Sustainable Nanomaterials for Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
The book focuses on the design and novel synthetic routes of sustainable nanomaterials in diagnosing and treating infectious diseases offering potential benefits in terms of efficiency, biocompatibility, and environmental impact.
The fifteen chapters in this book provide a comprehensive exploration of how sustainable nanotechnology can revolutionize infectious disease management and bridge the gap between the fundamental principles of nanotechnology and their practical applications in combating infectious diseases. Subjects covered include: the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the limitations of existing therapies; the challenges of infectious disease management including the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the limitations of existing therapies; nano-pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics in the treatment of infectious diseases; the advancements in nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, and the future of personalized medicine; nanotheranostic mechanisms outlining how nanomaterials can be engineered to simultaneously diagnose and treat infections; nano drug delivery systems that contribute to enhancing the efficacy and precision of treatment modalities; biocompatibility and toxicity of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases; regulatory perspectives of nanomaterials ensuring they meet safety and efficacy standards; green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, carbon dots, and its composites for infectious diseases and biosurfactants; nanomaterials of polymeric design underscoring their potential to create more effective and sustainable therapeutic options; how nanomaterials can be engineered to simultaneously diagnose and treat infections.
Audience
The book targets nanotechnology researchers, scientists, and healthcare professionals interested in understanding nanotechnology’s critical role in sustainable healthcare solutions.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025
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Table of Contents
Cover
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
1 Introduction of Sustainable Nanotechnology and Its Potentiality
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Principles of Sustainable Nanotechnology
1.3 Applications of Sustainable Nanotechnology
1.4 Conclusion
References
2 A Review on Infectious Disease Management and Their Challenges
2.1 Infectious Diseases
2.2 Types of Infectious Illnesses
2.3 Epidemics Diseases in 19
th
Century
2.4 Disease Epidemics in the 20
th
Century
2.5 Epidemics Diseases in 21
st
Century
2.6 Vaccination for Humans
2.7 Results and Discussion
2.8 Challenges Faced by People Due to Sudden Microbial Outbreaks
2.9 Recommendations for the Global Community
2.10 Measures for Prevention of Infectious Diseases Threats
2.11 Authors Contributions
2.12 Acknowledgements
2.13 Conclusions
References
3 Challenges in Infectious Disease Management
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Challenges Faced to Control Infectious Disease
3.3 Global Warming and Its Impact on the Management of Infectious Diseases
3.4 Antibiotic Resistance
3.5 Demographic Shift and Aging Population
3.6 Modern Food Technology as a Threat
3.7 Key to Overcome the Challenges
3.8 Conclusion
References
4 Nanopharmacology and Pharmacotherapeutics
Abbreviations
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Method of Synthesis
4.3 Different Classes of Nanoparticles
4.4 Fundamental Concepts of Pharmacology
4.5 Route of Administration
4.6 Interaction Within the Body Pharmacotherapeutic of the Nanoparticles
4.7 Potential Drug Delivery System
4.8 Toxicity of Nanoparticles
4.9 Conclusion
References
5 Vaccines, Diagnosis, and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Contemporary Methods for Combating Infectious Disease
5.3 Focusing and Implementing Specialized Assistance for Infection Control
5.4 Prominence of Prompt Discrepancy Diagnosis in Infection Control
5.5 The Immune System
5.6 Conclusion
References
6 Society Strategies in Infectious Diseases
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Combating Emerging Infections of COVID-19— Strategies and Response Capacities
6.3
Candida albicans
6.4 Black Fungus
6.5 Typhoid
6.6 Tuberculosis (TB)
6.7 Conclusion
References
7 Nanotheranostic Mechanism against Infectious Diseases
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Nanomaterials as an Emerging Promising Tool
7.3 Nanotheranostics
7.4 Infectious Diseases
7.5 Drug Delivery Challenges in Infectious Diseases
7.6 Nanotheranostic Applications for Treating Infectious Diseases
7.7 Diagnostic Imaging Contrast Agents
7.8 Advantages of Nanotheranostics for Infectious Diseases
7.9 Challenges and Limitations of Nanotheranostics
7.10 Conclusion
References
8 Trends in Nano Drug Delivery System for Infectious Diseases
8.1 Background of Infectious Diseases
8.2 Current Treatments for Infectious Diseases
8.3 Drawbacks of Current Treatments
8.4 Nanotechnology
8.5 Application of Nanotechnology in Treating Infectious Diseases
8.6 Future Prospects and Challenges
8.7 Conclusion
References
9 Sustainable Nanotechnology and Multidrug Resistance toward the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Causes and Concerns of MDR
9.3 Mechanism of MDR in Pathogens
9.4 Nanomaterials Exhibiting Antimicrobial Properties
9.5 Nanocarrier-Based Approach to Combat MDR
9.6 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
References
10 Trends in Development of Multidrug Resistance Toward to the Pathogens of Infectious Diseases by Sustainable Nanotechnology
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Current Threats in Clinics due to Multidrug Resistance
10.3 Mechanism of Drug Resistance in Bacteria
10.4 Nanoparticles and Their Antimicrobial Action
10.5 Properties of Nanoparticles which Effect Bacterial Growth
10.6 Commonly Utilized Metal Nanoparticles
10.7 Nanoparticles as Carriers of Antibiotics
10.8 Novel Nano Drug Delivery Systems
10.9 Challenges and Future Prospects in Using Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials
Acknowledgment
References
11 Exploration of Biocompatibility and Toxicity of Nanomaterials in Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Organic Nanoparticles
11.3 Inorganic Nanoparticles
11.4 Sustained Systemic Delivery of Anti-Infectives
11.5 Nanomaterials Role in Infection Diseases
11.6 Treatment for Arthritis Inflammation
11.7 Other Viruses
11.8 Nanovaccines
11.9 Nanoparticles Biodegradation and Elimination
11.10 Toxicity
11.11 Limitations of Nanoparticles as Therapeutics
Acknowledgment
References
12 Regulatory Perspectives of Nanomaterials in the Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Dental Diseases
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Nanoparticles Used in Dentistry (Figure 12.1)
12.3 Nanotechnology Used for Diagnosis
12.4 Nanoparticles in the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
12.5 Conclusion
References
13 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide, Carbon Dots, and Its Composites for Infectious Diseases
13.1 Introduction
13.2 Green Synthesis of Reduced Graphene Oxide and Graphene Oxide Nanocomposites
13.3 Antibacterial Activity
13.4 Green Synthesis of Carbon Dots
13.5 Antibacterial Activity of CDs
13.6 Antifungal Activity of CDs
13.7 Antiviral Activity of CDs
13.8 Conclusions and Future Perspectives
References
14 Biosurfactants: Production Methods, Properties and Their Applications in Food Industry
14.1 Introduction
14.2 Classification of Biosurfactants
14.3 Method of Production of Biosurfactants from Microorganisms
14.4 Mechanism of Action
14.5 Economics in Production of Biosurfactants
14.6 Use of Yeast Over Bacteria
14.7 Properties of Biosurfactants Used in the Food Industry
14.8 Application of Biosurfactant in the Food Industry
14.9 Conclusions
References
15 Nanomaterials of Polymeric Design for the Treatment of Infectious Diseases
15.1 Introduction
15.2 Malaria
15.3 Tuberculosis
15.4 Cholera
15.5 Polymeric Nanomaterial to Treat Pulmonary Infections
15.6 Nanoparticles Coated with Polymers to Treat Urinary Tract Infections
15.7 HIV
15.8 Hepatitis B
15.9 COVID-19
15.10 Zika Virus
15.11 Influenza
15.12 Polymeric Nanoparticles for Neuro-Infections
15.13 Conclusion and Future Trends
References
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 The various type of diseases caused by various types of organisms.
