Systems and Uses of Digital Sciences for Knowledge Organization E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 268

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Systems and Uses of Digital Sciences for Knowledge Organization is a large-scale scientific work that brings together researchers and R&D professionals to discuss ideas and actions in the organization of knowledge. The main objective of this book is to define collaborative strategies, use advanced technologies in multiple research fields and outline applications of knowledge organization and its cultural, education, economic and industrial potential.

The organization of knowledge and advanced technologies (OCTA) asks the following questions: How can we strengthen alliances between multi-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary studies? How can we broaden our skills surrounding common objects of study? How can we innovate the solutions found and propose sustainable development to society confidently? This book is a result of intensive and collaborative work between highly respected scientific authors. The nine chapters that have been selected for this book have been peer-reviewed by the OCTA program committee, both as written submissions and when presented during the OCTA multi-conference on organization.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright Page

Introduction

I.1. Scientific challenges

I.2. Structure of this book

I.3. References

1 Multi-Agent System and Ontology to Manage Ideas and Represent Knowledge

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Multi-agent system (MAS) and ontology

1.3. MAS and ontology: our approach proposal

1.4. Results

1.5. Conclusion

1.6. Appendices

1.7. References

2 Comparative Study of Educational Process Construction Supported by an Intelligent Tutoring System

2.1. Introduction

2.2. New view of educational process

2.3. Definition framework

2.4. Comparative study

2.5. Conclusion and future works

2.6. References

3 Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Recommender System Based on Users’ Reviews

3.1. Introduction

3.2. Multi-criteria decision-making

3.3. Basics of recommendation systems and related work

3.4. New multi-criteria text-based recommendation system

3.5. Experimental study

3.6. Conclusion

3.7. References

4 Spammer Detection Relying on Reviewer Behavior Features Under Uncertainty

4.1. Introduction

4.2. Background

4.3. Spammer detection relying on the reviewers’ behavioral features

4.4. Experimental study

4.5. Conclusion and future work

4.6. References

5 Social Networking Application, Connections Between Visual Communication Systems and Personal Information on the Web

5.1. Introduction

5.2. Related published works

5.3. Pattern for the SignaComm, first approach

5.4. From text phrases to signagrams for the protection of personal data

5.5. SignaComm’s first technical test

5.6. Discussion and conclusion

5.7. Acknowledgment

5.8. References

6 A New Approach of Texts and Writing Normalization for Arabic Knowledge Organization

6.1. Introduction

6.2. Motivation

6.3. Using a machine learning model

6.4. Technological elements integration

6.5. Corpus and dataset

6.6. Experiences and evaluations

6.7. Conclusion

6.8. References

7 Ebola Epidemic in the Congo 2018–2019: How Does Twitter Permit the Monitoring of Rumors?

7.1. Introduction

7.2. Materials and methods

7.3. Results

7.4. Conclusion

7.5. Acknowledgment

7.6. References

8 From Human and Social Indexing to Automatic Indexing in the Era of Big Data and Open Data

8.1. Introduction

8.2. Indexing definition

8.3. Manual indexing

8.4. Automatic indexing

8.5. Indexing methods for Big Data and Open Data

8.6. Conclusion

8.7. References

9 Strategies for the Sustainable Use of Digital Technology by the AWI in the Management of Knowledge and Cultural Communication on the “Arab World”

9.1. Introduction

9.2. The Arab World Institute and the construction of knowledge around the “Arab World” in the West

9.3. The AWI’s digital communication strategies

9.4. The images built by the AWI and the question of feedback

9.5. The role of digital tools in sustainability and durability in the management of knowledge and communication at the AWI

9.6. Conclusion

9.7. References

List of Authors

Index

Other titles from iSTE in Interdisciplinarity, Science and Humanities

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1.

Role solver participant

Table 1.2.

Role solver participant

Table 1.3.

Definition of concepts

Table 1.4.

Definition of relationships

Chapter 2

Table 2.1.

Role solver participant

Table 2.2.

Nature view of ITS 1

Table 2.3.

Description view of ITS 1

Table 2.4.

Design view of ITS 1

Table 2.5.

Scenario view of ITS 1

Table 2.6.

Nature view of ITS 2

Table 2.7.

Description view of ITS 2

Table 2.8.

Description view of ITS 2

Table 2.9.

Scenario view of ITS 2

Table 2.10.

Nature view of ITS 3

Table 2.11.

Description view of ITS 3

Table 2.12.

Description view of ITS 3

Table 2.13.

