Technology Innovation for the Circular Economy E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1430

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

TECHNOLOGY INNOVATION FOR THE CIRCULAR ECONOMY The book comprises 56 peer-reviewed chapters comprehensively covering in-depth areas of circular economy design, planning, business models, and enabling technologies. Some of the greatest opportunities for innovation in the circular economy are in remanufacturing, refurbishment, reuse, and recycling. Critical to its growth, however, are developments in product design approaches and the manufacturing business model that are often met with challenges in the current, largely linear economies of today's global manufacturing chains. The conference hosted by the REMADE Institute in Rochester, NY, brought together U.S. and international researchers, industry engineers, technologists, and policymakers, to discuss the myriad intertwining issues relating to the circular economy. This book consists of 56 chapters in 10 distinct parts covering broad areas of research and applications in the circular economy area. The first four parts explore the system level work related to circular economy approaches, models and advancements including the use of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning to guide implementation, as well as design for circularity approaches. Mechanical and chemical recycling technologies follow, highlighting some of the most advanced research in those areas. Next, innovation in remanufacturing is addressed with descriptions of some of the most advanced work in this field. This is followed by tire remanufacturing and recycling, highlighting innovative technologies in addressing the volume of end-of-use tires. Pathways to net-zero emissions in manufacturing of materials concludes the book, with a focus on industrial decarbonization. Audience This book has a wide audience in academic institutes, business professionals and engineers in a variety of manufacturing industries. It will also appeal to economists and policymakers working on the circular economy, clean tech investors, industrial decision-makers, and environmental professionals.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Part 1: CIRCULAR ECONOMY

1 Standards as Enablers for a Circular Economy

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Standards and Measures for the Transition

1.3 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

2 Circularity Index: Performance Assessment of a Low-Carbon and Circular Economy

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Circularity Index Approach

2.3 Case Study: UK Car-Based Passenger Mobility

2.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

3 Biodegradable Polymers For Circular Economy Transitions—Challenges and Opportunities

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Clarification of Confusing Terminologies

3.3 Structures, and Application-Space of Biodegradable Polymers

3.4 Knowledge Gaps and Research Needs

3.5 Biodegradable Plastics and Circular Economy Transitions

3.6 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

4 Evaluating Nationwide Supply Chain for Circularity of PET and Olefin Plastics

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Methods

4.3 Results and Discussion

4.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

5 NextCycle: Building Robust Circular Economies Through Partnership and Innovation

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The NextCycle Concept

5.3 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

6 My So-Called Trash: Evaluating the Recovery Potential of Textiles in New York City Residential Refuse

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Textile Sub-Sort of DSNY Waste Characterization Study, Fall 2022 Season

6.3 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

7 When is it Profitable to Make a Product Sustainable? Insights from a Decision-Support Tool

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Main Content of the Chapter

7.3 Conclusions & Recommendations

References

8 Clean Energy Technologies, Critical Materials, and the Potential for Remanufacture

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Modern Examples of Materials Complexity, and Their Implications

8.3 REMADE in the Advanced Technology World

References

Part 2: ENABLING A CIRCULAR ECONOMY THROUGH AI & MACHINE LEARNING

9 Towards Eliminating Recycling Confusion: Mixed Plastics and Electronics Case Study

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Related Work

9.3 Object Recognition API

9.4 UM-LV Recycling Dataset

9.5 Object Recognition Models

9.6 Results

9.7 Conclusion and Future Work

Acknowledgements

References

10 Identification and Separation of E-Waste Components Using Modified Image Recognition Model Based on Advanced Deep Learning Tools

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Materials & Methods

10.3 Results & Discussion

10.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

11 Enhanced Processing of Aluminum Scrap at End-of-Life via Artificial Intelligence & Smart Sensing

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Results and Discussion

11.3 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

12 Deep Learning for Defect Detection in Inspection

12.1 Introduction

12.2 Literature Review

12.3 Methodology

12.4 Results

12.5 Conclusion and Future Work

Acknowledgements

References

Part 3: DESIGN FOR CIRCULARITY

13 Calculator for Sustainable Tradeoff Optimization in Multi-Generational Product Family Development Considering Re-X Performances

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Design for Reliability Process Review and Re-X Interdependence Identification

13.3 Integrated Tool for Quantifying Reliability and Re-X Performances During Product Design

13.4 Conclusion and Perspectives

Acknowledgments

References

14 A Practical Methodology for Developing and Prioritizing Remanufacturing Design Rules

14.1 Introduction

14.2 Design Principles

14.3 DfReman Framework

14.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

15 Recyclability Feedback for Part Assemblies in Computer-Aided Design Software

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Current State of Design for Recycling (DFR) Integration

15.3 Our Approach for a DFR Evaluator CAD Plug-In

15.4 DFR Evaluator Plug-In Demonstration

15.5 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

Part 4: SYSTEMS ANALYSIS

16 Preliminary Work Towards A Cross Lifecycle Design Tool for Increased High-Quality Metal Recycling

16.1 Introduction

16.2 A Quantitative Recycling Pertinent Model of Vehicle Design

16.3 Modeling Existing and Emerging Recycling Systems and Processes

16.4 Optimizing the Cross Lifecycle Supply Chain for Maximized Recycling

16.5 Preliminary Results from the DMFAs and Potential Environmental Benefits

16.6 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

17 Assessing the Status Quo of U.S. Steel Circularity and Decarbonization Options

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Methodology

17.3 Results and Discussion

17.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

18 Fiber and Fabric-Integrated Tracing Technologies for Textile Sorting and Recycling: A Review

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Stakeholder Challenges in Textile Tracing and Sorting