Table 2.2 The area of spreading cholera in last decades are listed below.
Table 2.3 The area of spreading the small pox are presented.
Table 2.4 The area of spreading the typhus are presented.
Table 2.5 The area of spreading the yellow fever are presented.
Table 2.6 The area of spreading the plague are presented.
Table 2.7 The area of spreading the scarlet fever are presented.
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Vital emerging infectious diseases in different countries in the pas...
Table 3.2 Modes of development of resistance in superbugs against various anti...
Table 3.3 Challenges in the management of various infectious diseases and thei...
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Nanocarriers of therapeutic activity for the drug delivery system.
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 The various infectious disease, their symptoms, and prevention.
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Different nanoparticles in treating infectious diseases.
Table 7.2 Nanoparticles in diagnostic imaging contrasting agents for targeted ...
Table 7.3 Various advantages of nanotheranostic applications against infectiou...
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Summary of NPs used to treat infectious diseases.
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Nanomaterials explored in combating antimicrobial resistance pathoge...
Table 9.2 Nanocarriers explored in combating antimicrobial resistance pathogen...
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Table showing some drug-resistant bacterial strains [40].
Chapter 13
Table 13.1 A comparative table for various graphene composites and its antimic...
Table 13.2. Comparison of anti-microbial activity of green synthesized CDs by ...
Chapter 14
Table 14.1 Advantages and disadvantages of biosurfactants.
Table 14.2 Biosurfactant and their source of production.
Table 14.3 Biosurfactants produced using different industrial waste.
Table 14.4 Different yeast used in the production of biosurfactants and their ...
Chapter 15
Table 15.1 Polymeric nanoparticles to treat bacterial neuro-infections.
Table 15.2 Polymeric nanoparticles to treat bacterial neuro-infections.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of the synthesis of rGS-pf. (a) Melamine s...
Figure 1.2 Schematic representation for the synthesis of MgFe
2
O
4
[29].
Figure 1.3 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor [43].
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 The various types of viral diseases.
Figure 2.2 Cholera outbreak in Hamburg, hospital ward 1892.
Figure 2.3 The image representing the yellow virus.
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Common challenges encountered in the control of infectious diseases...
Figure 3.2 Mechanism of the development of drug resistance by resistant bacter...
Figure 3.3 Different ways to restrict the emergence of superbug.
Figure 3.4 FDA-approved new antibiotics for human use.
Figure 3.5 WHO priority pathogens list for R&D of new antibiotics and vaccines...
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Methods of nanoparticle synthesis.
Figure 4.2 Types of nanoparticles.
Figure 4.3 Toxicity of nanoparticles - Exposure of the nanoparticles results i...
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 WHO report of COVID-19 cases in different regions [https://covid19....
Figure 6.2 Restructured society during COVID-19 [17].
Figure 6.3 Measures safety during COVID-19 [https://www.who.int/westernpacific...
Figure 6.4 Symptoms of TB.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Major nanomaterials used in nanotheranostics.
Figure 7.2 Different applications of nanotheranostics.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Distinct resistance mechanisms of pathogens against antibiotics.
Figure 9.2 (a) Persister cells generation. (b) Biofilm formation.
Figure 9.3 Nanotechnology explored in combating pathogens resistance to antimi...
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 (a) Antibiotics like tetracyclines or erythromycins are ejected fr...
Figure 10.2 Genetic transfer routes that create resistant bacteria. (a) Transf...
Figure 10.3 Chart showing the mechanism by which nanoparticles act as bacteric...
Figure 10.4 Mechanism of silver nanoparticle against bacteria. Reproduced with...
Figure 10.5 Nano drug delivery systems [51].
Figure 10.6 Liposome-mediated antibiotic delivery. Reprinted with permission f...
Chapter 11
Figure 11.1 Various nanoparticles and their surface engineering for drug deliv...
Figure 11.2 Schematic depicting the surface modification of GNPs for various b...
Figure 11.3 Different nanoparticles (NPs) for imaging and biosensing of inflam...
Chapter 12
Figure 12.1 Nanoparticles used in dentistry.
Figure 12.2 Nanomaterials for caries prevention and remineralization.
Figure 12.3 Nanomaterials used for the treatment of periodontal disease.
Figure 12.4 Nanoparticles used in endodontic therapy.
Chapter 13
Figure 13.1 The process of synthesizing RGO/Ag nanocomposites via a green appr...
Figure 13.2 (A) Vancomycin functionalization and reduction of GO to produce RG...
Figure 13.3 (A) Photographs of culture dishes containing;
E. coli
(a, b, c, d)...
Figure 13.4 Antifungal activity of CDs. (A) Effect of CDs at different concent...
