The Handbook of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Serie: Handbooks in Communication and Media
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1912

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

Global Insights on Navigating Today’s Complex Crises

Now in its second edition, The Handbook of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research offers a timely and comprehensive exploration of the methods, challenges, and innovations in managing present-day global crises and risks. Bringing together expert insights from across the fields of communication, public relations, and social sciences, this interdisciplinary volume examines crisis and risk communication through an international lens. Each chapter presents unique cultural, theoretical, and methodological perspectives for managing risk, mitigating crises, and fostering resilience.

Amid growing transnational issues such as public health emergencies, climate-induced disasters, and political upheavals, the Handbook emphasizes the role of communication in crisis awareness, recovery, and renewal. Contributions by leading scholars and practitioners investigate vital issues such as the impact of misinformation, digital technologies, and media dynamics in shaping public perception and policy response. This revised and expanded edition also reflects recent global threats, including climate change, the COVID-19 pandemic, the war in Ukraine, and other cross-border crises.

Equipping readers with the knowledge and frameworks necessary to navigate an increasingly complex and interconnected world, The Handbook of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research is perfect for advanced graduate courses and PhD programs in crisis and risk communication, as well as crisis managers, public relations consultants, communication officers, and scholars in risk management and communication.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface and Acknowledgments

Part I: History, Status Quo, and Trends in Global Crisis and Risk Communication Research

1 Global Threats and the Significance of International Risk and Crisis Communication Research: Advancing Integration, Diversity, and Complexity

The State of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research

Goals and Structure of the Handbook

References

Author’s Bio

2 History of Crisis and Risk Communication

Introduction

Crisis Communication

Multidisciplinary Approaches

Risk Communication

Theoretical and Interdisciplinary Perspectives

The Relationship Between Crisis and Risk Communication

Future Developments

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

3 Beyond Borders and Bridging Worlds

Why Culture Matters in Risk and Crisis Communication?

Cultural Investigation Matrix in International Crisis and Risk Communication

The Status of Research on Culture in Crisis and Risk Communication

Theoretical and Methodological Framework of Culture Research in Risk and Crisis Communication

Challenges and Future Directions in Cultural Investigations

References

Author’s Bio

Part II: Strategic and Institutional Communicators in International Crises and Risks

4 Military, Government, and Media Management in Wartime

Introduction

Military Media Management

Government–Media Relationships in Wartime – Theoretical Models

Digitization and Emerging Voices in War Communication

Conclusion and Implications for Communicator Research

References

Author Bio

5 Crisis Communication in the Context of Terrorism

Multi‐Actor Response Network

The Process Approach, from Preparedness to Recovery

Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgments

References

Author’s Bio

6 Paradigms of Risk and Crisis Communication and the Threat of Misinformation and Disinformation

Risk Communication Paradigms

Crisis Communication Paradigms

Misinformation and Disinformation in the Social Construction of Risk and Crisis Communication

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

7 Strategic Communication in Global Health Crises

Mitigating Cross‐Border Health Crises Requires Effective Communication

The “Fragmented Array” of Health Crisis Response

Strategic Government Communications in Times of Multiple Health Crises

Risk Cultures and Political Systems Shape How Health Crises are Communicated

Cross‐Sector Collaboration, Policy‐Science Relationships, and Recipient‐Centeredness

References

Author’s Bio

8 International Organizational Crisis Communication

Introduction

International Organizational Crisis Communication

Simple Rules: An Approach to Engaging Dynamic and Complex Contexts

Simple Rules for Managing the Complexity of International Crisis Communication

Simple Communication Rules Organizations Should Follow During a Crisis

Simple Communication Rules Organizations Should Not Follow During a Crisis

Conclusion

References

Authors’ Bio

9 Political Crises

Three Subfields of Crisis Management

Political Arenas – Stakeholders, Interest Groups, and Voters

Four Research Traditions of Political Crisis and Crisis Communication

Conclusions

References

Author’s Bio

Part III: The Role of Legacy Media and Social Media in International Crises and Risks

