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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Bildung
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2016
The missing how-to manual for being an effective team leader The Art of Coaching Teams is the manual you never received when you signed on to lead a team. Being a great teacher is one thing, but leading a team, or team development, is an entirely different dynamic. Your successes are public, but so are your failures--and there's no specific rubric or curriculum to give you direction. Team development is an art form, and this book is your how-to guide to doing it effectively. You'll learn the administrative tasks that keep your team on track, and you'll gain access to a wealth of downloadable tools that simplify the "getting organized" process. Just as importantly, you'll explore what it means to be the kind of leader that can bring people together to accomplish difficult tasks. You'll find practical suggestions, tools, and clear instructions for the logistics of team development as well as for building trust, developing healthy communication, and managing conflict. Inside these pages you'll find concrete guidance on: * Designing agendas, making decisions, establishing effective protocols, and more * Boosting your resilience, understanding and managing your emotions, and meeting your goals * Cultivating your team's emotional intelligence and dealing with cynicism * Utilizing practical tools to create a customized framework for developing highly effective teams There is no universal formula for building a great team, because every team is different. Different skills, abilities, personalities, and goals make a one-size-fits-all approach ineffective at best. Instead, The Art of Coaching Teams provides a practical framework to help you develop your group as a whole, and keep the team moving toward their common goals.
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Table of Contents
Praise Page
Title Page
Copyright
Dedication
Exhibits
Introduction
A Tale of Two Teams
What's in This Book?
Who is This Book For?
Toward a Beloved Community
A Note on Anonymity and Pseudonyms
Exhibit I.1: What's in This Book?
Chapter 1: Refining a Vision
A Note on Terms
What is a Great Team?
What Makes an Effective Team?
Why Do We Need Teams?
When Do We Really Need a Team?
How Do We Build Teams?
Chapter 2: Knowing Ourselves as Leaders
The Amygdala in a Strange Land
Exploring the Terrain of Leadership
The Potential of Transformational Leadership
Spotting the Tentacles of Power
Emotions Are Contagious
Chapter 3: Creating a Culture of Trust
Why Human Bingo Doesn't Build Trust
Trust Isn't Built in a Day, But We Can Lay Bricks Every Hour
Use Hindsight to Strengthen Foresight
Chapter 4: Defining Purpose, Process, and Product
The Necessity of a Reason for Being
It's All about How We Work Together
What Are We Going to Do Together?
Mapping Out the Journey
Chapter 5: Laying a Foundation for Trust
Community Agreements Build Culture
A Good Norm Is Not Hard to Find
Getting from Here to Norms
Make Your Norms Serve You
Setting Intentions: A Counterpart to Norms
A Beloved Community
Chapter 6: Developing the Emotional Intelligence of a Team
What Is the Emotional Intelligence of a Team?
How Do I Create an Emotionally Intelligent Team?
Managing Unexpected Change
Taming the Stress Demons
Chapter 7: Cultivating Healthy Communication
A Blueprint for Transformational Conversations
Constructing Good Conversations
Twenty Ways to Improve Your Team's Communication
Giving Feedback
Equity of Participation
Chapter 8: Making Good Decisions
Indicators of Effective Decision Making
Identifying Decision-Making Moments
Who Is Involved and How Much Say Do They Get
Decision-Making Processes
Facilitating Discussions
When Conversations Get Stuck
Reflection and Feedback
Chapter 9: Supporting Adult Learners
The Big Picture: The Learning Organization
From Theory to Practice
Common Challenges
Dealing with Resistance
Chapter 10: Orchestrating Meaningful Meetings
To Meet or Not to Meet?
Why Meet?
Which Activities Should We Do?
How Do I Choose What to Do?
Chapter 11: Setting the Stage for Artful Meetings
Start with Feedback
Don't Forget the Facilitator's Agenda
Prepare Your Internal Self
Put on the Finishing Touches
Find the Joy in Planning
Chapter 12: Navigating Conflict
What Is Conflict and Why Is It So Scary?
What Is Healthy Conflict in a Team?
How Can I Facilitate Healthy Conflict?
A Note on Talking about Race and Other Really Hard Things
How Can I Respond to Unhealthy Conflict?
What If None of These Suggestions Work?