18.3 Textile Markers for Tracing and Sorting

18.4 Tracing Technology and Stakeholder Techno-Economic Assessment

18.5 Conclusions and Recommendations

18.6 Cost Estimates from Techno-Economic Assessment

Acknowledgements

References

19 A Systems Approach to Addressing Industrial Products Circularity Challenges

19.1 Introduction

19.2 Industrial Products Circularity

19.3 Barriers to Industrial Products Circularity

19.4 A System for Addressing the Industrial Products Circularity Barriers

19.5 Conclusions

References

20 Environmental and Economic Analyses of Chemical Recycling via Dissolution of Waste Polyethylene Terephthalate

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Methods

20.3 Technoeconomic Analysis (TEA)

20.4 Life Cycle Analysis (LCA)

20.5 Results and Discussion

20.6 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

21 Techno-Economic Analysis of a Material Recovery Facility Employing Robotic Sorting Technology

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Methodology

21.3 Results and Discussion

21.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

22 Key Strategies in Industry for Circular Economy: Analysis of Remanufacturing and Beneficial Reuse

22.1 Introduction

22.2 Pathways to CE in Manufacturing Operations

22.3 Remanufacturing

22.4 Beneficial Reuse

22.5 Discussion

22.6 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

23 Spatio-Temporal Life Cycle Assessment of NMC111 Hydrometallurgical Recycling in the US

23.1 Introduction

23.2 Methods

23.3 Results & Discussion

23.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

Part 5: MECHANICAL RECYCLING

24 Diverting Mixed Polyolefins from Municipal Solid Waste to Feedstocks for Automotive and Construction Applications

24.1 Introduction

24.2 Experimental Section

24.3 Results and Discussion

24.4 Conclusion

References

25 Ultrahigh-Speed Extrusion of Recycled Film-Grade LDPE and Injection Molding Characterization

25.1 Introduction

25.2 Materials and Methods

25.3 Results and Discussion

25.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

25.5 Acknowledgments

References

26 Composites from Post-Consumer Polypropylene Carpet and HDPE Retail Bags

26.1 Introduction

26.2 Experimental

26.3 Results and Discussion

26.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

27 Upcycling of Aerospace Aluminum Scrap

27.1 Introduction

27.2 Solidification Simulations and Alloy Chemistry Optimization

27.3 Casting Trials

27.4 Constrained Rod Casting (CRC)

27.5 Mechanical Property Testing and Microstructural Characterization

27.6 Technology Demonstration

27.7 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgement

References

28 Stabilization of Waste Plastics with Lightly Pyrolyzed Crumb Rubber in Asphalt

28.1 Introduction

28.2 Main Content of Chapter

28.3 Conclusions

Acknowledgments

References

29 Analysis and Design for Sustainable Circularity of Barrier Films Used in Sheet Molding Composites Production

29.1 Introduction

29.2 Main Content of Chapter

29.3 Conclusions & Recommendations

29.4 Acknowledgements

References

30 An Update on PVC Plastic Circularity and Emerging Advanced Recovery Technologies for End-of-Life PVC Materials

30.1 Introduction – Understanding PVC Materials

30.2 Mechanical PVC Recycling is Robust for Pre-Consumer Materials

30.3 New Focus on Post-Consumer Recycling of PVC Materials

30.4 Need for Advanced Recycling Technology for Post-Consumer PVC Materials

30.5 Potential Advanced Recycling Technology for PVC-Rich Resource Streams

30.6 Potential Advanced Recycling Technology for PVC-Lean Resource Streams

30.7 Circularity is Achievable

30.8 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

31 Dynamic Crosslinking for EVA Recycling

31.1 Introduction

31.2 Vitrimer Technology

31.3 Objective

31.4 Results

31.5 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

Part 6: CHEMICAL RECYCLING

32 Performing Poly(Ethylene Terephthalate) Glycolysis in a Torque Rheometer Using Decreasing Temperatures

32.1 Introduction

32.2 Experimental

32.3 Results and Discussion

32.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

33 Sustainable Petrochemical Alternatives From Plastic Upcycling

33.1 Introduction

33.2 Details of Catalytic Hydrogenolysis

33.3 Applications for Plastic-Derived Products

33.4 Environmental and Emissions Ramifications from Catalytic Hydrogenolysis

33.5 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

34 PE Upcycling Using Ozone and Acid Treatments

34.1 Introduction

34.2 Materials and Methods

34.3 Main Content of Chapter

34.4 Results and Discussion

34.5 Conclusions

References

35 Enzyme-Based Biotechnologies for Removing Stickies and Regaining Fiber Quality in Paper Recycling

35.1 Introduction

35.2 Materials and Methods

35.3 Results and Discussion

35.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

36 Removal of Iron and Manganese Impurities from Secondary Aluminum Melts Using Microstructural Engineering Techniques

36.1 Introduction

36.2 Results and Discussion

36.3 Experimental Validation

36.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

References

37 A Novel Solvent-Based Recycling Technology: From Theory to Pilot Plant

37.1 Introduction

37.2 Main Content of Chapter

37.3 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

38 Valorization of Plastic Waste via Advanced Separation and Processing

38.1 Introduction

38.2 Multi-Modal Sensor Recognition and Autonomous Sorting of Plastic Waste

38.3 Physical and Chemical Molecular Valorization of Recovered Polyolefins

38.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

Part 7: INNOVATIONS IN REMANUFACTURING

39 Image-Based Machine Learning in Automotive Used Parts Identification for Remanufacturing

39.1 Introduction

39.2 Literature Review

39.3 Goals

39.4 Combining Classifiers

39.5 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

40 Image-Based Methods for Inspection of Printed Circuit Boards

40.1 Introduction

40.2 System-Level Approach to Introducing Machine Learning-Based Automation

40.3 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

41 Effects of Ultrasonic Impact Treatment on the Fatigue Performance of the High Strength Alloy Steel

41.1 Introduction

41.2 Materials and Methods

41.3 Results and Discussions

41.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

42 Mechanical Properties of High Carbon Steel Coatings on Gray Cast Iron Formed by Twin Wire ARC

42.1 Introduction

42.2 Main Content of Chapter

42.3 Results

42.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

43 Towards Development of Additive Manufacturing Material and Process Technologies to Improve the Re-Manufacturing Efficiency of Commercial Vehicle Tires

43.1 Introduction

43.2 3D Scanning of Worn Tires

43.3 Additive Manufacturing of Elastomeric Materials via Photopolymerization of Latex Resins

43.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

Part 8: TIRE RECYCLING AND REMANUFACTURING

44 Crumb Rubber From End-of-Life Tires to Reduce the Environmental Impact and Material Intensity of Road Pavements

44.1 Introduction

44.2 Materials and Methods

44.3 Results

44.4 Conclusions

References

45 Tire Life Assessment for Increasing Re-Manufacturing of Commercial Vehicle Tires

45.1 Introduction

45.2 Method

45.3 Results

45.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgements

References

Appendix

46 Recycling Waste Tire Rubber in Asphalt Pavement Design and Construction

46.1 Introduction

46.2 Recycled Tire Rubber in Asphalt Pavement

46.3 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

47 Chemical Pre-Treatment of Tire Rubbers for Froth Flotation Separation of Butyl and Non-Butyl Rubbers

47.1 Introduction

47.2 Research Work

47.3 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgement

References

48 Development of Manufacturing Technologies to Increase Scrap Steel Recycling Into New Tires

48.1 Introduction

48.2 Technical Approach

48.3 Conclusions and Recommendations

References

Part 9: E-SCRAP RECYCLING

49 Selective Leaching and Electrochemical Purification for the Recovery of Tantalum from Tantalum Capacitors

49.1 Introduction

49.2 Materials and Methods

49.3 Results and Discussion

49.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgement

References

50 Recovery of Lead in Silicon Solar Modules

50.1 Introduction

50.2 Methodology and Materials

50.3 Results and Discussion

50.4 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

51 Thermolysis Processing of Waste Printed Circuit Boards: Char-Metals Mixture Characterization for Recovery of Base and Precious Metals