10 War Reporting in an Evolving Media Landscape

Introduction

Re‐Imagining War Journalism: War, Crisis, and Mediatization

Layers of Influence: Factors Affecting War Reporting as a Practice

“Othering” and War‐Mongering: State of the Art and Issues in Media Coverage

Paradigm‐Shifters: War Reporting and New Technologies

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

11 Terrorism, Lone Wolf Shootings, School Shootings, and the Role of (Social) Media

Introduction

Terrorism and School Shootings as Crisis and Risk

Media as Part of the Perpetrators’ Strategies

The Role of Social Media

Contagious and Incentivizing Effects on Would‐be Mass Killers

Guidelines and Censorship – Yes or No?

Conclusion and Outlook

References

Author’s Bio

12 Environmental Risk Communication

Environmental Risk Communication

ERC’s Evolution

Additional ERC Frameworks

Three Major ERC Challenges

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

13 Missed Risk and Crisis Communication Opportunities During the COVID‐19 Pandemic

Missed Opportunity: Follow Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication Principles

Missed Opportunity: Include Communication Experts at the Decision‐making Table

Missed Opportunity: Faster Recognition of and Response to the Power of Misinformation

Missed Opportunity: Audience‐specific Messaging

Lessons Learned about Applying Risk and Crisis Communication Best Practices

Future Research

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bios

14 The Role of Legacy Media and Social Media in International Organizational Risk and Crisis Communication

Introduction

The Role of Legacy Media in Organizational Risk and Crisis Communication

The Role of Social Media in Shaping Organizational Risk and Crisis Communication

Future Research and Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

15 Political Crisis Communication and the Rhetorical Arena

Introduction

Defining Political Crisis and Political Crisis Communication

The Rhetorical Arena

The Challenges of Crisis Communication

The Successes of Crisis Communication

The Images and Narratives of Crisis Communication

Crisis Communication on Instagram

Crisis Communication on Twitter/X

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

Part IV: The Role of Audiences, Citizens, and Victims in International Crises and Risks

16 War, Media, and Public Opinion

Introduction

Casualties and Public Opinion

Mueller’s Hypothesis – Log of Cumulative Casualties

National, Local, and Marginal Casualties

Media, Casualties, and Public Opinion

Social Media, Disinformation, and Public Support for War

The Ukraine War: A Case Study

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

17 Communicating Terrorism

Introduction

What is Terrorism?

The History of Terrorism

Communicating Terrorism

The Symbolism of Terror

How do Audiences Make Sense of Terror?

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

18 Reoccurring Challenges and Emerging Threats

Introduction

Information Seeking

Secondary Audience Reactions

Addressing Variability in Psychological Responses

Migration

Knowledge Gaps

Specific Channels

Measurement and Research in Disasters and Pandemics

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

19 The Role of Audiences, Citizens, and Victims in International Crises

Major Audiences

Coping with Uncertainty During a Public Health Crisis

Media and (Digital) Health Literacy

Risk Perception and the Impact of Media Use

Infodemics and Their Consequences

Areas of Future Research

References

Author’s Bio

20 Domestic and International Audiences of Organizational Risk and Crisis Communication

The Importance of Responsibility

Attributing and Accepting Responsibility Around the Globe

Covariation

Making Room for Emotions

The Importance of Sending the Right Message, the Right Way

Risk Communication

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

21 Reputational Crisis in Politics

Character and Reputation

The Habitus of Political Reputation Management

Challenges to Political Reputation

Audience‐Centric Responses to Reputational Crisis

Conclusions

References

Author Bio

Part V: The State of Crisis and Risk Communication Research Around the Globe

Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Africa

22 Crisis Communication in East Africa

Introduction

The Context of Risk and Crisis Communication Research in East Africa

The State of Research in Risk and Crisis Communication in East Africa

Risk Communication in Three East African Countries: The Case of COVID‐19

References

Author’s Bio

23 The Role of Customary Crisis Communication Mechanisms in Ethiopia

Introduction

Brief Overview of Crisis Communication Literature in Ethiopia

Overview of Crisis Communication Literature on COVID‐19 and 737 MAX Crisis

Traditional/Customary Crisis Communication Mechanisms in Natural and Man‐Made Crisis Situations