Chapter 13: Assessing Organizational Conditions
The Primacy of Purpose
Focus, Focus, Focus
Alignment Up and Out
Stability
Leadership
Membership
A Culture of Learning
Trust
Decision Making
Time
Conclusion: Coming to an End
Ten Truths about Building Teams
Amid the Redwoods
Appendices
Appendix A: Facilitator Core Competencies
Appendix B: Team Effectiveness Self-Assessment
Appendix C: Community-Building Activities and Random Grouping Strategies
Community-Building Activities
RANDOM GROUPING STRATEGIES
Appendix D: Facilitation Planning Tool and Facilitation Observation Tool
Facilitation Planning Tool
Facilitation Observation Tool
Appendix E: Activities for Meetings
E1. The Consultancy Protocol
E2. The Feedback Protocol
E3. Chalk Talk
E4. DYADS
Appendix F: Recommended Resources
On Emotions and Self-Knowledge
On Leadership
On Brain Science
On Managing Change
On Systems Thinking
On Community Building
On Meetings and Facilitation
On Communication
Race, Racism, and Systemic Oppression
For Inspiration
Appendix G: Plan for Team Building
For Leading a New Team
When Continuing to Lead a Team and Identifying Next Steps
Acknowledgments
About the Author
References
Index
End User License Agreement
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Guide
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
List of Illustrations
Chapter 2: Knowing Ourselves as Leaders
Figure 2.1 The Brain
List of Tables
Chapter 4: Defining Purpose, Process, and Product
Table 4.1 Determining Actions for Team Development
Praise for The Art of Coaching Teams
“There are many books on coaching, but this one you must have. Covering everything from working with teams to conflict resolution, from decision making to school culture, this book details ways to become a more effective and self-reflective leader. Take time to integrate these ideas into your own practice and share the approaches with others. It is well worth the effort.”—Kent D. Peterson, emeritus professor, University of Wisconsin-Madison, author of Shaping School Culture
“Elena's latest book provides leaders with a framework to create, coach, and manage effective teams—with both compassion and clarity. The powerful personal anecdotes humanize a daunting process, and the detailed scripts allow for ample opportunities to practice.”—Maia Heyck-Merlin, author, The Together Teacher and The Together Leader
“This book is the logical next step to support our collaborative structures and empower teacher leadership. I implore all school leaders to engage in Elena's work, and utilize this resource to support their collaborative teams and enhance their school culture.”—Brian Duwe, principal, Aurora West College Preparatory Academy, Denver, Colorado
“Elena Aguilar uses her coaching experiences with both struggling and successful teams to teach clear lessons on how to build emotional intelligence in ourselves, in our teams, and ultimately in our students. With a solid foundation of extensive research, The Art of Coaching Teams provides the tools and inspiration educational leaders need for fundamental, long-lasting change.”—Katie Ciancetta, instructional coach, Salem Keizer Public Schools, Oregon
“This book is a ‘how-to’ manual for building, leading, and facilitating teams. It's packed with practical tools, tips, and protocols! Elena writes straight from her heart, coaching her readers every step of the way to develop the skills they need to lead transformational teams.”—Meredith Melvin Adelfio, instructional coach, Sidwell Friends School, Washington D.C.
“Administrators seeking to develop effective teams that transform schools must read this book. Offering tools that translate aspirations into practice, Elena Aguilar possesses a deep compassion for the work of educators and an unwavering commitment to making schools more equitable for all children.” —Charlotte Worsley, assistant head for student life, The Urban School of San Francisco, California
“In The Art of Coaching Teams, Aguilar succeeds in translating her transformational coaching framework into a practical and heartening resource for all who coach and manage teams. She infuses 30+ years of research on emotional intelligence, team development, and leadership with her unique blend of empathy, clarity, and hope.”—Laurelin Andrade, manager of coaches
“This book comes at the right time for teachers and leaders committed to creating more equitable outcomes for diverse students. Aguilar gives us the tools to work together effectively for real change.”—Zaretta Hammond, author, Culturally Responsive Teaching and the Brain
“Drawing deeply on her lived experiences, Aguilar offers readers a path to leadership characterized by reflection, intention, and humility. In balancing the practical and profound, The Art of Coaching Teams lives up to its promise as a guide for leaders who seek to transform themselves and their teams.”—Brianna Crowley, high school teacher and instructional coach, Hershey, Pennsylvania
“A guide for leaders to move collaborative learning teams beyond superficial engagements about surface level dilemmas and toward authentic relationships to produce meaningful dialogue and to change essential practices.”—Dr. Jacqueline Kennedy, executive director of teaching and learning, Arlington Independent School District, Texas
“Anyone who believes that a school's student culture is only as strong as a school's adult culture would greatly benefit from reading this book. Aguilar's guidelines elevate the technical ‘how-to’ and offer adaptive moves for building a transformative community in any environment.”—Yanira Canizalez, founding head of school, Lodestar—A Lighthouse Community Charter Public School, Oakland, California
“Many leaders working in marginalized communities feel an urgency to tackle problems immediately, even when we are not as equipped as we need to be. This book is a perfect antidote to this pressure: by taking a step back to reflect and consider approaches that Elena shares, we may in fact lead our teams towards lasting solutions and achieve our collective goal of transforming lives. Elena not only presents an array of tools, but she also calls out what is best in all of us as we aspire to leave a lasting impact on communities we love deeply.”—Tiffany Cheng Nyaggah, executive director and cofounder of Dignitas, Nairobi, Kenya
The Art of Coaching Teams
Building Resilient Communities That Transform Schools
BY ELENA AGUILAR
Copyright © 2016 by Elena Aguilar, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by Jossey-Bass
A Wiley Brand
One Montgomery Street, Suite 1000, San Francisco, CA 94104– 4594— www.josseybass.com
Figure 2.1 Copyright Joshya/Shutterstock
Exhibit 4.4 Modified and used by permission from the National Equity Project
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978– 750– 8400, fax 978– 646– 8600, or on the Web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, 201– 748– 6011, fax 201– 748– 6008, or online at www.wiley.com/go/permissions.
Permission is given for individual classroom teachers to reproduce the pages and illustrations for classroom use. Reproduction of these materials for an entire school system is strictly forbidden.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Readers should be aware that Internet Web sites offered as citations and/or sources for further information may have changed or disappeared between the time this was written and when it is read.
Jossey-Bass books and products are available through most bookstores. To contact Jossey-Bass directly call our Customer Care Department within the U.S. at 800– 956– 7739, outside the U.S. at 317– 572– 3986, or fax 317– 572– 4002.
Wiley publishes in a variety of print and electronic formats and by print-on-demand. Some material included with standard print versions of this book may not be included in e-books or in print-on-demand. If this book refers to media such as a CD or DVD that is not included in the version you purchased, you may download this material at http://booksupport.wiley.com. For more information about Wiley products, visit www.wiley.com.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: Aguilar, Elena, 1969– author.
