Space Physics and Aeronomy, Volume 4, Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Serie: Geophysical Monograph Series
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1689

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

A comprehensive overview of the structure and variability of the upper atmosphere Earth's upper atmosphere is an open system that is strongly influenced by energy and momentum inputs from both above and below. New observation and modeing techniques have provided insights into dynamics, energetics, and chemical processes in the upper atmosphere. Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics presents an overview of key research advances in upper atmospheric physics, and measurement and modeling techniques, along with remaining challenges for understanding the state and variability of the upper atmospheric system. Volume highlights include: * Insights into the interconnections between different areas of upper atmospheric science * Appreciation of the dynamics and complexity of the global upper atmospheric system * Techniques for observing and measuring the upper atmosphere * Responses of the upper atmosphere to external drivers The American Geophysical Union promotes discovery in Earth and space science for the benefit of humanity. Its publications disseminate scientific knowledge and provide resources for researchers, students, and professionals. Find out more about the Space Physics and Aeronomy collection in this Q&A with the Editors in Chief

Leseprobe

Geophysical Monograph Series

212 The Early Earth: Accretion and DifferentiationJames Badro and Michael Walter (Eds.)

213 Global Vegetation Dynamics: Concepts and Applications in the MC1 ModelDominique Bachelet and David Turner (Eds.)

214 Extreme Events: Observations, Modeling and EconomicsMario Chavez, Michael Ghil, and Jaime Urrutia‐Fucugauchi(Eds.)

215 Auroral Dynamics and Space WeatherYongliang Zhang and Larry Paxton (Eds.)

216 Low‐Frequency Waves in Space Plasmas Andreas Keiling,Dong‐ Hun Lee, and Valery Nakariakov (Eds.)

217 Deep Earth: Physics and Chemistry of the Lower Mantle and CoreHidenori Terasaki and Rebecca A. Fischer (Eds.)

218 Integrated Imaging of the Earth: Theory and ApplicationsMax Moorkamp, Peter G. Lelievre, Niklas Linde, and Amir Khan (Eds.)

219 Plate Boundaries and Natural HazardsJoao Duarte and Wouter Schellart (Eds.)

220 Ionospheric Space Weather: Longitude and Hemispheric Dependences and Lower Atmosphere Forcing Timothy Fuller‐ Rowell,Endawoke Yizengaw, Patricia H. Doherty, and Sunanda Basu (Eds.)

221 Terrestrial Water Cycle and Climate Change Natural and Human‐Induced ImpactsQiuhong Tang and Taikan Oki (Eds.)

222 Magnetosphere‐Ionosphere Coupling in the Solar SystemCharles R. Chappell, Robert W. Schunk, Peter M. Banks, James L. Burch, and Richard M. Thorne (Eds.)

223 Natural Hazard Uncertainty Assessment: Modeling and Decision SupportKarin Riley, Peter Webley, and Matthew Thompson (Eds.)

224 Hydrodynamics of Time‐Periodic Groundwater Flow: Diffusion Waves in Porous Media Joe S. Depner and Todd C. Rasmussen (Auth.)

225 Active Global SeismologyIbrahim Cemen and Yucel Yilmaz (Eds.)

226 Climate ExtremesSimon Wang (Ed.)

227 Fault Zone Dynamic ProcessesMarion Thomas (Ed.)

228 Flood Damage Survey and Assessment: New Insights from Research and PracticeDaniela Molinari, Scira Menoni, and Francesco Ballio (Eds.)

229 Water‐Energy‐Food Nexus – Principles and PracticesP. Abdul Salam, Sangam Shrestha, Vishnu Prasad Pandey, and Anil K Anal (Eds.)

230 Dawn–Dusk Asymmetries in Planetary Plasma EnvironmentsStein Haaland, Andrei Rounov, and Colin Forsyth (Eds.)

231 Bioenergy and Land Use ChangeZhangcai Qin, Umakant Mishra, and Astley Hastings (Eds.)

232 Microstructural Geochronology: Planetary Records Down to Atom ScaleDesmond Moser, Fernando Corfu, James Darling, Steven Reddy, and Kimberly Tait (Eds.)

233 Global Flood Hazard: Applications in Modeling, Mapping and ForecastingGuy Schumann, Paul D. Bates, Giuseppe T. Aronica, and Heiko Apel (Eds.)

234 Pre‐Earthquake Processes: A Multidisciplinary Approach to Earthquake Prediction StudiesDimitar Ouzounov, Sergey Pulinets, Katsumi Hattori, and Patrick Taylor (Eds.)

