Korea

Strategy of Smart Port

Nam-Kyu Park

Abstract

Smart ports are defined from a variety of perspectives. Smart ports are automated, logistics optimization, energy-efficient, the eco-friendly and innovative port through the innovation of information technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT), big data, and artificial intelligence (AI). Smart ports are expanding their boundaries to the city in order to strengthen the connection. Furthermore, smart ports organically connect all related resources by acting as a hub for information flow to collect, process, analyze and share data. We need deep insight into the question of what the future be like. This chapter aims to answer two questions: what is a smart port, and how are they prepared to become a smart port? What is the strategy for the smartization of advanced ports?

Keywords: Artificial intelligence (AI), Automated port, Eco-friendly port, Energy-efficient port, Internet of Things (IoT), Logistics optimization, Smart port.

1. INTRODUCTION

The port competitiveness was to attract more ships, cargo, and shippers until now. However, as the supply of ships overflowed and the recession continued, a new survival strategy was needed.

The trend of larger ships called “Megamax” is irreversible and directly impacts container ports. The enlargement of ships inevitably leads to an explosive increase in the volume of cargo that must be handled at the port. At this point, the reduction of terminal operating costs has emerged as a new concern for the port, and smart ports that combine ICT (Information Communication and Technology) such as big data and IoT (Internet of Things) are attracting attention as a solution.

Many experts have referred to the “Fully Automated Container Terminal” as a substitute that responds to the emergence of super-large ships. The fully automated container terminal is a port where all tasks are performed by automated machines and is operated through robots and intelligent computers.

Therefore, safer and more efficient operation is possible than human operation. The concept of a fully unmanned automated container terminal emerged long before the smart port was used universally.

As the number of mega-ships continues to increase, the design criteria should be considered up to 25,000 TEU class ships when improving existing ports or constructing new ports. This means not just increasing the size of land but also having a stable terminal operation system (TOS), that is, a smart operating system.

The fully automated container terminal was chosen to satisfy the service demanded by shipping companies operating ultra-large container ships because the fully automated container terminal can increase productivity by 30% to 40% compared to existing terminals.

Recent issues surrounding the port are space constraints, degrading productivity, financial limitation, and the necessity of environmental protection, in addition to servicing mega-ships. It is a smart port that fits perfectly with this trend of the times. This is because the goal of smart ports is to efficiently operate ports without wasting space, time, capital and natural resources.

In addition to the advantages of reducing labor costs and port operation costs, the fully automated container terminal also uses eco-friendly equipment that uses electricity or battery without emissions such as greenhouse gases.

One of the backgrounds leading to the introduction of smart ports is the recent environmental change that requires sharing information between the logistics stakeholders. With the development of information technology, a large amount of information that was unimaginable in the past is gathering in ports. The issue of opening and sharing this information with shippers and port-related companies such as shipping agencies, terminals, and regional service companies has become a trend that determines the competitiveness of future ports.

2. THE CONCEPT OF SMART PORT

Smart ports have developed through the stages of U (Ubiquitous) Port, Intelligent Port, and Automated Port. Recently, the concept by PA (Port Authority) and researchers regarding smart port is defined as follows.

The HPA (Hamburg Port Authority) defines a smart port that not only achieves sustainable economic growth but also improves the quality of life by minimizing environmental impacts. HPA focuses on state-of-the-art digital intelligence to ensure a smooth and efficient operation for smart PORT concept. HPA uses sense technology, analysis, forecasting and information systems for increases in efficiency, economic growth, customers benefit while minimizing environmental impact (Hamburg Port Authority, 2021).

The Maritime and Port Authority of Singapore (MPA) suggested that smart port would use mobile technology and wireless connectivity to enhance communications, productivity, and maritime crew welfare in the Port of Singapore. Utilizing the technology of smart devices, sensors and IoT, MPA has tried the port to be a more interconnected port with high-speed network, innovative use of data analytics, and mobile solutions to enhance its overall competitiveness that will benefit all users and customers (The Maritime Executive, 2015).

The port of Antwerp is strategizing by separating the area of smart port, energy, and transportation. Smart port is defined as the application of block chain, augmented reality (AR), artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to the port to fully control and manage the port remotely (Port of Antwerp, 2021).

MedMaritime proposed that the smart port concept addresses three main types of issues related to operational, energy, and environmental aspects. They suggested 23 criteria and 68 key performance indicators (KPIs) for smart port operation. (MedMaritime SMART PORT, 2016).

Deloitte suggests a smart port is developing solutions to address the current and future challenges faced by seaports, including spatial constraints, pressure on productivity, fiscal limitations, safety and security risks and sustainability (Berns et al., 2017). They divided the evolution of the port into four generation stages (Table 1.1): The first generation port is a loading and unloading port until the 1960s. The second generation port is an industrial port until 1980s. The third generation port is a logistics and supply chain port (post 1980s). The 4th generation is the smart port after 2010. A true Smart Port will need to take advantage of its position in the supply chain to add value with the improved use of the data. They suggested that smart port would implement port terminal integration, port-city integration, integration of ports, and the wider supply chain.

Table 1.1Port development phase.Port 1.0Port 2.0Port 3.0Port 4.0OperationManned OperationSemi-auto OperationFully Automated operationSmart OperationEquipment controlManned ASCAuto ASCAuto ASCRemote control QCManned QCManned QCManned QCAuto RMGCManned yard tractorManned yard tractorAGVAGVManned shuttle carrierManned-shuttle carrierAuto-shuttle carrierAuto-shuttle carrierInformation systemData processingTOS(Terminal Operating System)TOS, EDIIntelligentEDI(Electric Data Interchange)EDIEnergyDieselElectricity and dieselElectricity and dieselElectricity and batteryEnvironment considerationZeroA littleA lotFull

Port Technology focuses on automation and innovative technologies including AI, Big Data, IoT and Blockchain to improve port performance. The evolution to smart paramount task today with the changing demands of global trade: ships are getting bigger; goods are moving faster; and geopolitical issues are creating new challenges for ports all around the world. Port industry has already implemented new technologies such as Digital Twins, cargo flow optimisation and visualisation - giving customers end-to-end transparency of their cargo’s journey through the supply - and the emergence of 5G’s low latency and faster connectivity to improve port operations. (Port Technology, 2016).