Title: The art of coaching teams : building resilient communities that transform schools / by Elena Aguilar.
Description: San Francisco, CA : Jossey-Bass, 2016. | Includes bibliographical references and index.
Identifiers: LCCN 2015046841 (print) | LCCN 2015049516 (ebook) | ISBN 9781118984154 (pbk.) | ISBN 9781118984178 (pdf) | ISBN 9781118984161 (epub)
Subjects: LCSH: Teaching teams—United States. | Team learning approach in education—United States. | Teachers—In service-training—United States. | Mentoring in education—United States.
Classification: LCC LB1029.T4 A38 2016 (print) | LCC LB1029.T4 (ebook) | DDC 371.14/8—dc23
Cover image: Wiley
Cover design: Pgiam/iStockphoto
FIRST EDITION
FOR STACEY AND ORION,
MY HOME AND HEART TEAM WHO MAKE IT ALL POSSIBLE
Our goal is to create a beloved community and this will require a qualitative change in our souls as well as a quantitative change in our lives.
—Dr. Martin Luther King Jr.
Exhibits
Introduction
Exhibit I.1
:
What's in This Book?
Chapter 1
Exhibit 1.1
:
Dimensions of a Great Team: A Tool for Reflection
Exhibit 1.2
:
Indicators of an Effective Team
Exhibit 1.3
:
Do: We Need a Team?
Chapter 3
Exhibit 3.1
:
Team Temperature Check
Chapter 4
Exhibit 4.1
:
Transformational Coaching Team's Mission and Vision
Exhibit 4.2
:
Determining a Team's Mission and Vision
Exhibit 4.3
:
Transformational Coaching Team's Core Values
Exhibit 4.4
:
Team Member Roles and Responsibilities
Exhibit 4.5
:
Example of a Team's Communication Agreements
Exhibit 4.6
:
Transformational Coaching Team Goals, 2013–14
Exhibit 4.7
:
Team Work Plan Example
Chapter 5
Exhibit 5.1
:
Examples of Norms, Part 1
Exhibit 5.2
:
Example of Agenda for Norm Building
Exhibit 5.1
:
Examples of Norms, Part 2
Exhibit 5.3
:
What Do Our Norms Mean?
Exhibit 5.4
:
Reflection Questions on Our Norms
Chapter 6
Exhibit 6.1
:
Indicators of a Team's Emotional Intelligence
Exhibit 6.2
:
Forty-Four Ways to Build the Emotional Intelligence of a Team
Chapter 7
Exhibit 7.1
:
Reflection Questions on Communication
Exhibit 7.2
:
Patterns of Participation
Exhibit 7.3
:
Reflections on Patterns of Participation
Exhibit 7.4
:
How Do I Listen?
Exhibit 7.5
:
Behaviors That Foster and Undermine Effective Conversations
Chapter 8
Exhibit 8.1
:
Example of Agenda for Decision Making
Exhibit 8.2
:
Decision-Making Grids
Exhibit 8.3
:
Fist to Five Decision Making
Exhibit 8.4
:
Consensus-Building Process Checking
Exhibit 8.5
:
Decision-Making Norms
Exhibit 8.6
:
Feedback on Decision-Making Process
Chapter 9
Exhibit 9.1
:
Indicators of a Learning Organization
Chapter 10
Exhibit 10.1
:
Example of a Team's Meeting Schedule
Exhibit 10.2
:
Outcomes for Team Meetings
Exhibit 10.3
:
Meaning-Making Protocol
Exhibit 10.4
:
Team Feedback Process
Exhibit 10.5
:
Stages of Team Development
Chapter 11
Exhibit 11.1
:
Checklist for Facilitating Meetings and Professional Development
Chapter 12
Exhibit 12.1
:
Reflecting on Conflict
Exhibit 12.2
:
Five Indicators That Conflict Is Healthy
Exhibit 12.3
:
Sentence Stems for Healthy Conflict
Chapter 13
Exhibit 13.1
:
School Teams' Organizational Alignment: Example of Rise Up Middle School (See
Exhibit 4.7
)
Exhibit 13.2
:
Am I in a Toxic Culture?
Exhibit 13.3
:
Indicators of Trust in Schools
Exhibit 13.4
:
Organizational Conditions for Effective Teams
Introduction
Artists are notoriously messy. Their physical work spaces can be disorganized (at least this is true for the artist to whom I am married), and their processes can be haphazard, full of false starts, revisions, and crumpled pieces that never make it to completion. The drafts and sketches left in studios suggest that the messy creative process itself may be essential to produce to great work.
If coaching teams is an art, and the skills necessary to lead great teams take years of messy practice to develop, we are in a tough place. While artists often refine their practice in private, much of our growth and development as facilitators is public, evident when we lead team meetings or present professional development. Furthermore, there isn't a formula that can be used to build an effective team. All teams inevitably look and feel different—they are made up of people, after all, and it is these people who make teams potentially transformational and also challenging to lead.
Our big dreams for transforming schools depend on highly functioning groups of educators working together. This is a daunting challenge—and one I'll admit that I avoided for years. I hoped that our individual efforts would amount to transformation; I preferred working alone, and I hadn't experienced teams that could accomplish great things. When I was first in a role where I was asked to facilitate a team of adult learners, I didn't have the skill set I needed. I'm now ready to proclaim not only that yes, we have to build teams, but also that yes, we can.
It's been over a decade since I began coaching. My early efforts at facilitating teams included false starts and little grace or beauty. Over the years, I've worked on my craft with great commitment—I acquired knowledge and theory, I practiced skills over and over, and I figured out who I want to be as a leader.