51.1 Introduction

51.2 Material and Methods

51.3 Results and Discussions

51.4 Conceptual Process Flowsheet for Liberation and Recovery of Base and Precious Metals

51.5 Conclusions

Acknowledgment

References

52 Circular Economy and the Digital Divide: Assessing Opportunity for Value Retention Processes in the Consumer Electronics Sector

52.1 Introduction

52.2 Methods

52.3 Results

52.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

References

Part 10: PATHWAYS TO NET ZERO EMISSIONS

53 Emission Reduction for an Imflux

®

Constant Pressure Injection Molding Process

53.1 Introduction

53.2 Experimental Method and Results

53.3 Conclusions and Recommendations

References

54 Circular Economy Contributions to Decarbonizing the US Steel Sector

54.1 Introduction

54.2 Method

54.3 Results

54.4 Conclusions & Recommendations

Acknowledgements

References

55 Environmentally Extended Input-Output (EEIO) Modeling for Industrial Decarbonization Opportunity Assessment: A Circular Economy Case Study

55.1 Introduction

55.2 Methods

55.3 Results

55.4 Conclusions and Recommendations

Acknowledgments

References

56 Pathways to Net Zero Emissions in Manufacturing and Materials Production-HVAC OEMs Perspective

56.1 Introduction

56.2 Pathways to Net-Zero Solutions

56.3 Establishing Pathways for Alternate Alloys

56.4 Closing the Loop within the Supply Chain

56.5 The Future of Low Carbon Aluminum

56.6 The Future of Low Carbon Steel

56.7 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 An overview of standards development across ISO TC 323’s five workin...

Table 1.2 Categories of standards needed for manufacturers to transition to a ...

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Summary of the CI framework for a sustainable low-carbon and circula...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Commercial biodegradable products as listed in the TÜV Austria certi...

Table 3.2 Knowledge gaps (similar to the perspective [19]) around four key fun...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 MRF data assumptions.

Table 4.2 Data sets, parameters, and decision variables.

Table 4.3 Model constraints.

Table 4.4 Scenario results.

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 NextCycle program offerings and outcomes.

Table 5.2 Examples of NextCycle challenge tracks and past participants.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Input parameter values for the baseline model run. Since different p...

Table 7.2 Input values for model parameters used for sneakers case study.

Table 7.3 Results for 3 taxation scenarios examined for sustainable sneaker pr...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Elements in clean energy technologies.

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 The list of all categories in our dataset and the number of correspo...

Table 9.2 Performance metrics for Faster R-CNN model.

Table 9.3 Performance metrics for MobileNetV2 model.

Table 9.4 Performance metrics for ResNet-50 model.

Table 9.5 Performance metrics for EfficientDet model.

Table 9.6 Overall metrics for all four models.

Chapter 11

Table 11.1 Scrap properties.

Table 11.2 Bulk twitch compositional analysis.

Table 11.3 Twitch aluminum alloy distribution.

Table 11.4 Twitch de-coating results.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Accuracy comparison of three models.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Illustration of the contributions and limitations of related models...

Table 13.2 Summary of the interdependence factors between design for reliabili...

Table 13.3 Illustration of carbon footprint savings on reused/remanufactured p...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Design principles and top level DfReman guidelines.

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Material breakdown of the F-150 body and closures.

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Primary and secondary inputs to U.S. steelmaking in 2017. The recyc...

Chapter 20

Table 20.1 Technoeconomic parameters and assumptions used for economic analysi...

Table 20.2 LCA input/inventory table for chemical recycling of PET via dissolu...

Table 20.3 Summary of key annual operating costs for dissolution processes ana...

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Main assumptions used for the TEA of the robotic and non-robotic MR...

Table 21.2 Comparison of TEA metrics between robotic and non-robotic MRF. NPV ...

Chapter 22

Table 22.1 Circular economy examples in industry for each 9R CE strategy pathw...

Table 22.2 Estimated material, energy, and CO

2

savings in full production chai...

Table 22.3 WFI waste performance (U.S. tons).

Chapter 24

Table 24.1 Amount of RM and the resultant MFI values.

Table 24.2 Compositions used to achieve an MFI value of ∼2 g/10 min.

Table 24.3 Compositions used to achieve an MFI value of ∼14 g/10min.

Table. 24.4 Experimental design matrix generated by design-expert software.

Table 24.5 Validating the model equation.

Table 24.6 Ash contents of four samples.

Table 24.7 Prediction of the amount of % RM to be added to achieve a MFI

T

.

Chapter 25

Table 25.1 Material properties of the recycled film-grade LDPE.

Table 25.2 Temperature profile for extrusion processes.

Table 25.3 Processing parameters that were kept constant during injection mold...

Table 25.4 DOE for the injection molding experiments.

Table 25.5 Summary of regression results for the different response variables.

Table 25.6 Summary of energy consumption for the injection molding process.

Chapter 26

Table 26.1 List of the compression molded parameters studied.

Table 26.2 Flexural strength and modulus results for two compositions and the ...

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Average chemical composition of AA7075 scrap.

Table 27.2 Selected AA7075 scrap compositions for casting trials.

Table 27.3 Solidification ranges of cast AA7075.

Table 27.4 Mechanical properties of alloy SN72 (T6 temper).

Chapter 28

Table 28.1 The compositions of LPCR/WPE-modified asphalt.

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Financial assumptions used in the baseline TEA model of barrier/car...

Table 29.2 Summary of baseline TEA results for barrier film production.

Chapter 30

Table 30.1 PVC suspension resin inherent viscosity (I.V.) by process method or...

Table 30.2 Examples of potential recycling issues associated with PVC-rich str...

Table 30.3 Examples of potential recycling issues associated with PVC-lean str...

Table 30.4 Elemental analysis of six commercial PVC products (wt. %).

Table 30.5 Summary of advanced recycling technologies application to post-cons...

Chapter 32

Table 32.1 Reaction parameters for the glycolysis and re-glycolysis reactions....

Table 32.2 Listed M

w

, M

n

and Ð data for the glycolysis and re-glycolysis react...