Scenario view of ITS 3

Table 2.14.

Nature view of ITS 4

Table 2.15.

Description view of ITS 4

Table 2.16.

Description view of ITS 4

Table 2.17.

Scenario view of ITS 4

Table 2.18.

Nature view of ITS 5

Table 2.19.

Description view of ITS 5

Table 2.20.

Description view of ITS 5

Table 2.21.

Scenario view of ITS 5

Chapter 3

Table 3.1.

Reviews of Anthony Rodreguez of Example 3.1

Table 3.2.

Description of TripAdvisor dataset

Table 3.3.

Items’ categorization

Table 3.4.

Evaluation metrics results for 1,000 users

Table 3.5.

F-measure results depending on the number of users’ reviews

...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1.

List of notations

Table 4.2.

Datasets description

Table 4.3.

Comparative results

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1

Relationships between the GAIA models (Picard and Gleizes 2006, p

...

Figure 1.2

Analysis of concepts (Wooldridge et al. 2000, p. 4)

Figure 1.3

Ontology Uschold phases.

Figure 1.4

Definition of protocols associated with the role solver participa

...

Figure 1.5

Definition of protocols associated with the role solver participa

...

Figure 1.6

Acquaintance model

Figure 1.7

Global ontology

Figure 1.8

Global frontiers of the system.

Figure 1.9

Creativity support system interface human machine.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1

Multi-level view of educational processes (Bayounes et al

.

2020).

Figure 2.2

Framework worlds (Bayounes et al. 2012)

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1

Main steps of primary criterion-based recommendation system.

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1

Spammer detection relying on the reviewers’ behavioral features

...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1

Example of signagram.

Figure 5.2

Diagram for the SignaComm pattern

Figure 5.3

Example of a machine translation result.

Figure 5.4

Example of the chat room page.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1

How an RNN works.

Figure 6.2

How a basic LSTM works.

Figure 6.3

Architecture of an improved LSTM.

Figure 6.4

Architecture.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1

Top 10 rumors circulating on Twitter (Jin et al. 2014)

Figure 7.2

Radarly interface.

Figure 7.3

Graphical representations of Radarly® data.

Figure 7.4

Monitoring process (Tanti et al. 2012).

Figure 7.5

Data collected

Figure 7.6

Cartographic representation of the volume of publications as a fu

...

Figure 7.7

Tweet relaying the effectiveness of the vaccine.

Figure 7.8

Tweet accusing laboratories of creating the virus and spreading i

...

Figure 7.9

Tweet from a Congolese man spreading a rumor that the disease was

...

Figure 7.10

Tweet relaying a daily update on the disease from the Congolese

...

Figure 7.11

Tweet from the media relaying a preventive message to mobilize t

...

Figure 7.12

Screenshot of a tweet showing the president of the DRC applying

...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1

Information retrieval system.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1

AWI’s Facebook page (screenshot).

Figure 9.2

AWI’s Instagram account (screenshot).

Figure 9.3

AWI’s Twitter account (screenshot).

Figure 9.4

AWI’s YouTube channel (screenshot).

Figure 9.5

IM’s SoundCloud account (screenshot).

Guide

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Introduction

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

List of Authors

Index

Other titles from iSTE in Interdisciplinarity, Science and Humanities

Wiley End User License Agreement

Pages

iii

iv

xi

xii

xiii

xiv

xv

xvi

xvii

xviii

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

185

186

187

188

189

190

Digital Tools and Uses Set

coordinated byImad Saleh

Volume 9

Systems and Uses of Digital Sciences for Knowledge Organization

Edited by

Sahbi SidhomAmira Kaddour

First published 2022 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA

www.iste.co.uk

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2022The rights of Sahbi Sidhom and Amira Kaddour to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2022940925

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data

A CIP record for this book is available from the British Library

ISBN 978-1-78630-773-6

Introduction

The OCTA International Multi-Conference on “Organization of Knowledge and Advanced Technologies” is a large-scale scientific event that brings together researchers and R&D professionals focusing on ideas and common actions in the organization of knowledge. The main objective of this book is to define collaborative strategies, use advanced technologies in multiple research fields and outline applications of knowledge organization for society and its cultural, educational, economic and industrial development.

Moreover, in a collaborative way in the OCTA event, the main conjuncture between scientific and professional communities is to initiate future innovative projects, in order to bring public and private institutions closer to tomorrow’s technological challenges.