The Art of Coaching Teams is deeply informed by my lived experiences and chronicles key moments of my journey toward powerful leadership. As much as it makes me cringe to reveal my rough drafts as a team leader, I hope that you will see that the art of coaching teams can be developed. Most important, I hope the tools, tips, protocols, and theory contained in these pages will help you find your own conviction and confidence that you can develop the skills to lead transformational teams.
A Tale of Two Teams
I would like tell you a story, a tale of two teams. The first team is a humanities team that I facilitated some years ago when I was a novice instructional coach working in a middle school that I'll call Wilson Middle School. (All names of people in this school are fictitious; see the note on anonymity following this introduction.) From my perspective, this team was disastrous. There was little trust, we didn't get much done, and I struggled as a leader. The second team was a team of coaches that I led after I'd had several years of experience as a facilitator. This team thrived, and I thrived as a leader. Based on many indicators, this team was a success.
Think of this tale of two teams as a serial: with each chapter of this book, I offer another episode from the stories to illustrate the art of coaching teams. So let me start the story—by starting at the end, with the successful team, so that I can offer you a vision for perhaps what might be. I'd like to transport you back to a typical Friday afternoon and offer a glimpse of what you might have seen in our small office.
Transformational Coaching Team, 2014
In one corner of the room, four coaches sit on the floor engaging in a role-play. Two take copious notes—as observers they're responsible for capturing what the coach and client say and do. Han is playing the coach in this scenario, trying to help Manny—who is playing a teacher—reflect on why his math lesson didn't go well. Han listens, nods, validates Manny's challenges in the classroom. She asks probing questions, asks him to clarify his ideas, and paraphrases what he says. Her face is open, smiling, compassionate. But Manny is being difficult, authentically portraying the teacher he was depicting.
Han breaks protocol. “You guys, I'm stuck!” she says as she dramatically throws her hands in the air. “I don't know what else to say!”
Angela laughs. “I'm so glad I didn't have to be the coach first in this one—I don't know what I'd say either.”
I'd been sitting close by, listening to the role-play, but as I hear the observers start to offer their feedback I move away. I know they can offer each other excellent feedback, and I want to check in with the other group of coaches.
“Wait, Elena,” Han says. “I want to hear your thoughts, too! I know you were listening to all that, so what do you think?”
“I'll come back. I want to let you guys debrief first.”
As I roll my chair to the other side of the room where the other four coaches are debriefing their first role-play round, I hear Dave make a comment that sends his group into a fit of laughter. He puts his arm around Michele, comforting her. She'd just played the coach, and I pick up that Dave, who had been the client, hadn't gone easy on her.
Anna looks at me. “Michele was trying some new approaches today—you should have seen it.”
“What did you do?” I ask Michele, who looks flustered.
“I don't know.” She smiled and shook her head. “I was trying to use the confrontational stance—that's one of my professional goals this year. I guess I don't know how to do that.”
“She was brilliant,” Dave says. “She even asked us to record it so she can watch it later. Maybe she'll let you see it.”
“Wow, that's great, Michele,” I say. She groans. “I don't want to see that, and I don't want you to see it, either.” I smile. “That's your decision, of course,” I say.
Anna, who was an observer, shifts the group back onto the protocol. “I can start the debrief,” she says. “I noticed some moments that were really powerful, Michele, and some where you might have been able to get more traction if you'd just rephrased your question.”
I slide my chair a couple feet away from the group so that I can listen but let them have space to debrief. They know enough, they trust each other, and they don't need me there. Michele takes notes on Anna's sharp insights. Noelle grabs a document from her desk, a tool she created for herself that she offers to Michele. Dave commends Michele's bold moves.
At the end of the meeting, we regroup at our oval table that fits the eight of us perfectly. As we debrief the role-play, coaches reflect on their professional growth and identify additional areas of learning. They make suggestions for readings and activities and commit to plan a coaching session in the upcoming week. In pairs they reflect on the intention they'd set for the day, and Michele shares that she knows she demonstrated her intention to take risks. They fill out the feedback form for me, some of them writing much more than others. And then I open a few minutes for appreciations and begin by offering my own. Everyone is appreciated. Everyone offers at least one appreciation. The words are important, but more important is the feeling that envelopes the room, one of indescribable respect and admiration—the feeling of a group of people who care deeply for each other, who enjoy each other's company, and who learn with and from each other.
For two years I was the manager of this team of coaches, and I felt that my primary role was to develop their skill, knowledge, and capacity to coach. When I created the model for our coaching program, I included an entire day of professional development every week. Monday through Thursday, the coaches were at sites—working with individual teachers and administrators, leading professional development sessions, facilitating department and grade-level meetings, participating in instructional leadership teams, gathering and analyzing data, and much more. On Fridays, without exception, we came together to reflect, learn, plan, and reenergize.
By the time I first met with this team in August 2012, I had a lot of ideas about how to create a highly functioning team. I knew that I'd be in a unique position with these eight coaches: although I was their boss, I viewed myself primarily as their coach, as the person responsible for helping them become the coaches and leaders that they wanted to be and that, ultimately, our students needed them to be.
We saw impressive results in the schools we supported, including growth in student learning, growth in teacher professional practice, increases in teacher retention, and improvements in collaboration among teams—all indicators of the work of an effective team of coaches. Perhaps most significant was what we learned about teams—about the utmost importance of teams and what it's like to be on a high-functioning team. Although many of us knew that teams were essential in transformation efforts, we hadn't experienced one that was collaborative and deeply caring and that got stuff done. The health of our team allowed us to go deep into individual and shared learning and into the scariest nooks and crannies—the ones where conversations about race and class, fear and despair, ego and emotions all reside. We challenged each other, pushed each other's thinking, celebrated learnings and growth, and encouraged each other to go deeper, go further, and then stop and rest. We all mourned when after two years forces beyond our control dissolved our team.