Table 32.3 TGA analysis data for the water-insoluble liquid fraction of the gl...

Table 32.4 DSC data of the first heat scan for the water-insoluble and water-s...

Chapter 33

Table 33.1 Plastic samples before and after thermal or catalytic hydrogenolysi...

Chapter 34

Table 34.1 Characterization summary: Ionic exchange capacity (IEC), Carbon:Sul...

Chapter 35

Table 35.1 Quantity of sticky contaminants in recycled fibers [19].

Table 35.2 Chemical composition of stickies in OCC based on GC-MS results [19]...

Table 35.3 Changes of contaminants concentration and size in paper remanufactu...

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Effect of Cr on Fe/Mn removal from low Si-containing Al-alloys.

Table 36.2 Effect of Cr on Fe/Mn removal from high Si-containing Al-alloys.

Chapter 37

Table 37.1 COSMO-RS solubility predictions for PE compared to experimental mea...

Table 37.2 COSMO-RS solubility predictions for EVOH compared to experimental m...

Table 37.3 Computational solvent screening for PE and EVOH. Nine selective sol...

Table 37.4 Resin yield: printed multilayer film.

Table 37.5 Thermal and molecular parameters for virgin resins and polymers rec...

Chapter 40

Table 40.1 Ground truth information associated with an image.

Chapter 41

Table 41.1 UIT processing parameters.

Table 41.2 Showing sets of UIT processing conditions based on the Taguchi L

9

a...

Chapter 42

Table 42.1 2

4-1

Fractional factorial experimental design.

Chapter 43

Table 43.1 Formulation of photo-curable SBR-silica resin.

Table 43.2 Summary of the Tensile Test Results of Silica-reinforced SBR Resin

Chapter 44

Table 44.1 Material content and mixtures characteristics.

Table 44.2 Pavement structures data.

Table 44.3 Reference flow (t/1-mile single lane).

Table 44.4 Number of years before distress reach the threshold.

Table 44.5 Environmental impact of each mixture per 1 mile lane over 50 years.

Chapter 45

Table 45.1 Variables for the tire life prediction framework.

Table 45.2 Parameters of the random forest model of the tire life prediction f...

Table 45.3 Details of the data balancing methods used in the tire life predict...

Chapter 47

Table 47.1 Result (mass percentage) of elemental analysis by XRF using the pla...

Table 47.2 Butyl/non-butyl rubber separation results and conditions of chemica...

Chapter 48

Table 48.1 Allowable maximum copper content (wt.%) [6].

Chapter 49

Table 49.1 Capacitor physical composition.

Table 49.2 Capacitor atomic breakdown.

†

This includes silver as the XRF...

Chapter 50

Table 50.1 Elemental concentration by ICPOES and corresponding redox potential...

Chapter 51

Table 51.1 Feedstock analysis.

Table 51.2 Analysis of dioxin/furans (in ng/kg) in WPCBs and the char-metal mi...

Table 51.3 Mass [kg] of the input and output streams.

Table 51.4 Size-density fractions.

Table 51.5 Gas product analysis.

Table 51.6 Size and proximate analysis.

Table 51.7 Microscopic/SEM-EDS analysis of various size fractions of char-meta...

Chapter 52

Table 52.1 Household penetration of consumer electronic products in United Sta...

Table 52.2 Product flows by type and relative share of total, in million units...

Chapter 53

Table 53.1 Energy consumption design of experiment data results for bucket.

Table 53.2 Energy consumption design of experiment data results for deodorant ...

Table 53.3 Energy consumption design of experiment data results for tensile ba...

Table 53.4 Energy reduction percentage results for bucket, deodorant cap and t...

Table 53.5 CO

2

Emission reduction results for 1 million parts each of bucket, ...

Chapter 54

Table 54.1 Bibliographic information of the articles in this literature review...

Table 54.2 Barriers, opportunities, and possible trade-off of the reviewed mat...

Chapter 55

Table 55.1 User-adjustable features in the scenario-building dashboard of the ...

Table 55.2 Data sources for electricity, fuel use, and non-energy-related emis...

Table 55.3 Decarbonization scenarios for nonmetallic mineral products industry...

Table 55.4 Decarbonization scenarios for the motor vehicles, bodies and traile...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Types of standards needed to transition to a circular economy (CE).

Figure 1.2 The stages of development for an ISO standard, including each step ...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 α, β and CI of five materials. Note: The number next to the materia...

Figure 2.2 CI degrees.

Figure 2.3 A graphical depiction of different types of systems (a) Reference b...

Figure 2.4 Material composition and alpha values (a) ICEV (b) BEV.

Figure 2.5 ICEV and BEV lifecycle carbon emissions. Note: BL – baseline.

Figure 2.6 Material composition of BEV car body baseline and lightweighting sc...

Figure 2.7 Alpha, beta and CI for: (a) ICEV and BEV current state (b) BEV ligh...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Material flow perspective, borrowing the value chain concept from t...

Figure 3.2 (a) Difference between the degradation, biodegradation and degradat...

Figure 3.3 The concept of extended value chain to enable circular economy tran...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Plastic (PET, HDPE, LDPE, PP) generated per county in 2022.

Figure 4.2 Candidate locations for the MRF.

Figure 4.3 Decision network of the supply chain.

Figure 4.4 MRF locations in the US selected by the model for the three scenari...

Figure 4.5 Capacities of the MRF selected by the model for the three scenarios...

Figure 4.6 Sensitivity analysis of the model results.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Textile landfill diversion potential to recycling [2].

Figure 6.2 Data collection dashboard [6].

Figure 6.3 Weigh-in dashboard.

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 The colored regions represent the change in profit from selling a s...

Figure 7.2 The colored regions represent the change in profit from selling a s...

Figure 7.3 Change in profit from making a product sustainable. In the left han...

Figure 7.4 In this figure, we show the profit from a full substitution to a su...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Current designations of critical materials by national and internat...

Figure 8.2 Elements in clean energy applications.

Figure 8.3 The National Renewable Energy Laboratory 2035 “all options” energy ...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 The flowchart of our API’s software architecture.

Figure 9.2 Sample masked images from UM-LV recycling dataset.

Figure 9.3 Sample results for different categories for all four models. From t...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 The classification of e-waste into six categories and their percen...

Figure 10.2 The test result of TensorFlow version 2.8.0 on different component...

Figure 10.3 Confusion matrix of TensorFlow-based model for 50 epochs.

Figure 10.4 F1, PR, and P curves for single class: (a)-(c): batch size: 4; (d)...