Ethiopia and Traditional Crisis Communication Practices

The Culture of Communicating Crisis and Customary Methods

Current State of Customary Crisis Management Mechanisms

Conclusion

References

Authors’ Bio

24 Culture, Ethnicity, and Religion

Introduction

Nigeria: Country Profile

The Context of Crisis Communication Research in Nigeria

Culture and Crisis Communication in Nigeria

COVID‐19: Success Factors

Case Study 2: The 2022 Catastrophic Flooding

Conclusion

References

Authors’ Bio

Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Asia

25 Crisis Communication Research in South Korea

Introduction

State of Research in Risk and Crisis Communication in South Korea

Institutional Perspectives

Media Perspectives

Public Perspectives

Conclusion and Areas of Future Research

References

Author’s Bio

26 Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Singapore

Introduction

References

26.A Appendix

Author’s Bio

27 Risk and Crisis Communication Research in China

Introduction

The Status of Risk and Crisis Communication in China

Risk and Crisis Communication in China: Key Findings

Case Study: 2022 MU5735 Airplane Crash

Conclusion

References

Authors’ Bio

28 Risk and Crisis Communication Research in India

Introduction

Definition of Risk and Crisis Communication in the Indian Context

Risk and Disaster Communication in India

The Media/Journalism Perspective

Audience Perspective

Analysis of COVID‐19 Crisis Communication by the Government of India

Concluding Thoughts

References

Author’s Bio

29 Risk Communication Research and Practice in Japan

The Context of Risk and Crisis Communication in Japan

The State of Research in Risk and Crisis Communication

Practical Cases of Risk Communication

Concluding Remarks

References

Author Bio

Crisis and Risk Communication Research in the Middle East

30 Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Israel

Introduction

Research Output

Findings

Discussion

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

31 Risk and Crisis Communication Research

Introduction

The Context of Risk and Crisis Communication Research in the GCC Countries

The State of Research in Risk and Crisis Communication in the GCC Countries

Handling of Crises: PR Consultants (Foreign vs. Local)

Crisis and Risk Management Research

Conclusion and Areas of Future Research

References

Author Bio

Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Europe

32 Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Germany

The Context of Crisis Communication Research in Germany

Crises and the Emergence of Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Germany