In February 2020, the scientific projects involved in the OCTA Multi-Conference edition were as follows:

– SIIE (https://siie2019.loria.fr/ & www.siie.fr) on “Information Systems and Economic Intelligence”. The SIIE international conference aims to promote dialog between experts and researchers from both public and private sectors on fundamental and experimental knowledge of Information Systems and Economic Intelligence (SIIE). Its goal is to develop technologies related to economic intelligence (EI) in a risk environment. The dynamics of EI (i.e. Competitive Intelligence) depend on mastering the knowledge and skills needed to design the best strategies and to ensure that decision-makers make the right decisions.

– ISKO-Maghreb (https://isko-maghreb2019.loria.fr/ and www.isko-maghreb.org) on “Digital Sciences: Impacts and Challenges on Knowledge Organization”. The ISKO international scholarly society is devoted to the theory and practice of organization, including the objective of the ISKO-Maghreb and the ISKO chapter in Maghreb countries, which continues to contribute to our understanding of the factors that organize knowledge and the phenomena that affect the information society. The actions to be undertaken by the scholarly society ISKO-Maghreb will have to take into account socio-cultural, cognitive and economic aspects in the strategic management of knowledge. In relation to the knowledge society, knowledge must be seen in the context of its dynamics, content and scientific and technological interactions with academics, business and politics (actors and institutions).

– CITED (https://cited2019.loria.fr/) on “Advanced Technologies, Renewable Energies and Economic Development”. The international symposium CITED aims to bring together the work on concerted and reflective research into the establishment of sustainable economic development based on technological advances, the optimal use of means and resources, and renewable energies. Joseph Aloïs Schumpeter (1934) highlighted the relationship between the innovation factor and the economic conjuncture: the pattern of economic transition, i.e. the theory of economic development. When analyzed in the context of economic cycles, the horizons of 2020–2030 appear, according to the cycles of Kondratiev (2014), as the beginning of the transition to a new era of production, industrialization and means, which can now be explained by the rise of the green economy.

– TBMS (https://tbms2019.loria.fr/) on “Big-Data-Analytics Technologies for Strategic Management: Innovation and Competitiveness”. The International Symposium TBMS explores the practical implications of Big Data and how it reconfigures relationships, expertise, methods, concepts and academic knowledge in all sectors: social, professional and economic. Today, we have more data than ever before in human history. Data volumes multiplied by 100 between 1987 and 2007, and then doubled on average every year. This is an increase infinitely greater than that caused by the invention of printing (starting with J. Gutenberg), which had resulted in a doubling of data over 50 years. In an enthusiastically transdisciplinary way, Big Data orients us towards the classification of reality into categories generated by data, instead of imposing these classifications as input at the beginning.

Taking into account transdisciplinarity, OCTA asks the following questions:

– How can we strengthen alliances between multi-disciplinary and trans-disciplinary studies?

– How can we broaden our skills surrounding common objects of study?

– How can we innovate the solutions found and propose sustainable development to society confidently?

I.1. Scientific challenges

The selected proposals, which form the OCTA edition from February 2020, mainly represent the topic of “Systems, Tools and Digital Uses for Knowledge Organization”. This scientific and multidisciplinary orientation wishes to point out the major concerns around the “Digital Uses for Knowledge Organization” with the proposals of “Models, Systems and Tools” to achieve this.

This book is a result of intensive and collaborative work between highly respected scientific authors. The nine chapters that have been selected for this book have been peer-reviewed by the OCTA program committee, both as written submissions and when presented during the OCTA multi-conference organization. In these circumstances of an exchange between authors and the scientific audience of OCTA, the proposals are enriched by authors at our request as chairs, and produce for this book an excellent reference in the “Information and Communication Sciences” and in a new scientific domain of “Digital Sciences: Impacts and Challenges on Knowledge Organization”.

I.2. Structure of this book

Chapter 1, Multi-Agent System and Ontology to Manage Ideas and Represent Knowledge: Creativity Challenge by Pedro Chávez Barrios, Davy Monticolo and Sahbi Sidhom presents and develops the implementation of an intelligent system to support idea management. This is the result of a multi-agent system (MAS) used in a distributed system with heterogeneous information as ideas and knowledge, after the results about an ontology to describe the meaning of these ideas. The authors argue that the intelligent system assists the participants of the creativity workshop to manage their ideas, thereby proposing an ontology dedicated to these ideas. During the creative workshop, many creative activities and collaborative creative methods are used by roles immersed in this creativity workshop event where they share their knowledge. The collaboration of these roles is physically distant, their interactions might be synchronous or asynchronous, and the information of ideas is heterogeneous, in order to confirm that the process is distributed. These ideas are written in natural language by participants who have a role, and are heterogeneous since some of them are described by schema, text or scenario of use. This chapter presents the MAS and the associated ontology design.