235 Electric Currents in Geospace and BeyondAndreas Keiling, Octav Marghitu, and Michael Wheatland (Eds.)

236 Quantifying Uncertainty in Subsurface SystemsCeline Scheidt, Lewis Li, and Jef Caers (Eds.)

237 Petroleum EngineeringMoshood Sanni (Ed.)

238 Geological Carbon Storage: Subsurface Seals and Caprock IntegrityStephanie Vialle, Jonathan Ajo‐Franklin, and J. William Carey (Eds.)

239 Lithospheric DiscontinuitiesHuaiyu Yuan and Barbara Romanowicz (Eds.)

240 Chemostratigraphy Across Major Chronological ErasAlcides N.Sial, Claudio Gaucher, Muthuvairavasamy Ramkumar, and Valderez Pinto Ferreira (Eds.)

241 Mathematical Geoenergy: Discovery, Depletion, and RenewalPaul Pukite, Dennis Coyne, and Daniel Challou (Eds.)

242 Ore Deposits: Origin, Exploration, and ExploitationSophie Decree and Laurence Robb (Eds.)

243 Kuroshio Current: Physical, Biogeochemical and Ecosystem DynamicsTakeyoshi Nagai, Hiroaki Saito, Koji Suzuki, and Motomitsu Takahashi (Eds.)

244 Geomagnetically Induced Currents from the Sun to the PowerGrid Jennifer L. Gannon, Andrei Swidinsky, and Zhonghua Xu (Eds.)

245 Shale: Subsurface Science and EngineeringThomas Dewers, Jason Heath, and Marcelo Sánchez (Eds.)

246 Submarine Landslides: Subaqueous Mass Transport Deposits From Outcrops to Seismic ProfilesKei Ogata, Andrea Festa, and Gian Andrea Pini (Eds.)

247 Iceland: Tectonics, Volcanics, and Glacial FeaturesTamie J. Jovanelly

248 Dayside Magnetosphere InteractionsQiugang Zong, Philippe Escoubet, David Sibeck, Guan Le, and Hui Zhang (Eds.)

249 Carbon in Earth’s InteriorCraig E. Manning, Jung‐Fu Lin, and Wendy L. Mao (Eds.)

250 Nitrogen Overload: Environmental Degradation, Ramifications, and Economic CostsBrian G. Katz

251 Biogeochemical Cycles: Ecological Drivers and Environmental ImpactKaterina Dontsova, Zsuzsanna Balogh‐Brunstad, and Gaël Le Roux (Eds.)

252 Seismoelectric Exploration: Theory, Experiments, and ApplicationsNiels Grobbe, André Revil, Zhenya Zhu, and Evert Slob (Eds.)

253 El Niño Southern Oscillation in a Changing ClimateMichael J. McPhaden, Agus Santoso, and Wenju Cai (Eds.)

254 Dynamic Magma EvolutionFrancesco Vetere (Ed.)

255 Large Igneous Provinces: A Driver of Global Environmental and Biotic ChangesRichard. E. Ernst, Alexander J. Dickson, and Andrey Bekker (Eds.)

256 Coastal Ecosystems in Transition: A Comparative Analysis of the Northern Adriatic and Chesapeake BayThomas C. Malone, Alenka Malej, and Jadran Faganeli (Eds.)

257 Hydrogeology, Chemical Weathering, and Soil FormationAllen Hunt, Markus Egli, and Boris Faybishenko (Eds.)

258 Solar Physics and Solar WindNour E. Raouafi and Angelos Vourlidas (Eds.)

259 Magnetospheres in the Solar SystemRomain Maggiolo, Nicolas André, Hiroshi Hasegawa, and Daniel T. Welling (Eds.)

260 Ionosphere Dynamics and ApplicationsChaosong Huang and Gang Lu (Eds.)

261 Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and EnergeticsWenbin Wang and Yongliang Zhang (Eds.)

262 Space Weather Effects and Applications Anthea J. Coster, Philip J Erickson, and Louis J Lanzerotti (Eds.)

Space Physics and Aeronomy Collection Volume 4Geophysical Monograph 261

Upper Atmosphere Dynamics and Energetics

Wenbin Wang

Yongliang ZhangEditors

Yongliang Zhang

Larry J. PaxtonCollection Editors in Chief

This Work is a co‐publication of the American Geophysical Union and John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

This edition first published 2021© 2021 American Geophysical Union

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The right of Wenbin Wang and Yongliang Zhang to be identified as the editor of this work has been asserted in accordance with law.

