Surface Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy E-Book

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 629

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

Covering everything from the basic theoretical and practical knowledge to new exciting developments in the field with a focus on analytical
and life science applications, this monograph shows how to apply surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) for solving real world problems.

From the contents:

* Theory and practice of SERS
* Analytical applications
* SERS combined with other analytical techniques
* Biophysical applications
* Life science applications including various microscopies

Aimed at analytical, surface and medicinal chemists, spectroscopists, biophysicists and materials scientists. Includes a Foreword by the renowned Raman spectroscopist Professor Wolfgang Kiefer, the former Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Raman Spectroscopy.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Related Titles

Title Page

Copyright

Foreword

Preface

List of Contributors

Chapter 1: Basic Electromagnetic Theory of SERS

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Plasmon Resonances and Field Enhancements

1.3 Field Enhancement Distribution and Localization

1.4 Electromagnetic Model for the SERS and Fluorescence Enhancement Factors

1.5 The Magnitude of the SERS Enhancement Factor in Typical Cases

1.6 Conclusions

Chapter 2: Nanoparticle SERS Substrates

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Preparation and Stability of Metal Nanoparticle Colloidal SERS Substrates

2.3 Characterization of Nanoparticle-Based SERS Substrates

2.4 Nanoparticles on the Unfunctionalized Solid Surface as SERS Substrates

2.5 Conclusion and Outlook

Chapter 3: Quantitative SERS Methods

3.1 Introduction

3.2 SERS Media

3.3 Stability and Shelf Life

3.4 Reproducibility and Internal Standards

3.5 Selectivity

3.6 Conclusion

Chapter 4: Single-Molecule- and Trace Detection by SERS

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Experiments and Results

4.3 Conclusions

Chapter 5: Detection of Persistent Organic Pollutants by Using SERS Sensors Based on Organically Functionalized Ag Nanoparticles

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Inclusion Hosts

5.3 Contact Hosts

5.4 Occlusion Hosts

5.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

Chapter 6: SERS and Pharmaceuticals

6.1 Introduction

6.2 SERS of Antipyretics and Analgesics

6.3 SERS of Antimalarials

6.4 SERS of Anticarcinogenics and Antimutagenics

6.5 Concluding Remarks

Chapter 7: SERS and Separation Science

7.1 Introduction

7.2 SERS and Capillary Electrophoresis (CE)

7.3 SERS and Liquid Chromatography (LC)

7.4 SERS and Gas Chromatography (GC)

7.5 SERS and Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC)

7.6 Other Separation Methods

7.7 Conclusions

Chapter 8: SERS and Microfluidics

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Lab-on-a-chip Technology

8.3 Microfluidic Platforms and Application for SERS

8.4 Summary

Chapter 9: Electrochemical SERS and its Application in Analytical, Biophysical and Life Science

9.1 Electrochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

9.2 Features of Electrochemical Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy

9.3 Experimental Techniques of EC-SERS

9.4 Applications of EC-SERS

9.5 Perspectives

Acknowledgements

Chapter 10: Electron Transfer of Proteins at Membrane Models

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Model Membranes and Membrane Models

10.3 Methods for Probing Electron Transfer Processes of Cytochrome c at Coated Electrodes

10.4 The Unusual Distance Dependence of the Interfacial Electron Transfer Process

10.5 Electron Transfer and Protein Orientational Dynamics

10.6 Electric Field Effects on the Electron Transfer Dynamics

10.7 Electron Transfer and Protein Structural Changes

10.8 Overall Description of the Mechanism and Dynamics of the Interfacial Processes

10.9 Interfacial Electric Fields and the Biological Functions of Cytochrome c

Chapter 11: Quantitative DNA Analysis Using Surface-Enhanced Resonance Raman Scattering

11.1 Introduction

11.2 SERRS Surfaces

11.3 Raman Reporters

11.4 SERRS DNA Probes

11.5 Sensitivity

11.6 Multiplexing

11.7 Assays

11.8 Conclusion

Chapter 12: SERS Microscopy: Nanoparticle Probes and Biomedical Applications

12.1 Introduction

12.2 SERS Nanoparticle Probes

12.3 Biomedical Applications of SERS Microscopy

12.4 Summary and Outlook

Acknowledgement

Chapter 13: 1-P and 2-P Excited SERS as Intracellular Probe

13.1 From Tags to Probes: Challenges in Intracellular Probing

13.2 Probing of Intracellular Parameters

13.3 Surface-Enhanced Hyper Raman Scattering and Its Potential in Studies of Cells

Acknowledgements

Chapter 14: Surface- and Tip-Enhanced CARS

14.1 Introduction

14.2 CARS : Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering

14.3 Local Enhancement of CARS by Metallic Nanostructures

14.4 Surface-Enhanced CARS

14.5 Tip-Enhanced CARS

Index

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The Editor

Prof. Dr. Sebastian Schlücker

Department of Physics

University of Osnabrück

Barbarastraße 7

49076 Osnabrück

Germany

Cover

All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.