Figure 10.5 Precision, recall, and mAP curves in YOLOv7 for multiclass.

Figure 10.6 (a) single (b, c) multiple object prediction by the YOLOv7 model.

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 Pressures on the aluminum industry.

Figure 11.2 Scrap processing and its products.

Figure 11.3 ELV processing flow.

Figure 11.4 VALI-melt: closed loop quality assurance.

Figure 11.5 In-melt LIBS sensor.

Figure 11.6 Commodity blending possibilities to form common automotive alloys ...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 Example image acquisition apparatus employed in this study: (a) st...

Figure 12.2 Random sampling procedure.

Figure 12.3 MobileNet-SSD with FPN performance in blur vs. sharp images.

Figure 12.4 MobileNet-SSD with FPN performance in sharp images.

Figure 12.5 Faster R-CNN ResNet101 performance in usual and unusual images.

Figure 12.6 YOLO v5s predictions vs. ground truth.

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 Workflow and building blocks of the proposed calculator.

Figure 13.2 Detailed workflow of the calculator, with links between the module...

Figure 13.3 Reliability module.

Figure 13.4 Example of results: manufacturing only vs (non-)optimized threshol...

Figure 13.5 Axle.

Figure 13.6 Comparison of different Re-X scenarios and associated energy and c...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 DfReman principles integrated with a customized RCM framework.

Figure 14.2 Top level DfReman guidelines and principles within the RCM framewo...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Material compatibility matrices: Left: UNEP metals compatibility m...

Figure 15.2 Exploded assembly view of mixed materials soap rottle assembly.

Figure 15.3 DFR evaluator plug-in in fusion 360.

Figure 15.4 DFR evaluator main screen and guideline selection menu.

Figure 15.5 APR design guide DFR feedback – main screen.

Figure 15.6 APR design guide DFR feedback – part details screen.

Figure 15.7 JSON model data edit window.

Figure 15.8 Compatibility matrix feedback example.

Figure 15.9 Embodied energy evaluation example.

Figure 15.10 Embodied carbon dioxide equivalent example.

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 The project approach is to evaluate the effect of alloy, vehicle, ...

Figure 16.2 Example of how parts and interfaces are defined in the SCJ model.

Figure 16.3 Composition estimates of specifically F-150 body and closure scrap...

Figure 16.4 Conceptual diagram of typical material flow through a U.S. shreddi...

Figure 16.5 Example of a question from our shredder survey to determine the co...

Figure 16.6 The baseline projection of (embedded) sheet demand and end-of-life...

Figure 16.7 Preliminary results for the greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions of the ...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 The U.S. steel cycle in 2017. All values in million metric tons st...

Figure 17.2 The share of the Basic Oxygen Furnace (BOF) produced steel in the ...

Figure 17.3 The global steel cycle in 2017. All values in million metric tons ...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Hierarchy of textile manufacturing. Tier 4 producers (natural fibe...

Figure 18.2 Polymeric photonic fiber barcodes for textile identification. (a) ...

Figure 18.3 Life cycle, cost, and performance comparison of tracing technologi...

Figure 18.4 Recycling profit calculations and stakeholder comparison. (a) Recy...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 Closed-loop model and circular economy processes.

Figure 19.2 Barriers to industrial products circularity.

Figure 19.3 Industrial products circularity system.

Figure 19.4 Decision-support for product decommissioning.

Figure 19.5 Industrial Products Circularity research prototype – Core visibili...

Figure 19.6 Industrial Products Circularity research prototype – Core quality ...

Figure 19.7 Industrial Products Circularity research prototype – demand foreca...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 Chemical recycling of PET via dissolution process with different p...

Figure 20.2 Summary of TEA results for chemical recycling processes for PET vi...

Figure 20.3 GHG emissions and CED impacts of PET dissolution processes with di...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 Schematic diagram of a medium sized non-robotic MRF and a robotic ...

Figure 21.2 TEA results for robotic and non-robotic MRF for an annual throughp...

Figure 21.3 Results of changes of NPV (Net Present Value), discounted IRR (Int...

Chapter 22

Figure 22.1 Linear economy model.

Figure 22.2 Circular economy proven benefits.

Figure 22.3 CE adoption value hierarchy and pathways.

Figure 22.4 Typical steps involved in a remanufacturing operation.

Figure 22.5 Circular economy pathways and remanufacturing and beneficial reuse...

Figure 22.6 Beneficial reuse life cycle and circular economy.

Figure 22.7 Foundry sand reuse for 42’ sledding hill in Swan Park, Waupaca, WI...

Chapter 23

Figure 23.1 System boundary in this study.

Figure 23.2 Electricity grid mix forecast used for (a) US, (b) RFCM, and (c) S...

Figure 23.3 Environmental impact results for NMC811 production using materials...

Figure 23.4 Environmental impact results for NMC111 recycling via (a) conventi...

Figure 23.5 Environmental impact of NMC811 production using recycled materials...

Figure 23.6 Environmental impact of NMC111 recycling – (a) GWP, (b) CED, and (...

Figure 23.7 Environmental impact of NMC111 recycling (conventional hydrometall...

Chapter 24

Figure 24.1 MFI values as a function of RM (%).

Figure 24.2 DSC plot of m-PO.

Chapter 25

Figure 25.1 Comparison between V-Ctrl and P-Ctrl technologies.

Figure 25.2 Comparison of viscoelastic behavior of the r-LDPE and modified r-L...

Figure 25.3 SME comparison of extrusion at 190°C based on changes in screw spe...

Figure 25.4 Tensile properties of the injection molded samples. The samples fa...

Chapter 26

Figure 26.1 Schematic representation of carpet structure.

Figure 26.2 Schematic illustration of the molding process.

Figure 26.3 (a) TGA thermograms of different r-HDPE retail bags and c-PP carpe...

Figure 26.4 (a) Three-point bending results from samples molded at 205 °C for ...

Figure 26.5 Creep compliance, J(t), time-temperature superposition for cPP:r-H...

Figure 26.6 Microscopic images from cross-sectional cuts of molded composite f...

Figure 26.7 Microscopic images from cross-sectional cuts of molded composite f...

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 Scheil solidification simulation of scrap AA7075: (a) phase consti...

Figure 27.2 Scheil solidification simulations of modified average 7075 scrap c...

Figure 27.3 Constrained rod casting tests: (a) alloy SN74 and (b) alloy SN75.

Figure 27.4 Effect of heat treatment on the microstructure of SN72 alloys: (a)...

Figure 27.5 SEM micrograph of alloy SN72 showing eutectic phases at grain boun...

Figure 27.6 STEM-EDS elemental map of grain boundary area in alloy SN72 subjec...