The State of German Risk and Crisis Communication Research

Conclusion and Outlook

References

Author’s Bio

33 Risk and Crisis Communication Research in the Nordic Countries

Introduction

New Crisis Landscape and Interrelatedness Between Crisis Management Subfields

The Context of Crisis Communication Research in the Nordic Countries

Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Sweden

Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Denmark

Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Norway

Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Finland

Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Iceland

References

Author’s Bio

34 Revisiting the Challenges of Crisis Management and Crisis Communication Research in Russia

1

Introduction

Perceptions and Responses to Risks and Crises

Crisis Management Actors: State Versus the Rest

The Role of the Media as a Crisis Actor

Audience Perceptions of Risks and Safety

Future Research and Conclusions

References

Author’s Bio

35 Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Romania

Societal Context of Risk and Crisis Communication in Romania

Academic Context of Risk and Crisis Communication in Romania

Perspectives of Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Romania

Academic Programs

Research and Academic Publications

Development of the Communication and Public Relations Industry

National Framework and Regulations for Academic Programs

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

36 Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Eastern Europe

Main Regional Trends in Crisis and Risk Communication

Context of Crisis Communication Studies

Ukraine and the Baltic Countries

Ukraine

Baltic Countries

The V4‐Cluster: Czech Republic, Hungary, Poland, and Slovakia

Media Perspective

Institutional Perspective

Audience Perspective

Crisis Communication Theory and Discourse in the V4 Countries

Trends and Issues in Crisis Communication Research in the Region

References

Authors’ Bio

Crisis and Risk Communication Research in the Americas

37 Risk and Crisis Communication Research in North America

Risk Communication

Crisis Communication

Stage Models and Best Practices

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

38 Risk and Crisis Communication in Latin America

The Context of Risk and Crisis Communication in Latin America

Methodology

Results

Institutional Perspective of Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Latin America

Media Perspective of Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Latin America

Audience Perspective of Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Latin America

Case Study: Risk and Crisis Communication During the COVID‐19 Pandemic in Latin America and Colombia

Conclusion

References

Author’s Bio

39 Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Brazil

The State of Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Brazil

Risk and Crisis Communication in Brazil – Relevant cases from the past 10 years

Leadership Insensitivity During the COVID‐19 Pandemic and the Impact on People

The Water Crisis in São Paulo

Failure to Learn: The Case of Vale and the Collapse of Two Mining Dams

Conclusion

References

Authors’ Bio

40 Crisis, Risk, and Media Cases in Argentina

Introduction

Before 2001: Corporate Crisis

Since 2001: Media Cases

During the Pandemic: Managing Risk

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

Crisis and Risk Communication Research in Australia and Oceania

41 Risk and Crisis Communication in Australia and New Zealand

Introduction

Context

Organization‐Specific Crises and Risks

Public Crises and Risks

Future Research and Conclusions

References

Author’s Bio

Part VI: Emerging Topics, Challenges, Theory, and Methods

Conceptual and Theoretical Developments and Challenges in Crisis and Risk Communication

42 International Crises as Wicked Problems and Mega‐crises: Opportunities for Building Crisis Communication Theory on an International Level

Introduction

The Increasing Complexity of Crises and Crisis Communication

Wicked Problems

Mega‐Crisis

Frequency and Form of Recent International Risk and Crisis Communication Research

International Research on Disasters

International Research on Digital Crisis Communication

International Research on Pandemics

International Research on “Other” Topics

Conclusions and Implications

References

Authors’ Bio

43 Instructional Communication Theories, Models, and Constructs in Risk/Mega‐Risk and Crisis/Mega‐Crisis

Driving Forces for Theory Expansion

Instructional Communication

Theoretical Tenets and Constructs of Instructional Communication

IDEA Model

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

44 Risk‐based Approaches to Crisis Management and Communication

Introduction

Definitions: Crisis and Risk

Why does Risk Science Matter?

A Survivor’s Guide for Crisis Management and Communication

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

Methodological Developments and Challenges in Crisis and Risk Communication Research

45 Aligning the Field: Embracing the Interdisciplinary, Conceptually Divergent, and Methodological Diverse Reality of Good Research in Risk and Crisis Communication

Two Paths Diverging in the Woods: Risk and Crisis Communication Epistemology

PR Epistemology in Risk and Crisis Communication

Organizational Communication Epistemology in Risk and Crisis Communication

Methodological and Disciplinary Diversity in Risk and Crisis Communication Research

Methodological Diversity in Risk and Crisis Communication Research

Disciplinary Diversity in Risk and Crisis Communication Research

Current Needs for Improving Research Design in Risk and Crisis Communication

Supporting Diverse Voices in Risk and Crisis Communication Research

Aligning Theory and Research Design

References

Author Bio

46 Opportunities and Pitfalls of Computational Communication Science for International Risk and Crisis Communication Research