Now let me transport you briefly back to a meeting of the humanities team that I facilitated at Wilson Middle School some years prior.
Humanities Team, 2008
“Ok, are we ready to get started?” I looked around at the group of teachers. “I'll need to adjust the agenda since we're starting 20 minutes late,” I said, my voice conveying my irritation at the behavior of a few teachers who trickled in late every week. “If we're going to reach our meeting objectives,” I continued, “we all need to be here when we start.” Bess made a snide comment under her breath that contained the phrase, “be sent to the principal's office.” Margaret laughed, got up, and said, “I'll be right back; I left my drink in my classroom.”
Per my request, the group looked over the agenda. “Any clarifying questions?” I asked. Bess raised her hand. “Yes. When are we going to talk about the abysmal student behavior here? When are we going to talk about how young men and women should be treating their elders? You would not believe what that little fool Keymonte said to me today when I asked him to take his hood off. Where does he think he is anyway? Is that how his mama lets him talk? I would have never spoken to a grown-up like he does. And when I sent him to the principal's office, he came back 15 minutes later with a big grin on his face. They get away with everything here.”
“Bess,” I interjected. “This is our department team time. That's not what we're supposed to talk about here.”
“Oh, I'm so sorry,” she said, her voice laden with sarcasm. “Ok, let's get to it. Let's get on with our learning target for today. ‘I can identify two formative assessment strategies that I’ll use next week,'” she said, reading from the agenda.
Sam put her head down on the desk. She often fell asleep during our meetings. Megan looked back and forth from me to Bess. Cassandra doodled in the margins of her notebook.
“Great. Thanks for reading the learning target, Bess,” I said disingenuously. “Let's start by reviewing the article I brought for us to read on formative assessment. I'm going to ask you to count off and then work with your partner.”
Before we could pair up, Margaret came back in. “There are three children running through the halls. I tried to catch them, but they took off laughing. This school is out of control.”
“I was just saying that,” Bess said. “But we have to stick with the plan today.”
“This school is in Program Improvement Year 5!” I said, aware that my frustration levels were soaring, “Aren't you concerned about that at all?” Bess glared at me, and Margaret shrugged. “Our kids go to high school reading at a fifth-grade level—their reading skills actually drop while they're here. They won't pass the high school exit exam. Don't you think we need to do something about that?”
Margaret's phone rang. “Gotta take this,” she said and walked out.
Bess moved her papers to the side and leaned forward. “We can't do anything about their reading levels until they learn to sit down, shut up, and act like human beings,” she said. “Until then all of this professional development is a waste of time.”
I stared at her. I could feel my hands trembling under the table.
Megan cleared her throat. “Well, I wouldn't mind if we got to the reading,” she said. “How about you, Sam?” She said. Sam opened her eyes, sat up, and nodded.
“Sounds good to me,” Cassandra said. “Megan, we're partners; want to sit by the window?”
“I prefer to work alone,” Bess said. “I'll be in my room and come back for the discussion.” She walked out.
I moved to sit with Sam and followed the protocol I'd created, but I couldn't stop ruminating over what Bess had said. Her words looped over and over in my mind. I thought about the times I'd seen her shaming children in public, making fun of their names, and delivering lessons that seemed entirely disconnected from their learning needs. I'd never let my child be in her class. Those were other people's babies I felt responsible for protecting, but I didn't know how. I hadn't known how to respond in those moments or to her behavior in meetings. “What am I doing here?” I thought over and over. I missed teaching—the reward, satisfaction, and connection with people who appreciate me. “I'm doing nothing of value here,” I thought. “I just want to quit.”
I worked in the Oakland Unified School District (OUSD) in Oakland, California, for almost 20 years. During that time, I was a member of many teams and a leader of a few teams. The humanities team was the most difficult team I led and also one from which I learned a great deal. It was a couple years after I led this team that I wrote The Art of Coaching (Jossey-Bass, 2013), in which I originally intended to include a chapter about coaching teams. As I drafted that chapter, however, it became apparent that the content deserved a book of its own. But there was another reason that I couldn't yet write a chapter on coaching teams. Although I had a plethora of ideas about how to build effective teams, I had never been a member of a truly transformational team of educators. I had never led a team to a high level of performance. I acknowledged that I couldn't write about something I had never experienced—not as a participant or as a leader.
Even though it's true that we can learn a great deal from our struggles, our moments of success also yield deep learning. It wasn't until my experience leading the transformation team that I truly believed great teams could exist—a conviction that was essential for writing this book. It wasn't until that experience that I became confident in my ability to acquire the skills of leadership—and if I was able to do this, you can too. And it wasn't until that experience that I could say yes, try this approach to team building, conflict management, decision making, adult learning—because I know it can work. I've seen it work. I believe that many of these strategies could have worked with the Humanities Team, had I known how to use them. I can now precisely name the conditions necessary for transformational teams to develop and attest to what's possible when they are in place. Finally, I can tell you that it's worth it—all the time and effort you'll put into honing your leadership skills, to designing agendas, to one-on-one conversations with teammates: there's little that can compare to the reward of bringing together a group of people in healthy relationships who do good work in service of children.
I am forever grateful to the members of OUSD's transformational coaches, a team that over two years included Noelle, David, Rafael, John, Anna, Manny, Angela, Han, and Michele. I think of these people as my professional soul mates. For our team to become what it did, it took their willingness to be vulnerable and courageous, to be fully present in mind and body, and to put forth their questions and contributions. They were my teachers in many moments.