Published under the aegis of the AGU Publications Committee

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Wang, Wenbin (Atmospheric scientist), editor. | Zhang, Yongliang, 1963– editor. | John Wiley & Sons, Inc., publisher. | American Geophysical Union, publisher.Title: Upper atmosphere dynamics and energetics / Wenbin Wang, Yongliang Zhang, editors.Description: Hoboken, NJ : Wiley‐American Geophysical Union, [2021] | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2020038741 | ISBN 9781119507567 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119815563 (adobe pdf) | ISBN9781119815556 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Atmospheric circulation. | Upper atmosphere. | Dynamic climatology.Classification: LCC QC880.4.A8 U55 2021 | DDC 551.51/45–dc23LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020038741

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: Courtesy of Stanley C. Solomon, National Center for Atmospheric Research, Boulder, CO, USA

LIST OF CONTRIBUTORS

Chao BanKey Laboratory of Middle Atmosphere and Global Environment ObservationInstitute of Atmospheric Physics Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Alan G. BurnsHigh Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, Colorado, USA

Loren C. ChangDepartment of Space Science and EngineeringCenter for Astronautical Physics and EngineeringNational Central UniversityTaoyuan, Taiwan

Yiding ChenKey Laboratory of Earth and Planetary PhysicsInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andMohe Observatory of GeophysicsInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andCollege of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andBeijing National Observatory of Space EnvironmentInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Yue DengDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas, USA

Jeffrey M. ForbesAnn and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesCollege of Engineering & Applied ScienceUniversity of Colorado at BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA

Jonathan S. FriedmanPuerto Rico Photonics InstituteUniversidad Ana G. Mendez‐Cupey CampusSan Juan, Puerto Rico

Hong GaoState Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Jesper GjerloevThe Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurel, Maryland, USA

Darren HaytonJet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadena, California, USA

Chih‐Ting HsuHigh Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, Colorado, USA

Guoying JiangState Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Hyosub KilThe Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurel, Maryland, USA

Young‐Sil KwakSpace Science DivisionKorea Astronomy and Space Science InstituteDaejeon, South Korea;andDepartment of Astronomy and Space ScienceKorea University of Science and TechnologyDaejeon, South Korea

Chang LaiSchool of ScienceChongqing University of Posts and TelecommunicationsChongqing, China

Jan LaštovicˇkaInstitute of Atmospheric PhysicsCzech Academy of SciencesPrague, Czech Republic

Huijun LeKey Laboratory of Earth and Planetary PhysicsInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andInnovation Academy for Earth ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andMohe Observatory of GeophysicsInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andCollege of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Jiuhou LeiCAS Key Laboratory of Geospace EnvironmentSchool of Earth and Space SciencesUniversity of Science and Technology of ChinaHefei, China

Qinzeng LiState Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Tao LiUniversity of Science and Technology of China Hefei, China

Ruth LiebermanNASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

Cissi Y. LinDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas, USA

Alan Z. LiuCenter for Space and Atmospheric ResearchEmbry‐Riddle Aeronautical UniversityDaytona Beach, Florida, USA;andDepartment of Physical Sciences Embry‐Riddle Aeronautical UniversityDaytona Beach, Florida, USA

Huixin LiuDepartment of Earth and Planetary ScienceKyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan

Jing LiuInstitute of Space SciencesShandong UniversityWeihai, China

Libo LiuKey Laboratory of Earth and Planetary PhysicsInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andInnovation Academy for Earth ScienceChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andMohe Observatory of GeophysicsInstitute of Geology and GeophysicsChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andCollege of Earth and Planetary SciencesUniversity of the Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Weijun LiuState Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Xiao LiuSchool of Mathematics and Information ScienceHenan Normal UniversityXinxiang, China

Tomoko MatsuoAnn and H.J. Smead Department of Aerospace Engineering SciencesCollege of Engineering & Applied ScienceUniversity of Colorado at BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA

Astrid MauteHigh Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, Colorado, USA

Imran MehdiJet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadena, California, USA

Edwin MierkiewiczDepartment of Physical Sciences and Center for Spaceand Atmospheric ResearchEmbry‐Riddle Aeronautical UniversityDaytona Beach, Florida, USA

Yasunobu MiyoshiDepartment of Earth and Planetary SciencesKyushu UniversityFukuoka, Japan

Larry J. PaxtonThe Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurel, Maryland, USA

Liying QianHigh Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, Colorado, USA

Arthur D. RichmondHigh Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, Colorado, USA

Robert K. SchaeferThe Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurel, Maryland, USA

Chiao‐Yao SheDepartment of PhysicsColorado State UniversityFort Collins, Colorado, USA

Cheng ShengDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas, USA

Jose SilesJet Propulsion LaboratoryPasadena, California, USA

Longchang SunState Key Laboratory of Space Weather National Space Science Center Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Wenbin WangHigh Altitude ObservatoryNational Center for Atmospheric ResearchBoulder, Colorado, USA

Thomas N. WoodsLaboratory for Atmospheric and Space PhysicsUniversity of Colorado at BoulderBoulder, Colorado, USA