Definition of Terms and Scope

The Present: Primary Issues, Topics, and Areas of Work

CCS in Crisis Communication Research

The Future: Opportunities, Challenges, Pitfalls

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

47 Methodological Challenges of International Crisis Communication Research

1

Introduction

Basic Research Concerns: Culture, Nations, Analytic Frameworks, and Focus

Key Challenges for International Crisis Communication Researchers

Evaluative Criteria for International Research

Summary

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

Technologies and Practices in International Crisis and Risk Communication

48 Technologies in Crisis Communication: Tools, Systems, and Infrastructures

Scope

Technology as Tool, System, and Infrastructure

Research on Technologies in Crisis Communication

Future Research Directions

Conclusion

References

Author Bio

49 Preparing for International and Cross‐Cultural Crises: The Challenges of Research in Action, Competing Voices, Inclusivity, and the Interplay of Responsibility in Global Organizations

Foundations and Functions of International Response to Cross‐Border Crises

Foundations: Legal Framework for International Health Emergency Response

Functions: WHO Doctrine for International Risk and Crisis Communication

Challenges in International Risk and Crisis Communication

Coordinating Research and Emergency Response Practice

Inclusivity

Competing Voices

Interplay of Responsibilities

Conclusions

References

Author’s Bio

Summing Up & Looking Ahead: The Future of International Risk & Crisis Communication Research

50 The Expanding and Dynamic Field of Crisis and Emergency Risk Communication: Summary, Implications, and Outlook

Introduction

An Expanding, International Field, Driven by Events (Part I)

The Emergence of more, and more Diverse Organizational and Institutional Actors (Part II)

The Rise of Mis/Disinformation, the Impact of AI, and the Lack of Global South Perspectives: The Role of News Media and Social Media in Global Risk and Crisis Communication (Part III)

The Interconnectedness of Audiences, Citizens, and Victims in Crisis Dynamics (Part IV)

Risk and Crisis Communication Research in Different World Regions: Global Threats, Local Challenges, and Emerging Global South Perspectives (Part V)

Summary

Conclusions

References

Author’s Bio

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Four simple rules for engaging in international organizational cr...

Chapter 26

Table 26.A.1 SCCT crisis types by crisis clusters.

Chapter 27

Table 27.1 Key outlets of articles (number of articles above 10).

Table 27.2 Articles for Content Analysis.

Chapter 29

Table 29.1 Five aspects of disaster risk awareness.

Chapter 31

Table 31.1 Nationals vs. expats in the GCC countries’ population.

Chapter 36

Table 36.1 Crisis communication perspectives in Ukraine.

Table 36.2 Crisis communication perspectives in the Baltic countries.

Table 36.3 Crisis communication perspectives in the V4 countries.

Chapter 38

Table 38.1 Relationship between objectives, questions, and response categor...

Chapter 39

Table 39.1 Brazilian digital library of theses and dissertations (BDTD, 201...

Table 39.2 Publications on risk and crisis communication listed in the Obse...

Chapter 42

Table 42.1 Topics of international risk and crisis communication research....

Chapter 45

Table 45.1 Significant post hoc results for differences in research method ...

Chapter 47

Table 47.1 Analytic frameworks for national culture.

Table 47.2 Challenges in the research process.

Table 47.3 Evaluative criteria for international research.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Number of publications in risk and crisis communication journals ...

Figure 1.2 Number of publications in risk and crisis communication by journa...

Figure 1.3 Number of publications in risk and crisis communication (in % of ...

Figure 1.4 Number of publications in risk and crisis communication by author...

Figure 1.5 Number of publications in risk and crisis communication by affili...

Figure 1.6 Number of publications in risk and crisis communication by countr...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Main actors in press releases published by governments and health...

Figure 7.2 Main strategies in press releases published by governments and he...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Sticky Crisis Management.

Chapter 27

Figure 27.1 The publication trend of all articles.

Note

. The decline in the ...

Figure 27.2 Bibliographic coupling network.

Chapter 29

Figure 29.1 Scope of risk communication and stages of natural disaster manag...

Figure 29.2 Evacuation information.

Figure 29.3 Kikikuru created by processing.