Library of Congress Card No.: applied for

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek

The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.

© 2010 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.

ISBN: 978-3-527-32567-2

Foreword

More than 80 years since the discovery of the Raman effect have passed and Raman spectroscopy has become one of the most important methods within the various methods of analysis and structural determinations. Certainly, the discovery of the laser in 1960 has opened up new horizons for Raman spectroscopy and brought several new useful techniques. One of the most interesting and significant findings in this field is undoubtedly surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) which was discovered in 1977. Within this phenomenon, molecules adsorbed onto metal surfaces under certain conditions exhibit an anomalously large interaction cross section for the Raman effect. It might be thought that a subject originated more than three decades ago would be virtually exhausted by now, but nothing could be farther from truth. The recent developments in SERS have led to large increases in the sensitivity of SERS measurements and have enabled new phenomena to be observed and applied. SERS measurements are expected to become increasingly important in chemistry, biochemistry, and biophysics.

In the 14 chapters of this book, an authoritative, up-to-date account of the principles and fundamentals of SERS is given including many examples for its applications. The book includes the basic theory for SERS; summarizes the various SERS substrates; discusses quantitative SERS methods with emphasis on reproducibility, stability and sensitivity up to single molecule detection; and describes SERS microscopy, electrochemical SERS, surface enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS), and surface-enhanced hyper Raman scattering (SEHRS), as well as surface- and tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (SE-CARS, TE-CARS). Applications of SERS include the detection of organic pollutants and pharmaceuticals; studies of electron transfer of proteins at membrane models; investigations of microfluidics, quantitative DNA analysis, biomedical applications by means of SERS microscopy, SERS as an intracellular probe; and coupling of SERS with various separation methods (e.g. liquid or gas chromatography).

The abundant references provide ready access to the original research literature. As the field of SERS has sufficiently matured during the past decades, the danger of rapid obsolescence for this book is less. The subject matter, however, still offers plenty of opportunity for further exploration and exploitation. In my opinion this book, which clearly expresses the current excitement in this extremely active research area, will make a substantial contribution to the further growth of an increasingly important subfield of vibrational spectroscopy.

Professor Schlücker, editor of this volume, is one of the leading researchers working currently in the SERS field. As chemist at the University of Würzburg, Germany, and the National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, USA, and now as physicist at the University of Osnabrück, Germany, he has played a major role in introducing a few important new experimental techniques of SERS (e.g. the direct and label-free SERS detection of solid-phase bound compounds; immuno-SERS microscopy with nanoparticle probes). He is well qualified to present this book to the scientific community.

Wolfgang Kiefer

University of Würzburg and Eisingen

Laboratory for Applied Raman Spectroscopy (ELARS)

Preface

The field of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is currently undergoing a very dynamic development and many novel directions are rapidly emerging. The aim of this book is to provide an overview of current exciting topics in SERS, focusing on analytical, biophysical and life science applications. International leaders in their respective research areas have contributed to this volume. Their original scientific background and training is quite diverse, ranging from bioorganic chemistry to physical chemistry and solid state physics — in my opinion, this directly reflects the highly multidisciplinary nature of SERS applications, a prerequisite for original and pioneering research between the boundaries of traditionally distinct disciplines. The selection of the scientific topics covered in the 14 chapters is naturally subjective and I must certainly apologize to those who have not received the opportunity to contribute to this edition.

This monograph is intended to be useful for both the newcomer with no or little background in Raman/SERS spectroscopy as well as for the experts in the field who are interested in achieving a quick overview as well as in-depth information on specific subjects.