Figure 27.7 Cylinder head casting produced from recycled 7075 aluminum scrap: ...

Chapter 28

Figure 28.1 LPCR is used for asphalt modification.

Figure 28.2 Test setup for polymer-modified asphalt.

Figure 28.3 Sol fraction of different LPCR.

Figure 28.4 FTIR spectra of LPCR under different pyrolyzed degrees.

Figure 28.5 Master curves of different polymer modified asphalt.

Figure 28.6 Temperature sweep test results for different polymer modified asph...

Figure 28.7 BBR test results for different polymer modified asphalt.

Figure 28.8 Cigar tube test results for different LPCR/WPE modified asphalt.

Figure 28.9 Polymer micromorphology of modified asphalt.

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Current supply chain of the SMC barrier/carrier film. The film is ...

Figure 29.2 Cradle-to-grave life cycle impacts of 1 tonne of SMC barrier/carri...

Figure 29.3 Alternative end of life processes and technologies for treating SM...

Figure 29.4 Cost of recycled LDPE (thin film).

Figure 29.5 Comparative cradle-to-grave LCA results for the base case (landfil...

Chapter 30

Figure 30.1 U.S. and Canada vinyl markets – 2020 [1].

Figure 30.2 VI U.S. & Canada Vinyl Recycling Summary, Tarnell Survey Compariso...

Figure 30.3 PVC mechanical recycler reprocessing capabilities growing, 2013 to...

Figure 30.4 Catalytic decomposition schematic of PVC materials (Courtesy of Or...

Figure 30.5 Process flow and yields for pure PVC material without filler using...

Figure 30.6 Circular flooring consortium project schematic using the Creasolv ...

Chapter 31

Figure 31.1 (a) Dynamic mechanical analysis of DCP- crosslinked EVA shows high...

Figure 31.2 Process to convert crosslinked EVA to vitrimerized EVA.

Figure 31.3 (a) Dynamic mechanical analysis of vitrimerized EVA demonstrates t...

Figure 31.4 (a) Stress relaxation rate of vitrimerized EVA increases as temper...

Figure 31.5 Stress relaxation measured by shear rheology at 120°C demonstrates...

Figure 31.6 Melt re-processing of vitrimerized EVA foam. First melt process ge...

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Water-soluble versus water-insoluble fractions for the glycolysis ...

Figure 32.2 GPC chromatogram of the water-insoluble fraction for the 5-minute ...

Figure 32.3 TGA profiles for the water-insoluble liquid fraction of the 5-minu...

Figure 32.4 First DSC heat scan for the water-insoluble liquid fraction of the...

Chapter 33

Figure 33.1 Current and proposed waste plastic lifecycle paradigms. Crude oil ...

Figure 33.2 General scheme for catalytic hydrogenolysis of polyolefins into sm...

Figure 33.3 Wear scar volume as a function of base oil, with commercial lubric...

Figure 33.4 Total GHG emissions from plastic-derived oils for low yield (LY) a...

Chapter 34

Figure 34.1 Acid value titration.

Figure 34.2 Left to right: Ozone reacted LDPE after 0, 24, 48, 72, 120 hours d...

Figure 34.3 ATR of recovered product compared to diacid standards of 6, 5, and...

Figure 34.4 Changes in crystallinity of LDPE over the course of 120 hours of o...

Figure 34.5 Ozone-treated LDPE scanned using ATR at 0, 24, 48, 72, and 120 hou...

Figure 34.6 An image of a preliminary test of HDPE ribbons sulfonated in (a) 1...

Figure 34.7 FTIR data of S-HDPE samples before (a), and after (b) grafting of ...

Figure 34.8 TGA data for S-HDPE samples.

Figure 34.9 A (a) bar and (b) linear regression plot of the relationship betwe...

Figure 34.10 FTIR data for ethanol (a) insoluble and (b) soluble oxidation pro...

Chapter 35

Figure 35.1 Recycled paper raw materials collected from local paper recycling ...

Figure 35.2 SEM images of adhesive contaminants on recycled OCC – a layer of a...

Figure 35.3 SEM images of sticky contaminants on Residential Wastepaper – stic...

Figure 35.4 FT-IR spectrum of THF extracted stickies from OCC and Residential,...

Figure 35.5 The content of stickies in multiple wastepaper grades before and a...

Figure 35.6 Stickies removal efficiency by enzymatic treatment.

Figure 35.7 Physical strength properties of remanufactured OCC paper before an...

Figure 35.8 The improvement on physical properties of remanufactured paper via...

Chapter 36

Figure 36.1 (a) The calculated Scheil-Gulliver solidification diagram and (b) ...

Figure 36.2 (a) The calculated Scheil-Gulliver solidification diagram and (b) ...

Figure 36.3 The calculated Scheil-Gulliver solidification diagram of (a) Al-0....

Figure 36.4 Equilibrium concentration of Fe, Mn, and Cr in the liquid phase of...

Figure 36.5 The calculated Scheil-Gulliver solidification diagram of (a) Al-5S...

Figure 36.6 Equilibrium concentration of Fe, Mn, Si in the liquid phase of all...

Figure 36.7 Equilibrium concentration of Fe, Mn, and Si in the liquid phase of...

Figure 36.8 The calculated Scheil-Gulliver solidification diagram of (a) Al-5S...

Figure 36.9 Equilibrium concentration of Fe, Mn, and Cr in the liquid phase of...

Figure 36.10 SEM-EDS analyses of sludge particles (a) only Mn (b) both Mn and ...

Chapter 37

Figure 37.1 Flow diagram summarizing the methods for computational polymer sol...

Figure 37.2 Three types of structures of EVOH oligomer with 2 ethylene units (...

Figure 37.3 Temperature-dependent solubility prediction for EVOH in DMSO with ...

Figure 37.4 OPET multilayer printed film composed of PE, EVOH, PET, and PU-bas...

Figure 37.5 (a) Solvent-targeted recovery and precipitation (STRAP) of a print...

Figure 37.6 ATR-FTIR spectra of virgin resins and polymers recovered by STRAP ...

Figure 37.7 3-D presentation of the STRAP pilot unit.

Figure 37.8 The hopper.

Figure 37.9 The dissolution tank.

Figure 37.10 Flow patterns with/-out baffles.

Figure 37.11 Dissolved resin vs. time in dissolution tank.

Figure 37.12 The filter.

Figure 37.13 Hot filter plastic outlet.

Figure 37.14 The twin-screw precipitator.

Figure 37.15 Flow diagram for a given waste.