In Chapter 2, Comparative Study of Educational Process Construction Supported by an Intelligent Tutoring System by Walid Bayounes, Inès Bayoudh Sâadi and Hénda Ben Ghézala, the motivation observed by the authors is the need for educational processes that can be constructed and adapted to the needs of learners, the preferences of tutors and the requirements of system administrators and system designers of the intelligent tutoring system (ITS). In this context, this chapter explores the theory of studying the problem of educational process construction. This study introduces a new multi-level view of educational processes. Based on the proposed view, a faceted definition framework conducts a comparative study on the ITS to understand and classify issues in educational process construction.

Chapter 3, Multi-Criteria Decision-Making Recommender System Based on Users’ Reviews by Mariem Briki, Sabrine Ben Abdrabbah and Nahla Ben Amor, argues that due to the huge increase in the volume of available online data, finding relevant information becomes a very challenging task. Recommender systems (RS) achieve personalization by capturing users’ interests and provide them with items that would probably match their expectations and tastes. The objective of this chapter is to use text mining techniques to analyze users’ reviews and to detect the multi-faceted representation of the active user’s interests. The authors assume that analysis of textual data can reveal additional hidden information, allowing the profiling of users. They propose a multi-criteria text mining-based RS (MCTMRS) that defines different features/criteria of the recommended item and then builds the corpus of information of each criterion. Finally, users’ reviews are exploited to capture users’ interests in different criteria and to detect the items that satisfy users’ multi-criteria preferences. The authors tested this on a real database extracted from the TripAdvisor website. The experimental study shows that the proposed solution improves accuracy compared to traditional approaches.

Chapter 4, Spammer Detection Relying on the Reviewers’ Behaviors Features Under Uncertainty by Malika Ben Khalifa, Zied Elouedi and Eric Lefèvre, reports that nowadays the success of different companies and organizations depends on their e-reputation. The latter is manipulated by online reviews that not only have a fundamental impact on the company’s development but also deeply influence the buying decision of readers. That is why spammers post fake reviews to cheat online review systems, in order to mislead consumers and damage e-commerce. This makes spammer detection one of the most important tasks to stop fraudulent online activities and protect the e-reputation of companies, restaurants, hotels and brands. Hence, we put forward a novel approach that differentiates between spammers and innocent reviewers. The method presented by the authors is based on the K-nearest neighbor algorithm in the belief function theory and relies on suspicious behavior indicators which are considered as features. The experimental study shows the performance and robustness of the method, which was tested on two real-world labeled datasets extracted from yelp.com.

Chapter 5, Social Networking Application, Connections Between Visual Communication Systems and Personal Information on the Web by Marilou Kordahi, contributes to the field of information systems by examining the connections between social networking sites and visual communication systems. This chapter clearly presents the design of an innovative social networking application and develops a prototype of it: “SignaComm”. It enables multilingual communication between users worldwide and in various situations (e.g. protection of personal information on the Web). SignaComm is based on the theory of patterns as well as the principles of ontologies and the signage system. The theory of patterns allows the reuse of patterns to serve as assets for programming advancement and critical thinking. Ontologies define structured concepts and objects by providing significance to an information system in a particular field, and allow the development of connections between these concepts and objects. The signage system is used to provide information on a topic, in order to facilitate the communication between users on an international scale. The “signagram” is its writing unit. When creating the SignaComm, we use a machine translation of key phrases into signagrams. After writing the prototype with programming languages such as Python, PHP and Javascript, we test its capabilities to communicate instant messages to users.

Chapter 6, A New Approach of Texts and Writing Normalization for Arabic Knowledge Organization by Hammou Fadili, argues that “knowledge organization” is an important research field, as evidenced, for example, by numerous research works on classification. This last discipline is complicated, especially in the case of Arabic data from the Web, because Arabic has many forms of writing, spelling, structure, etc. on the one hand, and the lack of preprocessed and normalized data, on the other. Implementing solutions that can help remedy these problems is a real need and a big challenge for the standardization process that this language must know, especially in the new world of publishing that is the Web. This is characterized by many forms of writing styles where everyone writes in their own way without any constraints. It is in this context that the author suggests a new approach based on unsupervised deep learning methods and implements a system to help the normalization of Arabic texts and writing, in order to facilitate and improve their organization and classification.