The first part of this book (Chapters 1–3) lays the foundation for the entire book by providing important theoretical and practical background. Topics are the basic electromagnetic theory of SERS, various aspects of metal colloids as plasmonic nanostructures and practical considerations for quantitative SERS. The second part (Chapters 4–14) covers various analytical, biophysical and life science applications of SERS. Chapters 4 through 8 describe analytical applications of SERS, including single-molecule and trace detection, sensors for detecting organic pollutants based on host–guest systems as well as the detection of pharmaceuticals. Two chapters describe the promising combination of SERS with other analytical techniques such as separation methods and microfluidic platforms for lab-on-a chip detection. Chapters 9 and 10 cover spectroelectrochemistry as a classical and important topic in SERS. After an introduction into the theory and experimental setups for combining SERS with electrochemistry, applications to several biological molecules are summarized. Biophysical applications of spectroelectrochemistry with SERS are focused on the electron transfer in membrane models, in particular cytochrome c on coated electrodes. Chapters 11 through 14 report on recent life science applications of SERS. Quantitative DNA analysis with immense multiplexing and ultrasensitive detection capabilities is demonstrated by surface-enhanced resonance Raman scattering (SERRS). Selective protein localization in cells and tissue specimens via SERS microscopy requires the design and fabrication of functionalized metal colloids for labeling target-specific ligands such as antibodies. Information on intracellular biochemical composition and physiological conditions is accessible via one- or two-photon excited SERS in a label-free approach in conjunction with microscopy. Surface- and tip-enhanced coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering (CARS) as advanced microspectroscopic techniques with sub-diffraction limited spatial resolution together with first applications to DNA are discussed in the last chapter.

I would like to thank all authors for their hard work and commitment to contribute their chapters. This international and multidisciplinary book project would not have been possible without their dedication. The support from Lesley Belfit (Wiley-VCH) and Manfred Köhl (now Thieme) is greatly appreciated. Thanks to Wolfgang Kiefer for his foreword – many of his former students including the editor have contributed to this book. Finally, I would like to thank my wife Uta-Maria, our sons Jan and Henrik, my parents Marianne and Eberhard as well as my group members for their continuous support.

Osnabrück, August 2010

Sebastian Schlücker

List of Contributors

Ricardo F. Aroca

University of Windsor

Department of Chemistry

and Biochemistry

Material and Surface Science Group

373-3401 Sunset Avenue

Windsor, ON

Canada

Steven E. J. Bell

Queen's University

School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Innovative Molecular Materials Group

Belfast BT9 5AG

UK

Marcelo Campos-Vallette

University of Chile

Faculty of Sciences

PO Box 653

Santiago

Chile

Yan Cui

Xiamen University

Department of Chemistry

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Xiamen 361005

China

Concepción Domingo

Instituto de Estructura de la Materia

CSIC, Serrano 121

28006 Madrid

Spain

Pablo G. Etchegoin

Victoria University of Wellington

School of Chemical and Physical Sciences

The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology

Kelburn Listunmarkedde

Gate 7, PO Box 600

Wellington

New Zealand

Karen Faulds

University of Strathclyde

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Centre for Molecular Nanometrology

WestCHEM

295 Cathedral Street

Glasgow, G1 1XL

UK

Jiu-Ju Feng

Technische Universität Berlin

Institut für Chemie

Sekretariat PC14

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin

Germany

José V. Garcia-Ramos

Instituto de Estructura de la Materia

CSIC, Serrano 121

28006 Madrid

Spain

Duncan Graham

University of Strathclyde

Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Centre for Molecular Nanometrology

WestCHEM

295 Cathedral Street

Glasgow, G1 1XL

UK

Luca Guerrini

Instituto de Estructura de la Materia

CSIC, Serrano 121

28006 Madrid

Spain

Thomas Henkel

Institute of Photonic

Technology e.V.

Nano Biophotonics Department

Albert-Einstein-Str. 9

07745 Jena

Germany

Peter Hildebrandt

Technische Universität Berlin

Institut für Chemie

Sekretariat PC14

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin

Germany

Alison J. Hobro

Vienna University of Technology

Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics

Getreidemarkt 9/164AC

1060 Vienna

Austria

Taro Ichimura

Osaka University

Photonics Advanced

Research Center

2-1 Yamadaoka

Suita, Osaka 565-0871

Japan

Satoshi Kawata

Osaka University

Photonics Advanced Research Center

2-1 Yamadaoka

Suita, Osaka 565-0871

Japan

Janina Kneipp

Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing and Institute of Chemistry