Figure 37.16 The minimum selling price of recycled PE and annualized capital i...

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1 Schematic of the “Valorization of Plastic Waste via Advanced Separ...

Figure 38.2 MIR spectrum of PVA by standoff detection method.

Figure 38.3 (1) Postconsumer plastics were collected from industrial settings,...

Figure 38.4 Example images from our database of images of plastic objects.

Figure 38.5 Schematic of the dissolution/precipitation process for plastic rec...

Figure 38.6 PE upcycling strategy by controlled breakdown of polymer chains to...

Chapter 39

Figure 39.1 Brake shoe cores.

Figure 39.2 Fuel injector cores.

Figure 39.3 Test fixture.

Figure 39.4 Fixture schematic.

Figure 39.5 Inception transfer learning model.

Figure 39.6 Training data.

Figure 39.7 Labeled brake shoe.

Figure 39.8 Labeled fuel injectors.

Figure 39.9 Process flow.

Figure 39.10 Brake shoe vs fuel injector results.

Figure 39.11 Fuel injector results.

Figure 39.12 Brake shoe results.

Figure 39.13 Different part size issues.

Figure 39.14 Hidden features issue.

Figure 39.15 YOLO grid architecture [17].

Figure 39.16 Prediction of output tensor [17].

Figure 39.17 YOLO network architecture [17].

Figure 39.18 Fuel injector detection.

Figure 39.19 Fuel injector results.

Figure 39.20 Brake shoe detection.

Figure 39.21 Confidence of YOLO decision.

Figure 39.22 Difficulty with similar parts.

Figure 39.23 Voting for better classification.

Chapter 40

Figure 40.1 System block diagram.

Figure 40.2 (a) User interface for capturing images with ground truth informat...

Figure 40.3 Block diagram of the part number identification algorithm.

Figure 40.4 Integrated system of part number identification.

Figure 40.5 Localization approach.

Figure 40.6 Automated localization pseudocode.

Figure 40.7 Topology of the LED assessment neural network with convolutional l...

Figure 40.8 Performance of the LED degradation assessment for a PCB (a) image ...

Figure 40.9 Integrated solution for LED assessment: image loading, localizatio...

Chapter 41

Figure 41.1 Optical micrograph of the microalloyed steel showing ferrite-pearl...

Figure 41.2 Experimental setup for UIT treatment, where the UIT tool and workp...

Figure 41.3 Geometry and dimensions of the hourglass samples prepared accordin...

Figure 41.4 Showing the surface morphologies of the samples treated with diffe...

Figure 41.5 Showing the microstructures of the samples treated with various UI...

Figure 41.6 Evidence of surface damaged (yellow arrows) for the specimen proce...

Figure 41.7 Microhardness depth profile of UIT-treated specimens.

Figure 41.8 Fatigue performance of as-fabricated and UIT-treated microalloyed ...

Figure 41.9 Fatigue performance of UIT-treated microalloyed steel.

Chapter 42

Figure 42.1 Adhesion results by spray parameter group. Error bars represent th...

Figure 42.2 Adhesion main effects plot for 2

4-1

experiment.

Figure 42.3 Rockwell B hardness measurements. Error bars represent the standar...

Figure 42.4 Rockwell B hardness main effects plot.

Figure 42.5 Microstructure of sample 9-1.

Figure 42.6 Microstructure from sample 4-2.

Figure 42.7 Microstructure from sample 5-2.

Figure 42.8 200x microstructure from (a) Group 9, (b) Group 4, (c) Group 5.

Figure 42.9 Coating porosity measurements. Error bars represent standard devia...

Figure 42.10 Main effects plot of porosity measurements.

Figure 42.11 Calculated maximum stress/strain in the coatings from samples 4-2...

Figure 42.12 Metallurgical cross-sections of the fracture surfaces from (a) gr...

Figure 42.13 Average wear scar volume results from ASTM G174 abrasive and slid...

Figure 42.14 Sliding wear scar example. Group 4 (left) and group 9 (right).

Figure 42.15 Abrasive wear scar images, group 4 (left) and group 9 (right).

Chapter 43

Figure 43.1 Schematic of traditional retreading process (above) and proposed c...

Figure 43.2 Three core project objectives and corresponding technology/materia...

Figure 43.3 Structured Light Scanning: (a) overall schematic, (b) set of image...

Figure 43.4 Custom Structured Light Scanning system: (a) schematic and (b) act...

Figure 43.5 3D scanning worn tire surface; (a) SLS projection onto worn tire, ...

Figure 43.6 UV-MEX of a photocurable latex colloid reinforced with silica nano...

Figure 43.7 Working curve of photocurable composite SBR-silica resin.

Figure 43.8 Uniaxial tensile test (Left) and cyclic tensile test (Right) of SB...

Chapter 44

Figure 44.1 Scheme of the study.

Figure 44.2 System boundary for the cradle-to-grave analysis of the study.

Figure 44.3 Number of reconstructions over 50 years for the high traffic level...

Figure 44.4 Global warming potential (GWP), fossil depletion (FD), and cumulat...

Figure 44.5 Global warming potential in t of CO2eq per 1-mile single lane over...

Figure 44.6 Percentage of material saving over 50 years for each asphalt mixtu...

Chapter 45

Figure 45.1 Cause-effect diagram for damage prediction.

Figure 45.2 Flowchart of tire life prediction framework. The input variables d...

Figure 45.3 Significance level of input variables of the tire life prediction ...

Figure 45.4 Flowchart of the Variance Reduction SMOTE method (VR-SMOTE).

Figure 45.5 Flowchart of comparing tire life in different scenarios.

Figure 45.6 Confusion matrix of tire life prediction model achieved from testi...

Figure 45.7 (a) Tire life comparison of tire at different truck fleets. (b) Pr...

Figure 45.8 (a) Tire life comparison of tire at different tire position, (b) P...

Chapter 46

Figure 46.1 Scrap tire process and crumb tire rubber applied in this research.

Figure 46.2 Technologies of recycled waste tire rubber in asphalt pavement use...

Figure 46.3 Cascade Road before and after construction provided by Kent County...

Figure 46.4 Rutting–cracking performance space diagram.

Figure 46.5 Field noise level outside of the truck [26].

Figure 46.6 Hot rubber asphalt chip seal construction process and field pull-o...

Figure 46.7 Recycled tire rubber as stress absorbing membrane interlayer struc...

Figure 46.8 6 inches of tire-derived aggregate in Clare County construction.

Figure 46.9 Field LWD test results in Clare County construction. Note: (elasti...

Figure 46.10 Tire-derived aggregate in Ingham County construction.