What's in This Book?
This book is a how-to manual for building teams—how to design agendas, make decisions, establish communication protocols. Included are dozens of tools that you can use or adapt to meet your needs. All of the tools are available for download on my website (http://www.elenaaguilar.com). There you'll also find video clips demonstrating some of the strategies described in this book.
This is also a book about leadership. I hope to offer new perspectives on the kinds of leaders who can bring a group of people together to do hard work in service of others, work that in the process nourishes the minds, hearts, and spirits of all involved. I hope to offer you strategies to cultivate these adaptive qualities of leadership, including strategies to explore and boost your emotional resilience—the ability to understand your emotions, manage them, and use them to help you meet your goals and enjoy life.
Building teams requires us to hold both a macro and micro perspective. In this book, I'll take you back and forth between looking close up at elements including our emotions as leaders, meeting agendas, and language for difficult conversations and then back out to the macro structures including the alignment between teams in a school, leadership models, and organizational culture. For example, to offer suggestions for how to respond to someone who dominates a discussion, we need to look at the big picture and consider how systemic oppression impacts the development of trust among teachers and how communication and conflict are influenced by a school and district's adult culture. We'll explore how a leader can cultivate a team's emotional intelligence and how to deal with resistance. And we'll reflect on what leaders can say and do in the moment that someone is dominating a discussion.
If you lead groups that primarily engage in learning together—perhaps a professional learning community of coaches, a department, or a grade-level team—then the content of this book will help you establish the conditions so that adults can learn together. Over and over, we'll return to the conditions in which effective groups of educators work and learn together. There's a tremendous amount that you can do to create optimal conditions.
I encourage you to read this book in the order that it's presented because each chapter builds on previous ones. However, Exhibit I.1, located after the introduction, will help you identify where in this book you'll find answers to your most pressing questions about building teams. A tool you might want to look at and use right away is the facilitator core competencies (Appendix A). This tool identifies the set of skills that a facilitator needs and offers an opportunity to reflect on your abilities. Although my intention in this book is to boost the massive skill set laid out in the facilitator core competencies, you'll also find many resources to strengthen these competencies in my book, The Art of Coaching.
When I began writing this book, I asked one question of everyone with whom I came into contact in workshops I offered as well as through social media. I asked, “What's the hardest thing about coaching a team?” I received more than 1,000 responses and grouped them into the categories in Exhibit I.1. One of the most common responses was, “Dealing with one person who dominates conversations.” I remember when that was also my most pressing question about managing group dynamics, and even though I wish I could offer five easy steps toward managing the verbal dominator it has in fact taken an entire book to answer that question in a way that leads to lasting change. As I hope you'll see, my intent is to offer a transformational approach that will allow us to create the kinds of healthy adult communities that will be able to serve the social, academic, and emotional needs of all children.
After reading this book, I hope that you'll be able to write a plan for developing a team you lead. Whether you're embarking on a leadership path and preparing to lead a team of colleagues or planning for a team you've led for some time, my intention is that you can cull through the strategies in this book and use them to formulate a plan. Appendix F offers a template for a team-building plan. On my website you can see examples of such a plan.
Who is This Book For?
This book is for anyone building, leading, or facilitating teams—and for those who hope to build the capacity of others to do so. This is for instructional coaches, professional learning community facilitators, grade-level leads, data team coaches, department heads, committee leads, and anyone else in a formal or informal leadership position. This book could be considered the companion to The Art of Coaching since it expands on many of the approaches described for working one-on-one with another educator.
The Art of Coaching Teams will help principals who seek to be a lead learner, as described by Michael Fullan in his book The Principal (2014). Fullan makes a compelling case for principals to focus their energies primarily on creating cultures of learning in their schools and to work with teams rather than individual teachers. His argument is backed by research conducted by the highly respected educators Richard DuFour and Robert Marzano, who argue, “Time devoted to building the capacity of teachers to work in teams is far better spent than time devoted to observing individual teachers” (2009, p. 67). Principals, imagine if you could reduce the number of observations and one-on-one conversations you have each week and see even greater impact on student learning. I hope this book might help you strategically develop teams of learners.
Administrators in all corners of our education system build teams: instructional leadership teams, culture and climate teams, student behavior teams, curriculum teams, and many more. This book is intended for those site leaders, directors, managers, coordinators, and superintendents who seek to strengthen their teams. The material offered in this book is relevant across roles wherever someone holds an intention to bring a group of people into healthy relationship with each other to accomplish something in the service of children.
Toward a Beloved Community
I am often daunted by the amount of change we need to see in our schools. The progress we've made feels slow. So many children are not receiving the education they need, they aren't treated with the love and kindness that all children deserve, and they aren't in communities where they can thrive. I've been working in education for 20 years, and sometimes it feels like little has changed.
However, when I think back on the places where change was made and children got more of what they need and deserve, those were uniformly places where the adults at the site worked in high-functioning teams together and where there was respect and trust between teachers and between teachers and administrators. In those places, when storms hit (and they did), the communities of adults and children weathered them well and emerged stronger than before. At the schools where I experienced this, teacher and administrator retention was high, institutional memory was preserved, and a culture of learning was maintained. Above all, people liked coming to work—there was laughter and meaningful conversations and sharing of resources, experiences, ideas, and accomplishments. In these contexts, creativity was abundant and evident—teams collaborated on projects and initiatives in innovative ways and with admirable results. At those moments, from within those healthy communities, I observed firsthand the positive impact of good teams on our children.