Richard-Willstätter-Straße 11

Berlin

Germany

Anja Kranich

Technische Universität Berlin

Institut für Chemie

Sekretariat PC14

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin

Germany

Bernhard Lendl

Vienna University of Technology

Institute for Chemical Technologies and Analytics

Getreidemarkt 9/164AC

1060 Vienna

Austria

Eric C. Le Ru

Victoria University of Wellington

School of Chemical and Physical Sciences

The MacDiarmid Institute for Advanced Materials and Nanotechnology

Kelburn Listunmarkedde

Gate 7, PO Box 600

Wellington

New Zealand

Patricio Leyton

Universidad Católica de Vallistunmarkedíso

Facultad de Ciencias Básicas y Matemáticas

Vallistunmarkedíso

Chile

Khoa H. Ly

Technische Universität Berlin

Institut für Chemie

Sekretariat PC14

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin

Germany

Marcelo Martí

Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria

Departamento de Química

Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

Pab. 2, piso 1

C1428EHA Buenos Aires

Argentina

Diego F. Martín

Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria

Departamento de Química

Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

Pab. 2, piso 1

C1428EHA Buenos Aires

Argentina

Anne März

Friedrich Schiller

University of Jena

Institute of Physical Chemistry

Helmholzweg 4

07743 Jena

Germany

Golam Moula

University of Windsor

Department of Chemistry

and Biochemistry

Material and Surface

Science Group

373-3401 Sunset Avenue

Windsor, ON

Canada

Daniel H. Murgida

Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria

Departamento de Química

Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

Pab. 2, piso 1

C1428EHA Buenos Aires

Argentina

Damián A. Paggi

Universidad de Buenos Aires Ciudad Universitaria

Departamento de Química

Inorgánica, Analítica y Química Física/INQUIMAE-CONICET

Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales

Pab. 2, piso 1

C1428EHA Buenos Aires

Argentina

Ioana E. Pavel

Wright State University

Department of Chemistry

3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy.

Dayton, OH 45435-0001

USA

Nicholas P.W. Pieczonka

University of Windsor

Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry

Material and Surface

Science Group

373-3401 Sunset Avenue

Windsor, ON

Canada

Simona Cînt Pînzaru

Babe-Bolyai University

Molecular Spectroscopy Department

Koglniceanu 1

400084 Cluj-Napoca

Romania

Jürgen Popp

Institute of Photonic

Technology e.V.

Nano Biophotonics Department

Albert-Einstein-Str. 9

07745 Jena

Germany

and

Friedrich Schiller

University of Jena

Institute of Physical Chemistry

Helmholzweg 4

07743 Jena

Germany

Bin Ren

Xiamen University

Department of Chemistry

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Xiamen 361005

China

Santiago Sanchez-Cortes

Instituto de Estructura de la Materia

CSIC, Serrano 121

28006 Madrid

Spain

Sebastian Schlücker

University of Osnabrück

Department of Physics

Barbarastraße 7

49076 Osnabrück

Germany

Murat Sezer

Technische Universität Berlin

Institut für Chemie

Sekretariat PC14

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin

Germany

Adam R. Skarbek

University of Windsor

Department of Chemistry

and Biochemistry

Material and Surface Science Group

373-3401 Sunset Avenue

Windsor, ON

Canada

Ross Stevenson

University of Strathclyde

Department of Pure and

Applied Chemistry

Centre for Molecular Nanometrology

WestCHEM

295 Cathedral Street

Glasgow, G1 1XL

UK

Alan Stewart

Queen's University

School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Innovative Molecular

Materials Group

Belfast BT9 5AG

UK

Zhong-Qun Tian

Xiamen University

Department of Chemistry

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Xiamen 361005

China

Erkang Wang

Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry

Chinese Academy of Science

State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry

Changchun 130022

Jilin

China

Yuling Wang

Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry

Chinese Academy of Science

State Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry

Changchun 130022

Jilin

China

Inez M. Weidinger

Technische Universität Berlin

Institut für Chemie

Sekretariat PC14

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin

Germany

Nattawadee Wisitruangsakul

Technische Universität Berlin

Institut für Chemie

Sekretariat PC14

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin

Germany

De-Yin Wu

Xiamen University

Department of Chemistry

State Key Laboratory of Physical Chemistry of Solid Surfaces

College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering

Xiamen 361005

China

Ingo Zebger

Technische Universität Berlin

Institut für Chemie

Sekretariat PC14

Straße des 17. Juni 135

10623 Berlin

Germany