Chapter 47

Figure 47.1 Millimeter-size pieces of (a) representative tire rubber plaques a...

Figure 47.2 FTIR peaks of (a) non-butyl tire rubbers (representative tread and...

Figure 47.3 Chemical structure of N-[2 -hydroxy-3-(C12-16-alkyloxy) propyl]-N-...

Figure 47.4 Photos of (a) floating non-butyl rubber plaque pieces and sinking ...

Figure 47.5 FTIR peaks of tire rubber plaques before and after the treatment w...

Figure 47.6 XPS peaks of representative (a) tread, (b) sidewall and (c) beige ...

Figure 47.7 Possible mechanism of selective flotation of HCl-treated non-butyl...

Figure 47.8 FTIR peaks of non-butyl tire rubber from the real used tire rubber...

Chapter 48

Figure 48.1 Life cycle assessment of a passenger car tire [1].

Figure 48.2 (a) Internal construction of the tires, showing the steel cords; a...

Figure 48.3 Michelin’s roadmap for sustainable materials use in tire manufactu...

Figure 48.4 Technical approach adopted to enhance recycled steel content in ti...

Figure 48.5 Illustration of the cold drawing process, reducing a 5.5 mm diamet...

Figure 48.6 Electron microscopy images of metal-oxide interface of 0.2 wt% Cu-...

Figure 48.7 Steel-scale interface morphology and Cu behavior for: (a) low O

2

a...

Figure 48.8 (a) Imageable Cu in prior austenite grain-boundaries in a Fe-Cu sa...

Figure 48.9 (a) Stress-strain relationships of steel containing 0.14% (denoted...

Figure 48.10 Low force tension testing machine.

Figure 48.11 Front CSLM images obtained at temperature and back SEM image afte...

Chapter 49

Figure 49.1 Tantalum capacitor diagram [6].

Figure 49.2 Proposed process for Ta recovery from capacitors.

Figure 49.3 Time to complete leaching of MnO

2

as a function of H

2

O

2

concentrat...

Figure 49.4 Ta leaching in HCl with H

2

O

2

for 6 hours.

Figure 49.5 Filtered HCl leachate after 3 hours of leaching capacitors.

Figure 49.6 Percent of Ta leached in 10% w/w HF with H

2

O

2

at 50°C

.

Figure 49.7 Recovery rate of K

2

TaF

7

as a function of KF concentration

.

Figure 49.8 XRD pattern of recovered K

2

TaF

7

precipitate. All the peaks are ass...

Chapter 50

Figure 50.1 (a) Secondary electron image of virgin solder ribbon with wt. % ED...

Figure 50.2 Secondary electron image and EDS data for Pb dendrites electrowon ...

Figure 50.3 Mass loss from solder ribbon vs Pb:H

2

O

2

mole ratio with and withou...

Figure 50.4 Secondary electron image and EDS data for the powder in the beaker...

Figure 50.5 ICP-OES of Ba detected in the leachate from silicon solar cell.

Figure 50.6 Secondary electron image and EDS data of the backside of an unleac...

Figure 50.7 Point analysis of unleached solar cell showing mostly Sn with some...

Figure 50.8 Area analysis of unleached solar cell showing Al and Si are presen...

Figure 50.9 Solar cell cut in half, exposing the back of the Si wafer (right) ...

Figure 50.10 Overview of proposed sequential leaching and electrowinning proce...

Chapter 51

Figure 51.1 Schematic of the thermolysis process.

Figure 51.2 Schematic of the size-density fractionation process.

Figure 51.3 Base (Cu, Al) and precious (Au, Ag, Pd) metals and Fe distribution...

Figure 51.4 XRD analysis of various size fractions.

Figure 51.5 Weight distribution of size-density fractions.

Figure 51.6 Distribution and content of Cu, Al, Fe, and precious metals (Au, A...

Figure 51.7 Calculated the degree of liberation of Cu, Al, and total metals.

Figure 51.8 Schematic of the proposed recycling process.

Chapter 52

Figure 52.1 Product-level Material Flow Analysis system boundary for both Unit...

Figure 52.2 United States case study product output and disposition 2010-2019,...

Figure 52.3 United States case study product output flows by type and pathway ...

Figure 52.4 United States Consumer Electronic Product output flows by type and...

Figure 52.5 Usable United States exports available in Ghana vs. gross demand i...

Chapter 53

Figure 53.1 Total energy savings potential for iMFLUX processes vs. convention...

Figure 53.2 Total energy savings potential for iMFLUX processes vs. convention...

Figure 53.3 Total energy savings potential for iMFLUX processes vs. convention...

Chapter 54

Figure 54.1 A Scopus search was performed using the keyword combination “circu...

Figure 54.2 Relationships between the publications in this literature review.

Figure 54.3 Estimates of avoided greenhouse gas emissions (million metric tons...

Chapter 55

Figure 55.1 Direct sector and indirect supply chain emissions for industrial s...

Figure 55.2 Emissions by source for the nonmetallic mineral products industry ...

Figure 55.3 Emissions by source for the motor vehicles, bodies and trailers, a...

Figure 55.4 Cradle-to-Gate emissions (Scope 1, 2, &3) for the motor vehicles, ...

Chapter 56

Figure 56.1 World average CO2 footprint of materials (ton/ton of product) [8].

Figure 56.2 Effect of alloying elements in aluminum alloys on electrical condu...

Figure 56.3 a) Spine fins. b) Residential outdoor coils. c) Residential indoor...

Figure 56.4 Comparison of CO

2

emission in manufacturing RenewAl vs. industry a...

Figure 56.5 CO

2

emission intensities of crude steel production methods [3].

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

Pages

ii

iii

iv

xxvii

xxviii

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

118

119

120

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

157

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

194

195

196

197

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

269

270

271

272

273

274

275

276

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

320

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

388

389

390

391

392

393

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

407

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

416

417

418

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

494

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

554

555

556

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

596

597

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

636

637

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

651

653

654

655

656

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

674

675

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

697

698

699

700

701

702

703

704

705

706

707

708

709

710

711

712

713

715

716

717

718

719

720

721

722

723

725

726

727

728

729

730

731

732

733

734

735

736

737

738

739

740

741

742

743

744

745

746

747

748

749

750

751

752

753

755

756

757

758

759

760

761

762

763

764

765

767

768

769

770

771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784

785

786

Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Technology Innovation for the Circular Economy

Recycling, Remanufacturing, Design, Systems Analysis and Logistics

Edited by

Nabil Nasr

REMADE Institute, Rochester, New York, USA

This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

Wiley Global Headquarters111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty