Systematic Architectural Design for Optimal Wind Energy Generation E-Book

• Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Frontiers in Civil Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Seitenzahl: 121

Beschreibung

Systematic Architectural Design for Optimal Wind Energy Generation is a handy reference on the aerodynamic architectural forms in buildings for optimizing wind energy conversion processes. Chapters of the book cover the basics of wind energy generation and building design that make them more conducive for generating wind power, and in line with sustainable energy design goals.
Key Features:
- 7 chapters organized in a simple, reader friendly layout
- A learning approach to the subject that highlights key concepts in architectural science and wind energy physics
- Introduces readers to the application of computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) tools to visualize and simulate architectural forms under wind actions
- An objective focus on architectural forms is presented, including the role of the form in optimizing wind energy conversion and the negative effects of wind on certain forms
- Covers the building and positioning of different types of wind turbines
- References for further reading

Systematic Architectural Design for Optimal Wind Energy Generation is an essential reference for students of architecture at all levels, professional architects, as well as readers interested in green building design, renewable energy and sustainability studies that pave the way towards proactive environment-friendly solutions.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

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General:

PREFACE

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

REFERENCES

Wind and Architecture

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. Examples of Fully Developed Architectural Designs for Wind Energy Harvesting

2.1. Bahrain World Trade Center

2.2. Strata SE1

2.3. Pearl River Tower

3. WIND AND ARCHITECTURAL SAFETY

3.1. Wind-induced Vibration in Buildings—Definition and Cause

3.2. Wind-induced Vibration in Buildings—Remedies and Measures

3.3. Performance Criteria for Tall Buildings under Wind Design

3.3.1. Human Comfort

4. Building’s Aerodynamic Performance

Conclusion

REFERENCES

Aerodynamic Architectural Design

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. REASONS FOR AERODYNAMIC ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN

2.1. Ventilation

2.1.1. Natural Wind Pressure

2.1.2. Displacement or Stack Ventilation

2.1.3. Bernoulli Effect

2.1.4. Venturi Tube

2.1.5. Types of Wind Flows: Laminar, Separated, Turbulent or Eddy Flows

2.1.6. Air Inertia

2.1.7. No Vacuum in the Atmosphere

3. Wind Energy Harvesting

3.1. Building Design Optimisation for Potential Wind Energy Collection

3.1.1. Overview

3.2. Aerodynamic Aerofoils for Wind Energy Generation

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Wind as an On-site Energy Source

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Wind Energy Availability

3. Wind Availability with Height

4. Variability

5. Capacity Factor

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Architectural Aerofoil Form Optimisation for Wind Energy Generation

Abstract

1. INTRODUCTION

2. Analysis of Wind Turbine Integration into Building Design

2.1. Assumptions

2.2. Wind Turbine Integration

2.3. Optimising Aerofoil Proximity to Roof Surface

2.4. Underlying Simulation Strategies

2.5. Computational Fluid Dynamics

2.5.1. Effect of Domain Size

2.5.2. Mesh-independent Solution

2.5.3. Grid Convergence Study

2.6. The Effect of Models of Turbulence

2.7. The Effect of the Aerofoil Position on Top of the Roof

2.8. The Effect of Different Wind Directions

2.9. Summary of Optimising the Aerofoil Proximity to the Roof of the House

2.10. Summary of Optimisation of the Aerofoil Front Shape

2.11. Effect of Increasing the Angle of Attack

3. Power Estimation

3.1. Effect of Aerofoil Angle of Attack and Aerofoil Proximity on the Power Output

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Building-Integrated Wind Turbines

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Noise Reduction or Prevention

3. Wind-induced Vibrations in Wind Turbines

4. Increasing Wind Velocity for Wind Turbines

4.1. Diffuser Design Evolution

4.2. Technical Background

4.3. Velocity and Pressure of the Diffuser

4.4. Classifications of Ducted Wind Turbines

4.4.1. Simple Diffusers

4.4.2. Multi-slot Diffuser

4.4.3. Brim or Flange Diffuser

4.4.4. Vorticity-based Diffuser/Turbine

4.4.5. Mixer Ejector Wind Turbine

4.4.6. Rotating Diffuser

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Effect of Turbine Resistance and Positioning on the Performance of Aerofoil Building-Augmented Wind Energy Generation

Abstract

1. Introduction

2. Effect of Turbine Resistance on Resulting Velocities and Flow Patterns

2.1. Effect of Turbine Resistance on Wind Flow Patterns

2.2. Effect of Turbine Resistance on Resulting Wind Velocities

3. Effect of Turbine Resistance on Resulting Pressure coefficient

4. Effect of Turbine Resistance on Resulting Power Generation

5. Turbine Positions under the Aerofoil

6. Effect of Building Height on Resulting Wind Velocities

6.1. Results of the Effect of Building Height

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Frontiers in Civil Engineering

(Volume 5)

Systematic Architectural Design for Optimal Wind Energy Generation

Authored by

Abdel Rahman Elbakheit

College of Architecture and Planning

Department of Architecture and Building Sciences

King Saud University

Riyadh

Saudi Arabia

BENTHAM SCIENCE PUBLISHERS LTD.

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PREFACE

With a better understanding of building sciences and improved technologies for the utilisation of building physics, architectural form-finding processes became more elaborated with the added consideration for thermal, acoustic, solar, and aerodynamic forms. Majority of these invisible ordering principles have been developed in the last 100 years; however, they have impacted critical decisions about architectural form only in about the last 70 years. The science of architectural acoustics, for example, did not exist until the second half of the twentieth century, and practical auditorium acoustics were not well understood until about 1960s.

The advent and evolution of building sciences and their incorporation into building technologies transformed the means of evaluating architecture. Thus, several qualitative aspects of architectural form were measurable in quantitative terms. Other than all the general means of spatial experience, comfort, music, lighting, colour, and energy requirements could also be measured, totally optimised and reconfigured.

This book concentrates on further elaborations on the influences of wind and architecture on building sciences, architectural form finding and the optimisation of wind energy harvesting using suitable wind turbines. This publication documents case studies on existing buildings’ designs incorporating wind energy technology in Chapter 1. Certain processes and key indicators for evaluating and testing any envisioned architectural form have been proposed in this chapter. Moreover, the methods for scanning various wind aerodynamic responses relevant to buildings that could be utilised for wind energy harvesting have been elaborated, along with the various types of wind flows and their characteristics. Further steps for streamlining architectural forms to generate optimal wind flows prior to energy harvesting are discussed in Chapter 2.

The ideas presented in this book are a continuation to previous work, aiming to enhance architectural design potential for achieving better prospects of sustainability through the assimilation of wind energy harvesting into architectural form design. In Chapters 4 and 6, the works presented in publications titled, ‘Factors enhancing aerofoil wings for wind energy harnessing in buildings’[1] and ‘Effect of turbine resistance and positioning on performance of Aerofoil wing building augmented wind energy generation’ [2], respectively, are further elaborated. The former study examines how architectural form and aerofoils together can be manipulated to generate continuous wind flows suitable for energy harvesting using wind turbines. Some aerofoil forms are proposed on the basis of their aerodynamic qualities and peculiar attributes capable of assisting wind flow patterns around buildings. The latter study examines different positions of turbines within the same design aspects envisioned in the former study on wind energy harvesting. An independent tool is needed to be employed to ‘measure’ these attributes of design, which was done in the form of fluid flow computations using computational fluid dynamics (CFD).

Although the content of this study has a well-established scientific basis to it, together with this tool, the design decisions are still on pure architectural forms and their merits of clean energy generation and maximisation. This reflects the capability of a design to transcend the boundaries of science and art in a more unifying and encompassing way. One would recall the following from Richard Buchanan’s ‘Wicked Problems in Design Thinking’, in Margolin and Buchanan, eds., The Idea of Design, 1995:

‘The significance of seeking a scientific basis for design does not lie in the likelihood of reducing design to one or another of the sciences. . . . Rather, it lies in a concern to connect and integrate useful knowledge from the arts and sciences alike’.

In Chapter 5, a thorough review of diffuser augmentation technology for wind turbines amenable to building integration and/or mimicking in architectural forms is undertaken. The key dimensional proportions of a diffuser that critically underlie augmentation level/success and in turn that is suitable for inclusion within an architectural form are highlighted.

In Chapter 7, the overall conclusions and suggestions are elaborated. In case of any feedback, please contact the author at the following email address: [email protected]

CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION

Not applicable.

CONFLICT OF INTEREST

The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Declared none.

REFERENCES

[1]A.R. Elbakheit. Factors enhancing aerofoil wings for wind energy harnessing in buildings.Build. Serv. Eng. Res. Tech201435441743710.1177/0143624413509097[2]A.R. Elbakheit. Effect of turbine resistance and positioning on performance of Aerofoil wing building augmented wind energy generation.Energy and Buildings201817436537110.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.025

Abdel Rahman Elbakheit College of Architecture and Planning Department of Architecture and Building Sciences King Saud University Riyadh Saudi Arabia Email: [email protected]

Wind and Architecture

Abdel Rahman Elbakheit

1 College of Architecture and Planning, Department of Architecture and Building Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia

Abstract

In this chapter, the influences of wind on architecture are highlighted. Wind can have both positive and negative effects on architecture. Moreover, architecture can respond in proactive ways to maximise the benefits of wind forces and reduce or eliminate the negative impacts. This chapter sheds further light on notable architectural ideas translated into architectural case studies on harvesting wind energy in the built environment. Moreover, this chapter enables gaining insight into successful practices in architectural design solutions and ways and means to further enhance the performance of the buildings. In addition, the negative impacts of high wind velocities are identified, and possible solutions to mitigate them at their source are presented and discussed. Optimised architectural forms that can completely avoid excessive wind forces and devastating vortex shedding during the design stage are presented.

Keywords: Architectural forms, Aerodynamic architectural optimisation, Architectural form finding, Architectural stability, Vortex shedding, Wind energy, Wind energy harvesting, Wind forces.

*Corresponding author Abdel Rahman Elbakheit: College of Architecture and Planning, Department of Architecture and Building Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. E-mail:[email protected]

1. INTRODUCTION

Mankind encountered wind and its effects from the dawn of existence. The history of using this renewable energy source has been well integrated in human civilisation, being implemented for sailing boats and operating wind mills [1], wind catchers [2], etc. However, for buildings in general, architectural form in particular, wind is associated either with structural safety or ventilation of interior spaces. With technology advancement, structural safety and ventilation have developed to be well established aspects of architectural form, although under different specialisations: structural safety under structural engineering [3] and ventilation under mechanical engineering [4]. However, architectural design retained the initiative of combining these two, among others, to produce more environmentally friendly buildings. Thus, the need to adequately benefit from wind arose. In other words, the need to find a way to tame the giant to harvest its energy at the point where it is made. In this regard, some notable conceptual architectural ideas put forth by architect Bill Dunster [5] were ground breaking, wherein he proposed the integration of a flower-shaped structure with at Tall

building concentracting and accelerating wind flow for energy harvesting.Another wind energy harvesting design was developed by the European funded project of ‘WEB – JOR3-CT98-0270’ [September 1998–August 2000] [6