Chapter 32

Figure 32.1 Number of peer‐reviewed journal articles on risk and crisis comm...

Figure 32.2 Number of peer‐reviewed journal articles on risk and crisis comm...

Figure 32.3 Number of peer‐reviewed journal articles on risk and crisis comm...

Figure 32.4 Number of peer‐reviewed journal articles on risk and crisis comm...

Chapter 38

Figure 38.1 Risk and crisis communication flowchart.

Chapter 44

Figure 44.1 Post‐trust vicious cycle of risk aversion.

Chapter 45

Figure 45.1 Risk and crisis cycle.

Figure 45.2 Theories applied in risk and crisis communication research.

Figure 45.3 Summary of research methods in risk and crisis communication 195...

Figure 45.4 Cross‐disciplinary risk and crisis communication research 1953–2...

Figure 45.5 Significant two‐way interaction between article type and method....

Chapter 48

Figure 48.1 Information flows between public safety authorities and citizens...

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

List of Contributors

Preface and Acknowledgments

Begin Reading

Index

Wiley End User License Agreement

Pages

ii

iii

iv

x

xi

xii

xiii

xiv

1

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

101

102

103

104

105

106

107

108

109

110

111

112

113

114

115

116

117

119

121

122

123

124

125

126

127

128

129

130

131

132

133

134

135

136

137

138

139

140

141

142

143

144

145

146

147

148

149

150

151

152

153

154

155

156

157

158

159

160

161

162

163

164

165

166

167

168

169

170

171

172

173

174

175

176

177

178

179

180

181

182

183

184

185

186

187

188

189

190

191

192

193

195

196

197

198

199

200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211

212

213

214

215

216

217

218

219

220

221

222

223

224

225

226

227

228

229

230

231

232

233

234

235

236

237

238

239

240

241

242

243

244

245

246

247

248

249

250

251

252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263

264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271

273

275

277

278

279

280

281

282

283

284

285

286

287

288

289

290

291

292

293

294

295

296

297

298

299

300

301

302

303

304

305

306

307

308

309

310

311

312

313

314

315

316

317

318

319

321

322

323

324

325

326

327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336

337

338

339

340

341

342

343

344

345

346

347

348

349

350

351

352

353

354

355

356

357

358

359

360

361

362

363

364

365

366

367

368

369

370

371

372

373

374

375

376

377

378

379

380

381

382

383

384

385

386

387

389

390

391

392

393

394

395

396

397

398

399

400

401

402

403

404

405

406

407

408

409

410

411

412

413

414

415

417

419

420

421

422

423

424

425

426

427

428

429

430

431

432

433

434

435

436

437

438

439

440

441

442

443

444

445

446

447

448

449

450

451

452

453

454

455

456

457

458

459

460

461

462

463

464

465

466

467

468

469

470

471

472

473

474

475

476

477

478

479

480

481

482

483

484

485

486

487

488

489

490

491

492

493

495

496

497

498

499

500

501

502

503

504

505

506

507

508

509

510

511

512

513

514

515

516

517

518

519

520

521

522

523

524

525

526

527

528

529

530

531

532

533

534

535

536

537

538

539

541

542

543

544

545

546

547

548

549

550

551

552

553

555

557

558

559

560

561

562

563

564

565

566

567

568

569

570

571

572

573

574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583

584

585

586

587

588

589

590

591

592

593

594

595

597

598

599

600

601

602

603

604

605

606

607

608

609

610

611

612

613

614

615

616

617

618

619

620

621

622

623

624

625

626

627

628

629

630

631

632

633

634

635

637

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

650

651

652

653

654

655

656

657

658

659

660

661

662

663

664

665

666

667

668

669

670

671

672

673

675

677

678

679

680

681

682

683

684

685

686

687

688

689

690

691

692

693

694

695

696

697

698

699

700

701

Handbooks in Communication and Media

This series aims to provide theoretically ambitious yet accessible volumes devoted to the major fields and subfields within communication and media studies. Each volume sets out to ground and orientate the student through a broad range of specially commissioned chapters, while also providing the more experienced scholar and teacher with a convenient and comprehensive overview of the latest trends and critical directions.