My purpose in my work is to interrupt the inequities I see in our education system and schools. Every morning I awaken hoping to contribute to building equitable schools where every child gets what he or she needs in school every day. My vision for a transformed society extends beyond what children experience in school—I hope to contribute to creating a just society where acceptance and kindness exist between all people of all ages, to creating a beloved community. While providing children with a different kind of experience in school, I also strive to create the world that they'll one day be a part of as adults.
I know that we can't create what we want to see for children without also attending to the adults who work with them—we just can't separate these two things. At the same time, I recognize how building healthy communities of adults is also working toward a more expansive vision of society. For some, I've found that this notion poses a challenge that we can and need to work toward both ends at the same time: what our children need and the larger picture of transformation. We can't do one without the other. Building high-functioning, healthy teams is a means to an end—to being able to improve student learning—but it is also the end itself, because at the core of a high-functioning healthy team is a beloved community.
An Elephant in the Dark
Some Hindus have an elephant to show.
No one here has ever seen an elephant.
They bring it at night to a dark room.
One by one, we go in the dark and come out
saying how we experience the animal.
One of us happens to touch the trunk.
A water-pipe kind of creature.
Another, the ear. A very strong, always moving
back and forth, fan-animal. Another, the leg.
I find it still, like a column on a temple.
Another touches the curved back.
A leathery throne. Another the cleverest,
feels the tusk. A rounded sword made of porcelain.
He is proud of his description.
Each of us touches one place
and understands the whole that way.
The palm and the fingers feeling in the dark
are how the senses explore the reality of the elephant.
If each of us held a candle there,
and if we went in together, we could see it.
By Rumi
This poem, “An Elephant in the Dark,” by Rumi, the thirteenth-century Persian poet and mystic, offers a metaphor for the potential of a team working well. It was brought to my attention by Anna, one of the coaches in the team I led, when she offered it on one of our Friday learning sessions. That day, I remember the wave of gratitude I experienced as I took in this poem's meaning: alone we can only see one part of the big something we can't understand, and if we each hold a candle, we might be able to see what we cannot even yet imagine. In that moment, I also recognized that had it not been for this team and Anna's presence on it, I may not have come across this poem. Anna offered us each a candle.
Reflect: “An Elephant in the Dark”
Share this poem with a team you lead and offer these prompts for discussion:
Within our context, what is analogous to the elephant in this poem? What are we trying to figure out?
What are the different ways that members of our team contribute to this understanding? What does each one—because of his or her background, experiences, or knowledge—understand?
Within our context, what is analogous to a candle? What do we need to be able to see the whole thing?
What gets in the way of us going in together? What are you willing to do to go in together? What do you need from your teammates to do so?
A Note on Anonymity and Pseudonyms
The names of the coaches in the transformational coaching team are indeed their real names. To the very best of my abilities, I've depicted them and shared their words with as much accuracy as possible. In a few instances, for the sake of the narrative, I modified the sequence of events to make this more readable.
The names of every other teacher, coach, or leader mentioned in this book are pseudonyms. To protect privacy, I've also changed identity markers and some aspects of the narrative with the hopes that the people about whom I write will be unidentifiable.
Exhibit I.1: What's in This Book?
This exhibit shows where to find answers to your most pressing questions about building teams.
Chapter
Guiding questions
Common challenges addressed
(“What's the hardest thing about coaching or leading a team?”)
Truths about building teams
Chapter 1
: Refining a Vision
What is an effective team? Why do we need teams? What kind of teams can have a positive impact on children?
I'm leading a team, we're really struggling, and I can't figure out why.
Cultivating a sense of urgency in a team.
Getting everyone to work together effectively to a common goal.
I don't know if I believe in teams. I feel like I work better alone.
Teams that work in or with schools exist to serve the social, emotional, and academic needs of children.
Chapter 2
: Knowing Ourselves as Leaders
How will my awareness of myself as a leader enable me to build a strong team?
What kind of leader do I want to be?
I don't feel I'm qualified to lead this team.
I'm leading a team, we're really struggling, and I can't figure out why.
My relationship to members in a team has changed, and now they seem to me differently.
I can't remain neutral as a leader—I'm not neutral. But how do I not impose my beliefs on others?
When teams look to me for confirmation or affirmation instead of talking with each other about what they believe and what they want to do.
I get really frustrated by some team members.
I can't stand working with stubborn people.
There are so many problems in our team I don't know where to start.
Who you are as a leader has the greatest influence on a team.
Chapter 3
: Creating a Culture of Trust
What can I do to build trust in a team?
Getting veteran teachers to change and do something different.
Dealing with adults who have fixed mind-sets and who are not willing to take challenges or learn by mistakes.
There are so many problems in our team I don't know where to start.
Getting people to trust each other.
Dealing with high team member turnover.
Teams thrive with trust.
Chapter 4
: Defining Purpose, Process, and Product
How do we figure out what to do in our team?
How do we make sure we're doing work as a team that will positively impact students?
Figuring out which direction to go with my team—I don't know what will help us the most.
There are so many problems in our team I don't know where to start.
Dealing with conflicting needs from different group members.
We have such different styles, personalities, beliefs, and values.
Lack of implementation and follow-through.
Cultivating a sense of urgency in a team.
Ensuring everyone is on the same page about norms, expectations, beliefs, and goals.
Staying focused.
Getting everyone to work together effectively to a common goal.
Supporting others in moving past personal agendas.
Teams that work in or with schools exist to serve the social, emotional, and academic needs of children.Building teams takes time.