Figure 13.5 Antiviral activity of CDs. (A) Mechanism revealing the inhibition ...
Chapter 14
Figure 14.1 Classification of biosurfactants.
Figure 14.2 Structure of biosurfactant and formation of micelle at CMC.
Figure 14.3 Advantage of using industrial waste as substrate.
Chapter 15
Figure 15.1 Depicts the different aspects of nano-materials for diagnosis, tre...
Figure 15.2 Formation of PLGA.
Figure 15.3 Structure of chitosan.
Figure 15.4 Nanosponge structure with a cavity for drug loading.
Guide
Cover Page
Table of Contents
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Sustainable Nanomaterials for Treatment and Diagnosis of Infectious Diseases
Edited by
Rajasekhar Chokkareddy
Department of Chemistry, Aditya University, Andhra Pradesh, India
Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
Suvardhan Kanchi
Department of Chemistry, CHRIST University, Bengaluru, India
and
Gan G. Redhi
Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology, Durban, South Africa
This edition first published 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2025 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-394-20001-6
Front cover image courtesy of Adobe FireflyCover design by Russell Richardson
Preface
The relentless emergence of infectious diseases and the growing threat of antimicrobial resistance have presented significant challenges to global healthcare. As traditional methods struggle to keep pace, the scientific community has turned to innovative solutions to combat these threats. Among them, nanotechnology stands out as a promising frontier, offering novel approaches to the diagnosis, treatment, and management of infectious diseases.
Providing a comprehensive exploration of how sustainable nanotechnology can revolutionize infectious disease management, this book bridges the gap between the fundamental principles of nanotechnology and their practical applications in combating infectious diseases.
The book begins with an introduction to sustainable nanotechnology and its potentiality, setting the stage by discussing the principles of sustainability within nanotechnology. It highlights the potential of nanomaterials to offer effective solutions while minimizing environmental impact.
A review of infectious disease management and its challenges follows, providing a critical analysis of the current state of infectious disease management and the challenges faced by healthcare professionals worldwide. This section emphasizes the urgency of developing new strategies to overcome these challenges.
By delving into the challenges of infectious disease management, the book describes specific hurdles encountered in the battle against infectious diseases, including the rise of multidrug-resistant pathogens and the limitations of existing therapies.
Subsequent chapters explore topics such as nano-pharmacology and pharmacotherapeutics and vaccines, diagnosis, and treatment of infectious diseases, as well as the cutting-edge developments in nanotechnology-driven pharmacology and therapeutics. These chapters detail the advancements in nanomaterial-based drug delivery systems, vaccines, and diagnostic tools, offering a glimpse into the future of personalized medicine.
Further chapters outline societal strategies in infectious diseases by examining the broader societal implications of these technological advancements and considering how public health strategies can adapt to incorporate these new tools effectively.
The chapter on nanotheranostic mechanisms against infectious diseases introduces the concept of theranostics—an integrated approach that combines therapy and diagnostics. This section outlines how nanomaterials can be engineered to simultaneously diagnose and treat infections, offering a more targeted and efficient approach.
The section on trends in nano drug delivery systems for infectious diseases provides an in-depth look at the latest innovations in drug delivery systems, emphasizing the role of nanomaterials in enhancing the efficacy and precision of treatment modalities.
A critical issue addressed in the chapter on sustainable nanotechnology and multidrug resistance towards the pathogens of infectious diseases is the development of resistance by pathogens. This chapter discusses how sustainable nanotechnology can be leveraged to outpace the evolution of resistant strains.
The next chapter explores the biocompatibility and toxicity of nanomaterials in the diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases, raising important considerations about the safety and biocompatibility of nanomaterials. As these materials become more prevalent in medical applications, understanding their interactions with biological systems is crucial.
The book also covers regulatory perspectives of nanomaterials in the treatment and diagnosis of infectious dental diseases, highlighting the regulatory landscape and the importance of ensuring that nanomaterials meet safety and efficacy standards.
The chapter on green synthesis of reduced graphene oxide, carbon dots, and its composites for infectious diseases and biosurfactants delves into specific nanomaterials and their applications, showcasing the diversity and adaptability of nanotechnology in various fields.
Finally, the chapter on nanomaterials of polymeric design for the treatment of infectious diseases presents the latest research on polymeric nanomaterials, underscoring their potential to create more effective and sustainable therapeutic options.
This book is intended for researchers, healthcare professionals, and students who are interested in the intersection of nanotechnology and infectious disease management. It aims to provide a thorough understanding of how sustainable nanomaterials can be harnessed to address some of the most pressing health challenges of our time. By bringing together contributions from leading experts in the field, this book offers a multidisciplinary perspective on the future of infectious disease treatment and diagnosis, guided by the principles of sustainability and innovation.
We hope that this work will inspire further research and collaboration, ultimately contributing to the development of new, effective, and sustainable solutions in the fight against infectious diseases. We are grateful to the contributing authors for their dedication and expertise, which made possible this comprehensive exploration. We extend our thanks to the reviewers who have provided invaluable feedback and guidance throughout the preparation of this volume, and to Martin Scrivener and Scrivener Publishing for their support and publication.
The EditorsNovember 2024
1Introduction of Sustainable Nanotechnology and Its Potentiality
Sandeep Yadav1,2, Prashant Singh1*, Pallavi Jain2, Kamlesh Kumari3†, Bakusele Kabane4‡, Lebogang Maureen Katata-Seru5 and Indra Bahadur5
1Department of Chemistry, Atma Ram Sanatan Dharma College, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
2Department of Chemistry, SRM Institute of Science and Technology, NCR Campus, Modinagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
3Department of Zoology, University of Delhi, New Delhi, Delhi, India
4Physical Chemistry Laboratories, Department of Chemistry, Durban University of Technology (ML-Sultan Campus), Durban, South Africa
5Department of Chemistry, Material Science Innovation & Modelling (MaSIM) Research Focus Area, Faculty of Natural and Agricultural Sciences, North-West University, Mmabatho, South Africa
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the relationship between nanotechnology and sustainability. It investigates sustainability concepts and how nanotechnology can be applied to accomplish sustainable practices in a variety of domains. The chapter explores the use of nanoparticles and nanotechnology in energy storage and production, healthcare, agriculture, and water treatment. Nanotechnology has been employed in the realm of energy to improve the efficiency of solar cells, fuel cells, and batteries. In healthcare, nanotechnology has enabled the development of targeted drug delivery and diagnostic tools. Nanotechnology has also shown promise in increasing crop yields and reducing the negative environmental impact. Additionally, nanomaterials have been used for the purification of water as well as the treatment of wastewater. In the chapter, the importance of considering the environmental and social impacts of nanotechnology is emphasized to ensure a sustainable future. The chapter concludes by highlighting the potential of nanotechnology to contribute to sustainable development and calling for continued research in this area.