In the same context, smart port can be broadly defined as a new port development concept that aims to use the revolution in ICT, including data analytics, sensors, smart devices, networks, to improve the port’s overall operations and increase recurring revenue; while at the same time, lowering the cost of operation and reducing the impact to the environment. The ideal smart port is when it is operating in a predictive state (predictability) that is well connected with its users, including stakeholders of the whole value chain (connectivity), and continuing to use technology and data to improve the running of the port (sustainability) (Tan J., 2016).

Saxe et al. suggest digitizing processes in and between seaports leads to a network of seaports that transfers the smart PORT concept to the entire maritime logistics chain, meaning the collaboration and connection of individual Smart Ports (Saxe et al., 2017).

The concept of smart port can be defined in various ways, as summarized in Table 1.2. In summary, smart port is the process of digitalization to increase the performance of the area of port operation, energy, environment, and safety and security. On the other hand, the concept of smart port can be expanded to the process of collaboration, connection and integration between port and port, city and port, port and multimodal transport through digitalization process.

Table 1.2Summary of smart port concept.ObjectiveTraitsHPASustainable economic growth Improving the quality of life minimizing environmental impactDigital intelligence to ensure smooth and efficient port operationMPAEnhance communication, productivity and maritime crew welfareMobile technology and wireless connectivity Innovative use of data analyticsAntwerp Port AuthorityFully control and management of the port remotelyA ‘digital twin’ of the port, a high-performance 5G network, autonomous drones or smart cameras for inspection or oil spill detectionMedMaritimeIntegration of three different key factors for port competitivenessOperational, energy and environmental aspectsDeloitteTo take advantage of its position in the supply chainPort terminal integration, port-city integration, integration of ports, and the wider supply chain.Port TechnologyTo improve port performanceAI, Big Data, IoT and Blockchain, Digital Twins, cargo flow optimisation and visualisationSaxe et al.Digitizing processes in and between seaportsThe collaboration and connection of individual smart port

3. PORT OPERATION APPLICATIONS

3.1. Introduction

The ports’ operations have been automated using the 4th IR(Industrial Revolution) technologies such as Big Data, IoT, AI, Blockchain solution and other forms of smart technology methods to improve performance and economic competitiveness (27Group, 2021).

Efficiency could further be enhanced by using technology such as sensors, cameras, and drones which would automatically collect and share information such as weather, traffic, and pollution data for ports owners and customers, enabling the Big Data Analytic to optimize operation planning (27Group, 2021).

3.2. The Applications of Los Angeles Port

To keep cargo flowing efficiently, the port of Los Angeles has launched the Port Optimizer™, which is an information portal designed to digitize maritime shipping data for cargo owners and supply chain stakeholders through secure access (Table 1.3).

Port Optimizer is a cloud-based solution that enables ports and the supply chain to operate more efficiently. It also helps cargo owners bring their goods to market in a more predictable and timely manner, integrate data from across the port ecosystem, and combine machine learning and expertise (The Port of Los Angeles, 2021a).

Table 1.3Improvement effect due to Port Optimizer.Cargo OwnerTerminal OperatorShipping Company▪ Increased visibility for better customer service ▪ Better planning for trucker→ Increased cargo velocity thru ports▪ Shortened container dwell ▪ Increased velocity through better planning ▪ Reduced and improved handling▪ Increased velocity of cargo thru port ▪ Increased velocity of empty returnsTruckerRailroadChassis Provider▪ Faster truck turn times ▪ Number of productive turns per day▪ Increased rail volume through ports ▪ Increased visibility to export dates ▪ Improved equipment planning ▪ Increased speed of rail volume thru ports▪ Increased accuracy of chassis inventory and forecast, → Increased chassis utilization ▪ Improved planning→ Increased chassis utilization

3.3. The Applications of Rotterdam Port

The Port Authority of Rotterdam has established an organization called “Smart port” to realize a smart port based on port digitization and information linkage. They have established a roadmap for five sectors: logistics, energy, industry, port infrastructure and innovation-ecosystem. They have tried to solve problems such as air pollution in the port, reduction of operating costs such as energy costs, labor costs, rental fees and port aging (Table 1.4).

Table 1.4The operation projects for smart port in Rotterdam port.ProjectsContentsDeep sea call sizeThe research focuses on what consequence does this deployment of larger ships has on the shipping routes and the transport flows around the world, and on port activities.Smart quay wallThe research focuses on how long these quay walls last? What impact does change in climatic conditions have on these quay walls? How does the changing use (more and / or larger ships) affect these quay walls? And how much capacity is there for other activities?Nautical traffic managementThe research focuses on nautical traffic modelling, which makes it possible to maintain the current safety and smoothness of traffic and even increase safety and accelerate ship handling.IoT4Agri: Internet of things and Agro-logisticsThe research focuses on sensors in refrigerated containers, which provide data about the conditions in the container during transport.DAFOE (Data for Compliance E-commerce)Customs need information on the shipments. The research focuses on the possibilities of using information from the chain, such as how trustworthy the sender is and whether there is (standard) product/price informationBlock chainThe research focuses on what extent block chain could be used in port logistics, and what the impact of block chain will be on the entire logistics system and its components: physically (goods), digitally (data, information), financially, and in the field of insurances.PortXchange