Chapter 5
: Laying a Foundation for Trust
What can I do to build trust in a team?
How can norms or community agreements help us become an effective team?
Getting people to trust each other.
The negative voice that affects the whole group.
The dominant voice that contradicts and challenges all others.
Getting veteran teachers to change and do something different.
Teams thrive with trust. Building teams takes time.
Chapter 6
: Developing the Emotional Intelligence of a Team
How can I help everyone get along?
How can we deal with the stress of working in schools?
Getting veteran teachers to change and do something different.
Getting team members to make changes or do something different when they're stuck.
The negative voice that affects the whole group.
The dominant voice that contradicts and challenges all others.
Many different personalities and styles—someone always seems to be offended.
The feeling of the coach being against the loud, dominant voice.
Some people just do not work well with others.
When one or two teachers consistently bring negativity and resistance to the group.
A team's collective emotional intelligence is the key factor in its level of performance.
Chapter 7
: Cultivating Healthy Communication
How can I facilitate effective communication in a team?
Getting veteran teachers to change and do something different.
What to do about that one person who takes on a leadership role without being asked.
The negative voice that affects the whole group.
The dominant voice that contradicts and challenges all others.
Dealing with people's cynicism that their voice and time are not valued.
When one team member is not onboard with the other members.
When people don't push back on the dominant voices.
Drawing out the quiet participants.
Dealing with those who want to be heard but don't want to listen.
Communication between team members is the thread that connects everything.
Chapter 8
: Making Good Decisions
How can decisions be made in a way that builds trust?
What are different ways to make decisions?
My team disagrees with all the decisions I make.
My team says I'm a top-down leader and that I don't give them input on decisions.
When one member of the team speaks for the team and sways things in a direction that others may not want to go.
When one team member is not onboard with the others.
Being unable to reach consensus because everyone has such strong opinions.
When we need to make decisions, our conversations go around and around, and we never seem to make them.
Teams thrive with trust.Communication between team members is the thread that connects everything.
Chapter 9
: Supporting Adult Learners
How can knowledge of adult learning help me facilitate a team?
How do I apply principles of adult learning to coaching teams?
When teachers are in different places in their learning.
Meeting the needs of all.
Getting teachers to take responsibility for their own learning.
Lack of implementation and follow-through.
Getting veteran teachers to change and do something different.
Dealing with adults who have fixed mind-sets and who are not willing to take challenges or learn by mistakes.
Learning is the primary work of all teams.
Chapter 10
: Orchestrating Meaningful Meetings
What should we do when we meet?
Deciding what activities to do in meetings.
Finding ways to facilitate or use protocols that help teams collaborate rather than feeling led by me.
I need to talk less and listen more.
Teams look to me for affirmation instead of talking with each other about what they believe and want to do.
We are stuck doing the same kinds of things every time we meet, but I don't know what else to do.
The health of a meeting reflects the health of the team.
Chapter 11
: Setting the Stage for Artful Meetings
How can I design meetings that develop an effective team?
How to understand feedback when it contains extremes.
Feeling calm and confident when I lead meetings.
What to do about that one person who takes on a leadership role without being asked.
Getting everyone to work together effectively to a common goal.
Keeping people awake during my meetings.
Dealing with people who use technology inappropriately.
The health of a meeting reflects the health of the team.
Chapter 12
: Navigating Conflict
How can healthy conflict make us a more effective team?
How do I manage unhealthy conflict in my team?
Getting team members to make changes or do something different when they're stuck.
When a team is not getting along because of the mix of personalities, different teaching styles, and so on.
The negative voice that affects the whole group.
The dominant voice that contradicts and challenges all others.
The mentality of, my kids are different from yours.
Teachers who are unwilling to examine their biases.
When one or two teachers consistently bring negativity and resistance to the group.
Conflict can be healthy, but unhealthy conflict needs to be managed.
Chapter 13
: Assessing Organizational Conditions
How can I assess the conditions in which I'm leading my team so that I can figure out where to best focus my energy?
We have no time to meet.
There are so many teams in our school, but no one has any idea what we're all doing. Everyone is doing something different.
How to make sure that what we're doing in our team actually has an impact on our school.
When we are in conflict with administration.
Dealing with high team member turnover.
Getting everyone to work together effectively to a common goal.
Our team is in conflict with the larger organization. I'm stuck in the middle.
I didn't choose my team, and we don't get along.
All teams exist within systems and power structures.
Chapter 1Refining a Vision
Humanities Team, 2008
We meet because all departments meet on Wednesday afternoons. We meet because our school has bad test scores and we're supposed to do something about that. We meet because—I have no idea, actually, why this team is supposed to meet. The department chair communicates information from the district—testing schedules, textbook changes, new initiatives. Then there's me, the coach, and I'm supposed to do what? When I came onboard, I asked the principal, “What do you hope I'll do with this department?” He said, “Get them to work better together.” So we meet on Wednesdays.
To build something, we need to know what it is we want to build. I suspect that sometimes we struggle to build teams because we haven't even decided what we're trying to build or what describes this end goal. We need to start with articulating these elements of a vision before we start construction. The rest of this book offers you tools and strategies for team building, but in this first chapter we're consider the what, why, and when of teams. First: a quick clarification of terminology.
A Note on Terms
For the sake of simplicity and flow, there are sets of terms I use interchangeably in this book. First, I use team and group to mean the same thing—a unit of people who convene to work together interdependently for a shared, meaningful purpose.
To describe the kind of team I aspire to create, the kind I believe has potential to serve our schools and children, I also use a set of adjectives interchangeably: great, effective, high-performing, high-functioning, and successful