Keywords: Nanotechnology, environment, nanoparticle, green synthesis
1.1 Introduction
The responsible development of nanotechnology, aimed at minimizing its negative impacts while maximizing its benefits, is referred to as sustainable nanotechnology. It considers the entire life cycle of nanomaterials, which includes their synthesis, processing, use, and disposal. The goal of sustainable nanotechnology is to reduce the use of hazardous materials, minimize energy consumption and waste, and promote ethical and social responsibility. Recent studies have shown the potential of sustainable nanotechnology in addressing environmental and societal issues. One example is the work of Bharadwaj et al. who developed a sustainable technique to synthesize gold nanoparticles (NPs) using plant extracts. The method displayed high biocompatibility and antibacterial activity [1]. The potential of sustainable nanotechnology for water treatment has been demonstrated in many studies that used iron oxide NPs synthesized from waste iron scraps. The synthesized NPs showed high efficacy in removing heavy metal ions from contaminated water [2]. The adoption of sustainable nanotechnology is a vital step toward tackling worldwide issues such as climate change, public health, and environmental pollution. By incorporating a sustainable strategy, nanotechnology has the potential to promote a more responsible and sustainable future.
The principles of sustainable nanotechnology have aimed to steer the development of nanotechnology toward environmental and social responsibility by including the reduction of hazardous substances, sustainable synthesis and processing, resource efficiency, waste reduction, life cycle assessment (LCA), eco-design, and ethical considerations. Recent studies have shown the significance of these principles in the development of sustainable nanotechnology. An example of this is Ghani et al., who employed green and sustainable methods for synthesizing silver NPs using plant extracts, resulting in high effectiveness against antibiotic-resistant bacteria [3]. Jume and colleagues conducted a study on the potential of sustainable nanotechnology in reducing waste by utilizing waste cooking oil to produce biodiesel. In their research, they employed SrTiO3-doped graphene oxide as a nanocatalyst [4]. The concept of sustainable nanotechnology involves taking a comprehensive approach to nanomaterials, from their creation to disposal, and assessing their social and environmental impacts through LCA and eco-design. In addition, social responsibility and ethical considerations play an essential role in sustainable nanotechnology, ensuring that nanotechnology development and use benefit society as a whole and promote ethical and equitable practices. The principles of sustainable nanotechnology can serve as a guide to promoting a more sustainable and responsible future for nanotechnology.
1.2 Principles of Sustainable Nanotechnology
1.2.1 Reduction of Hazardous Substances
The reduction of hazardous substances is a crucial principle of sustainable nanotechnology, which aims to minimize the use of toxic or hazardous chemicals in nanotechnology processes. This principle is vital for ensuring the safety and sustainability of nanotechnology, as exposure to hazardous substances can harm human health and the environment. Over the years, there has been a rising interest in developing alternative methods for the synthesis and processing of nanomaterials that are less hazardous. For instance, researchers have investigated the use of non-toxic reagents sourced from natural and renewable resources, such as plant extracts and waste materials, for nanomaterial synthesis. Such initiatives can help in reducing the environmental and health risks associated with conventional nanomaterial synthesis methods [5, 6]. Green chemistry and engineering have led to the blooming of more sustainable processes for the production and processing of nanomaterials, including using supercritical carbon dioxide as a solvent [7]. Reducing the use of hazardous substances in nanotechnology is a critical consideration in designing and developing nanomaterials for specific applications. For instance, in nanomedicine, using non-toxic and biodegradable polymers can enhance the biocompatibility of NPs and reduce their toxicity [8]. Overall, the principle of reduction of hazardous substances is crucial in promoting the safety and sustainability of nanotechnology and should be considered throughout the life cycle of nanomaterials, from their synthesis to disposal.
1.2.2 Green and Sustainable Synthesis and Processes
The principle of green and sustainable synthesis and processing is aimed at developing environmentally friendly and sustainable methods for the production and processing of nanomaterials. The aim is to reduce the bad impact of nanotechnology and promote sustainability in the field. Studies have aimed to explore the use of renewable resources as a source of nontoxic reagents for synthesizing nanomaterials [6]. For example, plant extracts have been used as a green and sustainable alternative to toxic chemicals in the synthesis of metallic NPs [3]. Green solvents, including water and ethanol, are effective in minimizing the environmental impact of nanomaterial processing. In addition, sustainable processes have been created for the production and processing of nanomaterials through advancements in green chemistry and engineering. For instance, the use of microwave irradiation and ultrasound has resulted in reduced reaction times, energy consumption, and waste generation during the synthesis of nanomaterials [9]. The consideration of green and sustainable synthesis and processing in sustainable nanotechnology is crucial for the promotion of the sustainability of the field and should be taken into account at all stages of the life cycle of nanomaterials.
1.2.3 Resource Efficiency and Waste Reduction
The principle of resource efficiency and waste reduction in sustainable nanotechnology is focused on minimizing the use of energy and raw materials during the entire life cycle of nanomaterials while simultaneously reducing waste generation. This principle is crucial in promoting the sustainability of the field by minimizing its environmental impact. Current research has concentrated on the development of more efficient and sustainable methods for nanomaterial production. For example, the use of environmentally friendly solvents, such as supercritical carbon dioxide, has been investigated as a means of reducing energy consumption and waste generation during the synthesis of NPs [7]. The field of nanotechnology has made significant progress in the recovery and reuse of nanomaterials from waste streams, which can contribute to the sustainability of the field. One recent study highlights the potential of using cellulose nanocrystals extracted from waste cotton fibers as a reinforcing agent in the production of sustainable bio-composites. Demonstrating how waste materials can be repurposed and incorporated into the nanotechnology supply chain, reducing waste and promoting sustainability [10]. Moreover, LCA has been utilized to identify opportunities for improving resource efficiency and reducing waste generation in the designing and production of nanomaterials. This principle has played a major role in promoting the sustainability of nanotechnology by reducing its environmental impact. Further research is required to develop more efficient and sustainable approaches for the production and applications of nanomaterials and to ensure that they remain a viable solution for meeting societal needs.
1.2.4 Life Cycle Assignment and Eco-Design
The principle of LCA and economical design in sustainable nanotechnology aims to evaluate the environmental impacts of nanomaterials throughout their entire life cycle and design them to minimize their environmental footprint. LCA provides a comprehensive approach to identifying and quantifying the potential impacts on the environment associated with the production, use, and disposal of nanomaterials [11]. Eco-design involves incorporating environmental considerations into the design and development of nanomaterials to minimize their environmental impacts. A lot of researchers have aimed at the applications of LCA and eco-design in sustainable nanotechnology. For instance, a study on the LCA of graphene oxide demonstrated that the environmental impact of graphene oxide can be reduced by optimizing the synthesis conditions and increasing the yield [12]. Another study investigated the use of eco-design to improve the sustainability of nanocellulose-based materials by optimizing their synthesis and application in various fields [13]. The principle of LCA and eco-design is essential for the sustainability of nanotechnology by identifying and reducing potential environmental impacts throughout the life cycle of nanomaterials.
1.2.5 Social Responsibility and Ethical Considerations
Social responsibility and ethical considerations are crucial in sustainable nanotechnology. The development and deployment of nanotechnology can have significant social and ethical implications, and it is essential to address these issues to ensure that nanotechnology is developed and used responsibly. Recent research has focused on social responsibility and ethical considerations in sustainable nanotechnology. For instance, a study on the social and ethical aspects of nanotechnology showed that there is a need for more inclusive and participatory approaches to decision-making to ensure that stakeholders’ interests are considered [14]. Another study explored the ethical considerations of using nanotechnology in medicine and highlighted the importance of transparency, informed consent, and equitable access to healthcare [15]. Social responsibility and ethical considerations are critical to sustainable nanotechnology’s success, and it is essential to engage in ongoing dialog and collaboration with stakeholders to ensure that nanotechnology is developed and deployed in a responsible and ethical manner.
1.3 Applications of Sustainable Nanotechnology
1.3.1 Energy Generation and Storage
The utilization of nanotechnology has the potential to transform the methods we use for energy generation and storage. By manipulating materials at the nanoscale, scientists and researchers can produce materials with distinct properties suitable for diverse energy-related applications. One promising area of research is the use of nanomaterials to create more efficient and cost-effective solar cells. Nanomaterials, including quantum dots and nanowires, can enhance the absorption and conversion of sunlight into electricity, resulting in the production of solar cells that are both more efficient and cost-effective.
A study was conducted to investigate the 3D tube-on-absorbing sheet solar concentrator which used CuO/H2O as a working nanofluid. The study examined the effects of various parameters like volume, concentration, NP size, inlet temperature, copper oxide morphology, and thermal efficiency of the flat plate solar concentrators. Results showed that the solar collector that used distilled water at 293 K demonstrated superior heat transfer and energy efficiency. It was also found that CuO nanofluids could replace water in solar collector applications in the form of nanobricks with a 1% volume fraction, based on economic performance indicators [16].
Liu et al. developed a new type of melamine sponges modified with reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and paraffin (rGS-pf) (Figure 1.1) for better solar-to-thermal energy conversion and efficient heat administration. Researchers investigated the structures and loading capacity of paraffin in the spongy rGS, as well as the solar-to-thermal power conversion and harvesting capacity of rGS-pf. The rGS-pf had a low composition of rGO (0.11%) loaded on the skeletons, but a high loading of paraffin (97.53%). The study showed that the proposed rGS-pf provided stable thermo-regulation in real time, with solar-to-thermal power conversion efficiency reaching 92.5%. These results could aid in the development of modified materials for effective solar-to-thermal power conversion and heat administration [17].
Ultra-stable nanofluids of carbon quantum dots (CQDs) were synthesized by Chen et al. using polyethylene glycol 200 (PEG-200) heated by microwave. These nanofluids exhibited excellent stability over thirty days and showed stable performance at functional temperature. On increasing the time period of microwave heating, solar thermal conversion efficiency (η) also increased, reaching 81%, which is three times that of the base PEG-200 fluid (η = 27%). The ultra-stable CQD could be a potential heat collector fluid for solar applications, according to the researchers [18].
Figure 1.1 Schematic representation of the synthesis of rGS-pf. (a) Melamine sponge, (b) melamine sponge coated with GO, (c) coated GO reduced to rGO using HI, and (d) spongy rGS loaded with paraffin solution [17].
Nanomaterials have been investigated for their potential application in energy storage, in addition to solar energy. For instance, graphene and carbon nanotubes are among the nanomaterials that can be employed to produce high-capacity batteries and supercapacitors. These devices can store more energy while occupying smaller spaces.
Mohan et al. conducted a study to produce a flexible and lightweight energy storage device made from tungsten oxide material. They synthesized highly crystalline monoclinic tungsten oxide nanomaterial and characterized it using various techniques such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and X-ray diffraction analysis. The electrochemical properties of the prepared material were investigated with the help of a two-electrode system for supercapacitor energy storage, showing a specific capacitance of 64 Fg-1 at 5 mVs-1[19].
Priyadarshi et al. synthesized and characterized cobalt and zinc doped maghemite NPs for energy storage applications. The NPs were found to a have high surface area, crystallinity, and a steep magnetization curve with a saturation magnetization of 60 emu/gm. Doping with zinc and cobalt increased the saturation magnetization, coercivity, and thermal stability. The NPs also exhibited strong conductivity modulation, with an optical band gap ranging from 3.9 to 4.67 eV. These low-cost iron batteries could aid in scaling up renewable energy storage technology [20].