Chapter 7, Ebola Epidemic in the Congo 2018–2019: How Does Twitter Permit the Monitoring of Rumors? by Marc Tanti, presents the Ebola epidemic that has mainly affected three West African countries (Guinea, Sierra Leone and Liberia), killing 20,000 people. A number of articles have studied the rumors that circulated during this outbreak on Twitter. For example, Fung’s article pointed out that false information about the treatment of the disease, such as bathing in salt water for healing, was disseminated on the platform (Fung 2016). Jin’s article also pointed out that these media were behind a fake news article alleging that a snake was at the origin of the epidemic. This article also listed the top 10 rumors circulating on Twitter (Jin 2014).

This study reports that the Ebola virus has been raging in the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) since August 1, 2018, killing more than 2,050 people. It is the second largest epidemic after West Africa. No studies have been conducted to determine who is communicating about this epidemic and what types of tweets or rumors are being disseminated.

To answer this question, the author conducted analysis on Twitter using the Radarly® software, over a period dating from April 1 to July 7, 2019. This work has highlighted several actors communicating around the epidemic (general public, experts, politicians, the media, etc.). This study found 12 main influencers and revealed a negative message rate (rumors) of 73.31%.

Chapter 8, From Human and Social Indexing to Automatic Indexing in the Era of Big Data and Open Data by Nabil Khemiri and Sahbi Sidhom, outlines that in the era of Big Data and Open Data, massive and heterogeneous collections of documents (from text to multimedia) are created, managed and stored electronically. To make these documents more usable, a set of processes, like human (i.e. manual) indexing, social indexing and automatic (i.e. machine/algorithmic) indexing, make it possible to create representations of documents by a set of metadata, descriptors (or terms) and social tags. These representations will make it easier to find information in a massive and scalable collection of documents from different sources (document databases, social networks, Open Data, etc.), in order to respond to user information needs (i.e. user requests). Numerous research studies have been carried out to put forward indexing approaches depending on the type of indexed documents, as well as to observe the evolution of indexing methods linked to the evolution of document representations, electronic content, Big Data and Open Data. This chapter presents a detailed overview, including a state of the art on approaches and methodologies from human/manual indexing, social indexing and automatic indexing with a set of algorithmic methods in the era of Big Data and Open Data.

Chapter 9, Strategies for the Sustainable Use of Digital Technology by the AWI in the Management of Knowledge and Cultural Communication on the “Arab World” by Asma Abbassi, shows that today more than ever, in the post-digital era, the management, production and transmission of content face major and multiple challenges. The stakes become all the greater when this content, which is seen, read and listened to, conditions knowledge and scholarship around a civilization or a geographical area. Such is the case with the Arab World Institute (AWI). Similarly, knowledge management and cultural communication have a special place in sustainable development, which has become a concept of primary interest in global policies for several years (CGLU 2015). The optimization of cultural tools has now become a necessity and even an emergency. This chapter lies in this context, as it is part of a several-year doctoral work focused on the study of the images of the “Arab world” produced by the AWI via its public activities. It is also based on a recent work that analyzes the digital communication strategy of the AWI and its digital media.

At the crossroads of digital humanities, cultural studies and information, communication sciences and sustainable development, the author suggests studying the relationships between the material and immaterial worlds and the management methods of knowledge through various digital tools, the images conveyed around the “Arab world” via the construction, organization and transmission of knowledge from the AWI. This study integrates the feedback issue and the degree of interaction of audiences, mainly those in the “Arab world”, with a discussion on digital sustainability and durable knowledge management.

I.3. References

CGLU (2015). Culture 21 : Actions. Engagements sur le rôle de la culture dans les villes durables.

Cités et Gouvernements Locaux Unis

, Barcelona [Online]. Available at:

https://www.arts-ville.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/Culture21Actions_2015.pdf

.

Fung, I.C.-H., Fu, K.-W., Chan, C.-H., Chan, B.S.B., Cheung, C.-N., Abraham, T., Tse, Z.T.H. (2016). Social media’s initial reaction to information and misinformation on ebola, August 2014: Facts and rumors.

Public Health Reports

, 131(3), 461–473 [Online]. Available at:

https://doi.org/10.1177/003335491613100312

.

Jin, F., Wang, W., Zhao, L., Dougherty, E., Cao, Y., Lu, C.-T., Ramakrishnan, N. (2014). Misinformation propagation in the age of Twitter.

Computer

, 47(12), 90–94.

Kondratiev, N.D. (2014).

The Long Waves in Economic Life

. Martino Fine Books, Eastford.

Schumpeter, J.A. (1934).

The Theory of Economic Development: An Inquiry into Profits, Capital, Credit, Interest, and the Business Cycle

. Harvard University Press, Cambridge.

Note

Introduction written by Sahbi SIDHOM and Amira KADDOUR.

1Multi-Agent System and Ontology to Manage Ideas and Represent Knowledge: Creativity Challenge

1.1. Introduction

Every year, The University of Lorraine organizes a creativity workshop called “48 hours generating ideas” (48H). We observed that thousands of ideas (IdC) were generated during the last 48H creativity workshop in 2017 (Ecole d’été RRI 2017). In order to manage these ideas, a multi-agent system is studied and proposed since it has been proved to be efficient in a distributed process and to propose an ontology to represent knowledge. The concept of MAS appeared at the end of the 20th century. The multi-agent system has two forms of vision: the interaction among agents and the interaction among humans, the first, as an artificial intelligence (AI) concept attributed to Nils Nilsson “all AI is distributed-1980” and the second as artificial life (Alife) based in the complex adaptive behaviors of communities of humans (Weyns et al. 2004). By relating an individual to a program, it is possible to simulate an artificial world populated with interacting processes (Drogoul et al. 1992; Chávez Barrios 2019; Chávez Barrios et al. 2020). The individual is an agent who interacts according to their environment, which is clearly defined with respect to reality. These interactions among agents and their environments are an important aspect of the MAS. At the beginning of the 21st century, an initial model tool was used to create generic multi-agent platforms based on an organizational mode based on the core modelagent-role-group (Gutknecht and Ferber 2000), and also multi-agent model is used involving some agents to hundreds focusing on the breakdown of a problem into simple ones that the agent can solve (Simonin and Ferber 2003). At present, MAS has been used to improve energy efficiency (Zhang et al. 2014). However, four topics were covered during the creativity workshop 48H: a) our intelligent system based in agents is complicated due to the multiple and different interactions among actors and roles without our target losing the ability “to assist participants of the creativity workshop to manage their ideas” and to develop an annotation system; as Ferber said “organization is the interaction of different groups” (Ferber 1994); b) collaborative interactions among actors and roles that are distant must be defined and every role might represent an agent; c) divergence actions are used by participants to create ideas using creative activities and collaborative creative methods; and d) convergence actions are used to produce idea cards as well as to store, share, evaluate and improve them. Several design methodologies of multi-agent systems exist: GAIA (Wooldridge et al. 2002; Zambonelli et al. 2003) and DOCK (Girodon et al. 2015b) are examples of these designs. Multi-agent systems have two principal methodologies (Esparcia et al. 2011), those oriented towards agents and those oriented towards organizations are based on organizational units, services, the environment and norms (Argente et al. 2009). Due to the uncountable times that agents are mentioned and the interaction of agents in a multi-agent system, we have to present some definitions about the concept of the agent; it has some primordial functions for the creation of our intelligent system. Since the last century and the beginning of this century, the concept of the agent and its characteristics has appeared. There are several definitions about agents, description of agents’ requirements, uses of agents (Shen and Norrie 1999) and descriptions of agents’ evolution (Vanhée et al. 2013). In software design, an agent represents structured aggregations of elements like events, actions, beliefs, plans and tasks (Kinny 2002). In actual definition, “agent” is a system whose behavior is teleonomic (Castelfranchi 2012), “goal-oriented” towards a certain state of the world; in another definition, an agent is specified as an active communicating entity which plays roles inside groups (Gutknecht and Ferber 2000). A final and, in our opinion, very important definition is “an agent is a computer system with independent action with respect to interventions of humans of other agents” (Jennings and Wooldridge 1998).

Having put forward the MAS, the next step is to define ontology. It is dedicated to ideas and specifically to assist participants in idea generation during the creativity workshop. In addition, our ontology represents knowledge from this CWS like ideas, processes, activities, actors, roles, methods, idea cards and possible solutions; this ontology is used to annotate ideas and to facilitate idea management. As an initial definition of the word, the etymology of ontology comes from ancient Greek, but the concept of ontology appeared in the 17th century in the work “Ogdoas Scholastic” by Jacob Lorhard (Øhrstrøm et al. 2008). Also, in the last century, the concept of ontology focused on the definition of objects, concepts, entities and relationships among them in a defined area (Genesereth and Nilsson 1987; Gruber 1995), and ontology works as a database with information, properties and relationships about concepts that exist in the world or a particular domain (Mahesh 1996).