Dong WuNASA Goddard Space Flight Center Greenbelt, Maryland, USA

Kun WuState Key Laboratory of Space WeatherNational Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andSchool of Astronomy and Space ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Jiyao XuState Key Laboratory of Space WeatherNational Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China;andSchool of Astronomy and Space ScienceUniversity of Chinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Yosuke YamazakiGFZ German Research Centre for GeosciencesPotsdam, Germany

Jeng‐Hwa YeeThe Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurel, Maryland, USA

Tao YuanDepartment of Physics, and Center for Atmospheric and Space SciencesUtah State UniversityLogan, Utah, USA

Wei YuanState Key Laboratory of Space WeatherNational Space Science CenterChinese Academy of SciencesBeijing, China

Jia YueNASA Goddard Space Flight CenterGreenbelt, Maryland, USA;and Catholic University of AmericaWashington DC, USA

Qinghe ZhangInstitute of Space SciencesShandong UniversityWeihai, China

Shunrong ZhangMIT Haystack ObservatoryWestford, Massachusetts, USA

Yongliang ZhangThe Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics LaboratoryLaurel, Maryland, USA

Qingyu ZhuDepartment of PhysicsUniversity of Texas at ArlingtonArlington, Texas, USA

PREFACE

Earth's upper atmosphere is an open system that is strongly influenced by energy and momentum inputs from above (including solar radiation, solar wind, the magnetosphere) and from below by coupling with the lower atmosphere through large‐scale waves. The upper atmosphere is a weakly ionized plasma. The neutral part is the "thermosphere" and the ionized part is the "ionosphere." The upper‐atmosphere plasma is largely produced by photoionization of neutral species by solar extreme ultraviolet radiation. The thermosphere and ionosphere are strongly coupled together through ion‐neutral interactions, including heat and momentum transfer and the effects of the so‐called wind dynamo. The solar wind and magnetosphere affect the upper atmosphere through Joule heating and ion drag by imposing external electric fields and auroral particle precipitation during magnetically active periods. Changes in solar radiation on different timescales, ranging from transient events, such as solar flares or even an eclipse, to day‐to‐day variability due to the rotation of the Earth and Sun and the 11‐year solar cycle, introduce variability in the global wind field. Furthermore, lower atmospheric waves, by propagating upward and depositing energy and momentum in the upper atmosphere, modify the circulation pattern, vertical thermal structure, dynamo electric fields, and neutral composition. Advances in our understanding of the upper atmosphere dynamics and chemical processes also benefit from new techniques that probe the state and variability of the upper atmosphere. Understanding the system drivers enables a more accurate space weather nowcast and forecast, which is critical for the safe conduct of human space activity.

This book is divided into six parts. Each part provides a state‐of‐the‐art summary of knowledge in one specific aspect of the dynamics and energetics of the upper atmosphere system and its variability. The sum of the parts gives a comprehensive picture of our current understanding of this coupled system, its response to external drivers, as well as challenges and future research directions. Part I focuses on the momentum and energy budget of the global thermosphere and ionosphere system, and the dynamics and electrodynamics of this system. Part II reviews neutral composition, including changes in the distribution of major species during geomagnetic storms, as well as the observation of the light species such as hydrogen in geocorona. Part III addresses the coupling of large‐scale lower atmosphere waves (tides and planetary waves) with the upper atmosphere and its effects on the state of both the thermosphere and ionosphere. Part IV presents the structure and variability of the upper atmosphere, including effects of solar transients such as flares, day‐to‐day variability, and long‐term changes induced by the secular variations of Earth magnetic field, and the increase in anthropogenic greenhouse gases. Part V describes the application of data assimilation for upper atmospheric reanalysis and forecast. Part VI covers optical remote sensing of the upper atmosphere from both ground and space and the prospects for future measurements.

This book provides an overview of the advances in some key areas of scientific research and measurement techniques of the upper atmosphere; promotes ideas to address still challenging scientific issues; and points to future directions for furthering our data analysis, modeling, and measurement capabilities. We hope that the readers from graduate students to early career research scientists will be inspired to gain an in‐depth insight into the interconnection between different areas of upper atmospheric science, and a comprehensive and better understanding of the complexity and the nonlinearity of the dynamic coupling between the neutral and ionized gases, the effects of electromagnetic processes on the coupled system, and the response of this system to external driving conditions. We also intend this book to provide state‐of‐the‐art information on both upper‐atmospheric measurements and first‐principles modeling for researchers seeking to improve and extend their knowledge of the field.

Wenbin WangNational Center for Atmospheric Research, USA

Yongliang ZhangThe Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory, USA

Part IEnergetics and Dynamics of the Upper Atmosphere

1