Fuel cells, which produce electricity by electrochemical reactions of H2 and O2, also benefit from using nanomaterials. Platinum NPs, for instance, are being employed as catalysts in fuel cells to enhance their efficiency and lower the cost of their production. Transition metal-doped cubic phase α-MnS NPs were synthesized by Tigwere et al. through the hot injection method and their structural, optical, and morphological properties were characterized in the study. The electrodes based on doped MnS were also studied for their electrocatalytic properties. The study found that Ni and Fe-doped MnS electrodes showed satisfactory capacitive properties and better performance for the water-splitting process. Ni-MnS exhibited superior performance for the hydrogen evolution reaction, while Fe-MnS showed better performance toward oxygen evolution reaction. The study highlights the potential of MnS NPs which are doped with transition metal atoms, as efficient electrocatalysts for water-splitting applications [21].
Furthermore, nanomaterials are being researched for use in the development of thermoelectric devices, which can generate electricity from temperature differences. Nanomaterials such as nanowires and quantum dots can be used to improve the efficiency of these devices and reduce their cost.
1.3.2 Water Treatment and Environmental Remediation
Water treatment and environmental remediation are two critical areas that have seen significant advances in nanotechnology. In recent decades, nanomaterials have been explored for the use of water purification and remediation of environmental pollutants.
Advanced treatment technologies have been designed and developed using nanotechnology, which can eliminate unwanted adulterants from water like bacteria, viruses, heavy metals, and other organic pollutants. For example, the use of nanofiltration and reverse osmosis membranes with nanopores has proven effective in removing contaminants from water. Similarly, nanoscale adsorbents like graphene oxide and carbon nanotubes have shown the ability to remove organic pollutants and heavy metals through adsorption.
A study conducted a one-step hydrothermal synthesis to produce a GO-chitosan composite membrane with improved mechanical stability and interlayer nanochannel size control. The composite membrane exhibited a widened and defined 2D channel resulting from GO-chitosan intercalation. The membrane showed efficient removal of various dyes like Congo red methylene blue, and Rhodamine B, with almost complete removal. It also achieved a high-water permeability of 107.4 Lm-2h-1bar-1, which is four times greater than that of a pure GO membrane [22].
Akpotu et al. developed a composite by combining Montmorillonite (Mont) with GO/rGO and chemically bonded it to polyethylene glycol methyl ether (PEG), the method used was also scalable. The complex composite was characterized, and its ability to adsorb the aqueous emerging contaminant enrofloxacin was evaluated. Optimal adsorption conditions were found to be at pH 6 and ≤30 minutes, with the composite achieving maximum adsorption of 310.6mg/g. Additionally, the composite was reusable, with a recovery rate of ≥72% after four cycles of adsorption and desorption. The clay-polymer complex composite was also found to be cost-effective and exhibited a higher adsorption efficiency than conventional adsorbents [23].
A precipitation method was utilized to develop a new type of membrane, called the nano-combination membrane (NCM), by loading Tb-oxide and Ni-oxide NPs GO surface. The NCM was able to effectively degrade Methyl Orange and Rhodamine B, indicating excellent performance in removing organic pollutants. Additionally, at low concentrations, the NCM was found to be non-cytotoxic toward cancer cells. These results suggest that the NCM could be used to treat water and similar applications [24].
Nanotechnology has been employed in designing new oxidation processes for the treatment of water, utilizing photocatalysts such as TiO2 and ZnO NPs. These processes utilize light and photocatalysts to degrade organic pollutants and have demonstrated effective removal of various contaminants, including pharmaceuticals and dyes [25, 26].
Nanotechnology has been studied for environmental remediation, including the elimination of heavy metals, pesticides, and other contaminants from soil and groundwater. Iron oxide and zero-valent iron NPs have been used for remediating polluted soil and groundwater via adsorption and chemical reduction techniques.
Gonzalez et al. did an LCA of STNTs-Ch beads, an adsorbent used for cadmium removal from wastewater. The assessment evaluated the environmental impacts associated with the production, use, and recycling of the material and identified synthesis as the hotspot due to high electricity consumption during the synthesis. Comparison with other adsorbents showed that activated carbon had the lowest impact, indicating the importance of optimizing energy and chemical use in the production of emerging materials. The study suggested that environmental performance should be considered when developing nano adsorbents for water treatment applications [27].
Ji et al. investigated the utilization of a nanomaterial and biochar consisting of zero-valent bimetal, to remove Sb3+ ions from water. The findings indicated that the most favorable adsorption performance was obtained when the pH of the solution was 3 and 0.05g of nanomaterial was used. The ultimate capacity of adsorption was found to be 3.89 mg g-1 at 35 °C for sludge biochar, 32.01 mg g-1 at 25 °C for nano zero-valent iron biochar, and 50.96 mg g-1 at 25 °C for nano zero-valent bimetal biochar. The adsorption mechanism was attributed to the collaborative effect of adsorption behavior and redox reaction [28].
Magnesium ferrites (MgFe2O4) were produced by simple method as shown in Figure 1.2. Various Mg and Fe ratios were taken to find the optimum concentrations to extract As oxyanions from water. The Mg and Fe ratio played a significant role in influencing various physical and magnetic properties of the synthesized magnesium ferrites. The arsenic adsorption capacity and stability were affected by the differences in the characteristics of the magnesium ferrites. Among the synthesized magnesium ferrites, the MF0.33 synthesized demonstrated the highest adsorption capacity and stability for arsenic at neutral pH. The arsenic adsorption data were consistent with the Freundlich isotherm model, and kinetic data complied with the Pseudo-second-order model [29].
Figure 1.2 Schematic representation for the synthesis of MgFe2O4[29].
Dan et al. investigated the applications of a nanocomposite-based adsorbing material consisting of GO/SiO2 to eradicate methylene blue and Cr(VI) ions from wastewater. The adsorption efficiency was assessed using various parameters and characterized through XRD, SEM, EDX, and TGA. The nanocomposite showed a higher performance for methylene blue than for Cr(VI), with maximum adsorption capacities of 555.50 mg/g and 181.81 mg/g, respectively. In addition, the synthesized nanocomposite exhibited significant antibacterial activity for both gram-positive and negative bacteria [30].
Despite the promising potential of nanotechnology to treat wastewater as well as environmental remediation, there have been growing concerns over the potential adverse environmental and health effects of nanomaterials. The release of NPs into the environment and their potential aggregation in living organisms remain a subject of ongoing research and apprehension. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that the use of nanomaterials in water treatment and environmental remediation is carried out in a responsible and sustainable manner.
1.3.3 Food Safety and Agriculture
The potential of sustainable nanomaterials for food safety and agriculture has been demonstrated through various studies. Researchers have been investigating the application of nanomaterials for different purposes such as food packaging, food preservation, and crop protection. Among these, sustainable nanomaterials have been utilized in food packaging to great effect. Silver NPs and titanium dioxide NPs, for instance, have been employed in food packaging to increase the shelf life of food products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms and bacteria. These nanomaterials can also be utilized to create eco-friendly and compostable food packaging materials, which minimize waste and reduce the environmental impact.
In the past, titanium oxide was utilized as a color enhancer for white foods, particularly dairy products. It was also utilized for food preservation to prevent spoilage and increase the shelf life of light-sensitive foods. Titanium oxide is an insulator in its particle form and has a high melting point of 1,843°C and a boiling point of 2,972°C. Recent studies have demonstrated that titanium oxide can change the properties of biodegradable films, which are cost-effective, non-toxic, and can withstand photochemical reactions [31]. Nanoclays have been extensively employed as antioxidants and vitamin carriers owing to their numerous advantages. These NPs possess the ability to cleanse blood, protect against food contamination, and serve as a remedy for stomach ulcers and antidiarrheal medications. Comprised of single layers of tetrahedral and octahedral sheets, nanoclays stack up like pages in a book. They can reduce the penetrability of carbon dioxide by up to 50% and moisture by 30%, and diminish lipid oxidation, which leads to longer shelf life for meat products [32].
Francis et al. prepared biodegradable complexes of PVA-starch-glycerol (PSG) with copper oxide and zinc oxide NPs and used them as food packaging materials. The PSG-CuZn film exhibited the best water barrier, antifungal, and bactericidal properties among the four types of films studied. The films displayed high thermal stability and demonstrated steady release of ions without leaching of NPs. Strawberries covered by PSG-CuZn film showed improved shelf life and retained nutritional quality. Therefore, it was concluded that PSG-CuZn films have potential as food wrapping materials [33].
Nanomaterials have been investigated for their potential use in food preservation. Edible films and coatings containing nanomaterials, such as chitosan and cellulose nanocrystals, have been utilized to safeguard food products from spoilage and contamination. Moreover, these coatings can enhance the nutritional and sensory qualities of the food.
In agriculture, nanomaterials have shown promise for crop protection. Metal oxide NPs and carbon nanotubes can be used to develop pesticides and plant growth regulators to boost crop yields while reducing the use of hazardous chemicals. Additionally, nanomaterial-based sensors can be utilized to monitor soil moisture, nutrient levels, and plant health, which can improve irrigation and fertilization efficiency.
A field experiment was conducted to calculate the effect of zinc oxide NPs in combination with N:P:K fertilizer on the growth and nutrient attributes of brinjal. The combination of N:P:K and ZnO NPs at a rate of 4500mg/ha resulted in a 91% higher yield of brinjal as compared to the recommended dose of fertilizer alone. Moreover, the treatment with a combination of the recommended dose of fertilizer and ZnSO4 (bulk) showed a 38% higher yield and 21% higher biomass per piece, than the recommended dose of fertilizer alone. These results suggested increased growth and nutrient percentage in brinjals when ZnO NPs were used along with N:P:K fertilizer [34].
A sustainable and multifunctional nanoplatform of carboxymethyl chitosan modified carbon NPs (CMC@CNP), was developed by researchers to deliver the commonly used insecticide Emamectin benzoate (EB). The nanocarrier displayed a high carrying capacity of 55.56% and increased solubility and stability in aqueous medium. It also demonstrated pH-responsive release, resulting in a sustained and steady release of EB with prolonged persistence time. Moreover, the EB@CMC@CNP formulation exhibited a significant increase in anti-UV properties, causing superior pest control characteristics as compared to free EB. This environmentally friendly pesticide delivery system shows promising potential for sustainable development in agriculture [35].
In a recent study, a nanotube-based platform was developed to deliver siRNA directly into plant cells, providing a new method for posttranscriptional gene silencing (PTGS). The nanotubes were able to effectively deliver siRNA and silence endogenous genes in intact plant cells, demonstrating high silencing efficiency. This approach might enable a range of applications in plant biotechnology, which rely on the delivery of RNA in intact cells. Overcoming challenges in the methods of delivering plant siRNA involving coding siRNA into DNA is only possible for a few plant species [36].
The potential risks associated with the use of nanomaterials in food safety and agriculture have raised concerns among researchers and regulators. These concerns include the potential for nanomaterials to accumulate in the environment and in living organisms, potentially leading to adverse effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to ensure that the use of nanomaterials in food safety and agriculture is done in a responsible and sustainable way.
1.3.4 Healthcare and Medical Applications
In the past decade, the use of nanomaterials has transformed the healthcare industry by providing a platform for advanced drug delivery, imaging, and diagnostic technologies. The small size and high surface area to volume ratio of nanomaterials enables the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents to specific sites in the body. This enhances treatment efficacy and reduces side effects.
1.3.4.1 Drug Delivery
Nanotechnology played a crucial role in designing and developing drug delivery systems that can selectively target specific cells and tissues in the body, thereby improving the efficacy of treatments and reducing side effects. Various nanomaterials such as nanoscale liposomes, dendrimers, and polymeric NPs have been utilized to encapsulate drugs and deliver them selectively to cancer cells. This targeted drug delivery approach has the potential to enhance the efficacy of chemotherapy while reducing toxicity to healthy cells, making it a promising option for cancer treatment.
An ophthalmic Brimonidine composition was made utilizing a drug-nanoresin suspension to bring down the administrating frequency. The nano-resin/drug ophthalmic suspension was made with base materials that did not interfere with the drug-resin complex and was stable for at least eighteen months at 298K. Results from the in-vivo animal study concluded that the 0.35% nano-resin formulation administrated once a day was equivalent to 0.15% solution administrated thrice a day. It was also observed that the absorption efficiency of the drug in aqueous humor was improved and sustained interocular pressure reduction [37].
Graphite-based materials are in limelight for their potential in various biomedical applications, particularly in the controlled release and targeted delivery of drugs. Graphene, GO, and rGO are significant because of their thermal, mechanical, and electronic properties, which make them suitable for preparing nanocomposites. Functionalized nanocomposites based on graphene are crucial in drug delivery systems because of their biocompatibility, stability, large surface area, and small size. Several drug delivery systems have already been developed using these materials, and there are ongoing investigations for future applications [38].
Nanocellulose is a sustainable material with distinctive properties that are well-suited for different types of biomedical applications, such as drug delivery, biosensing, and diagnostics. Scientists are currently exploring nanocellulose-based drug delivery systems that provide controlled and prolonged release of drugs. Biomedical materials based on nanocellulose are being developed in two forms, at both the molecular and macroscopic levels. The potential biomedical use of nanocellulose will depend on its functional modification [39].
1.3.4.2 Imaging
Nanomaterials have found applications in medical imaging as well. NPs such as quantum dots and magnetic NPs possess distinctive optical and magnetic properties, which make them valuable for a range of imaging techniques. For instance, quantum dots can be employed for fluorescence imaging, while magnetic NPs can be utilized for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).
Scientists have developed carboxymethyl chitosan-based NPs, known as CMI, for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-guided photothermal therapy (PTT) with low immunogenicity. In vitro and in vivo studies have shown good hemocompatibility, no remarkable additional activation, and good MRI-guided PTT in mice having tumors. The study highlights the importance of considering hemocompatibility and immunogenicity when developing nanoprobes with high performance for various biomedical applications [40].
Biosensors based on nanomaterials provide high throughput and ultrasensitive detection. This review comprehensively covers various nanomaterials utilized for signal amplification in single-molecule immunosensors, including plasmonic noble metals, magnetic beads, quantum dots, and upconversion NPs. Single-molecule immunosensors can detect and quantify biomolecular interactions, and the integration of nanomaterials with bio-devices is anticipated to facilitate the identification of trace elements and early diagnosis in biosensing [41].
1.3.4.3 Diagnostics
Nanotechnology has emerged as a promising tool for developing novel diagnostic devices. Nanoscale biosensors and NPs can detect disease markers present in bodily fluids such as blood, urine, and saliva, thus enabling early diagnosis and treatment of diseases. Gold NPs are a prime example of nanomaterials used in lateral flow assays to identify proteins or nucleic acids related to infectious diseases, including COVID-19 [42].
El Barghouti presented a study where they developed a surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor used in chemical and biological applications. The proposed sensor was composed of an Ag-nanofilm, a functionalized nanostructure of BiFeO3, and a Ni-nanofilm, which was coated with a layer composed of perovskite CH3NH3PbBr3 (MAPbBr3) nanomaterial (Figure 1.3). The analysis focused on parameters such as sensitivity, electric field distribution, and factor of merit (FoM). The results demonstrated that the optimized SPR biosensor design was highly suitable for bio/chemical sensing and biomedical applications, achieving exceptional detection performance with sensitivity and FoM improvements of 240% and 138.78%, respectively [43].
Urine glucose detection is a common practice for monitoring the progression of diabetes and Point of Care Testing (POCT). The development of biosensors made of nanozymes and nanomaterials for the detection of glucose in urine was made possible by advancements in material science, electrochemistry, and miniaturization technology. These biosensors were mass-produced, stable, and low-cost, with enhanced sensitivity and user-friendliness. The development of portable devices like microfluidic paper-based analytical devices and smartphones aided on-site and realtime diagnosis [44].
Figure 1.3 Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) sensor [43].
A new nanoplatform has been developed for glucose measurement, which involves grafting polynorepinephrine (PNE) onto NPs with magnetic properties (Fe3O4) and introducing glucose oxidase (GOx) from Aspergillus niger (Fe3O4@PNE-GOx). Enzyme immobilization on the PNE-modified surface was found to be significantly improved when compared to the bare magnetite surface. The biosensor exhibited good sensitivity, a low detection limit, a broad range of linearity, fast electrocatalytic response, and long-term stability. It was successfully used to detect glucose in body fluids and commercial glucose solutions, indicating its potential for testing or its use in various industries only by using a smartphone and potentiostat [45].
The development of sustainable nanomaterials is confronted with several challenges. One of the main issues is the use of conventional methods to synthesize nanomaterials, which often involve toxic solvents and chemicals that can have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. Additionally, disposing of nanomaterials at the end of their lifespan poses a significant challenge due to their small size and unique properties, which make recycling or safe disposal difficult. Moreover, there are concerns about the potential toxicity of nanomaterials, necessitating extensive testing and evaluation to ensure their safety for both human and environmental health. Despite these challenges, sustainable nanomaterials offer several opportunities. Their unique properties, including high surface area-to-volume ratio, can be harnessed for various applications such as energy storage, catalysis, and sensors. Furthermore, developing sustainable nanomaterials can reduce the environmental and health risks associated with conventional nanomaterials, making them safer for use in various applications. Lastly, sustainable nanomaterials can create new green industries that can provide economic benefits and job opportunities.
1.4 Conclusion
Sustainable nanotechnology is a broad approach to ensure the safe and responsible use of nanomaterials, which can contribute to addressing environmental, social, and economic challenges. The principles of sustainable nanotechnology consist of designing nanomaterials that prioritize environmental and social considerations, using nanomaterials to advance sustainability across diverse industries, and ensuring the responsible development and use of nanotechnology through robust regulations and policies. It encompasses performing thorough risk assessments, monitoring the production and utilization of nanomaterials to safeguard human health and the environment, and mandating manufacturers to demonstrate the safety and sustainability of their products before they are made available in the market. By embracing the principles and regulations of sustainable nanotechnology, we can harness the potential of nanotechnology to devise creative solutions for sustainable development, such as establishing clean energy sources, enhancing food safety, and tackling global health challenges. Fundamentally, sustainable nanotechnology provides a pathway toward a more sustainable future that benefits present and future generations.
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