The Handbook of Organizational Rhetoric and Communication, edited by Øyvind Ihlen and Robert L. Heath

The Handbook of Communication Engagement, edited by Kim A. Johnston and Maureen Taylor

The Handbook of Financial Communication and Investor Relations, edited by Alexander V. Laskin

The Handbook of Children, Media, and Development, edited by Sandra L. Calvert and Barbara J. Wilson

The Handbook of Internet Studies, edited by Mia Consalvo and Charles Ess

The Handbook of Rhetoric and Public Address, edited by Shawn J. Parry‐Giles and J. Michael Hogan

The Handbook of Global Communication and Media Ethics, edited by Robert S. Fortner and P. Mark Fackler

The Handbook of Communication and Corporate Social Responsibility, edited by Øyvind Ihlen, Jennifer Bartlett, and Steve May

The Handbook of Gender, Sex, and Media, edited by Karen Ross

The Handbook of Global Health Communication, edited by Rafael Obregon and Silvio Waisbord

The Handbook of Global Media Research, edited by Ingrid Volkmer

The Handbook of Global Online Journalism, edited by Eugenia Siapera and Andreas Veglis

The Handbook of Communication and Corporate Reputation, edited by Craig E. Carroll

The Handbook of Media and Mass Communication Theory, edited by Robert S. Fortner and P. Mark Fackler

The Handbook of International Advertising Research, edited by Hong Cheng

The Handbook of Psychology of Communication Technology, edited by S. Shyam Sundar

The Handbook of Magazine Studies, edited by Miglena Sternadori and Tim Holmes

The Handbook of European Communication History, edited by Klaus Arnold, Paschal Preston, and Susanne Kinnebrock

The Handbook of Public Sector Communication, edited by Vilma Luoma‐aho and María José Canel

The Handbook of Applied Communication Research, 2 Volume Set, edited by H. Dan O’Hair and Mary John O’Hair

The Handbook of Listening, edited by Debra L. Worthington and Graham D. Bodie

The Handbook of Communication Rights, Law, and Ethics, edited by Loreto Corredoira, Ignacio Bel Mallen, and Rodrigo Cetina Preusel

The Handbook of Strategic Communication, edited by Carl H. Botan

The Handbook of Peer Production, edited by Mathieu O’Neil, Christian Pentzold, and Sophie Toupin

The Handbook of Crisis Communication, second edition, edited by W. Timothy Coombs and Sherry J. Holladay

The Handbook of Critical Intercultural Communication, second edition, edited by Thomas K. Nakayama and Rona Tamiko Halualani

The Handbook of International Crisis and Risk Communication Research

Second Edition

Edited By

Andreas Schwarz

Matthew W. Seeger

Sora Kim

Copyright © 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved, including rights for text and data mining and training of artificial technologies or similar technologies.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.

Published simultaneously in Canada.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per‐copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750‐8400, fax (978) 750‐4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748‐6011, fax (201) 748‐6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.

Trademarks: Wiley and the Wiley logo are trademarks or registered trademarks of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. and/or its affiliates in the United States and other countries and may not be used without written permission. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.

For general information on our other products and services or for technical support, please contact our Customer Care Department within the United States at (800) 762‐2974, outside the United States at (317) 572‐3993 or fax (317) 572‐4002.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic formats. For more information about Wiley products, visit our web site at www.wiley.com.

Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data

Names: Schwarz, Andreas, 1979‐ editor. | Seeger, Matthew W. (Matthew Wayne), 1957‐ editor. | Kim, Sora, editor.Title: The handbook of international crisis and risk communication research / edited by Andreas Schwarz, Matthew W. Seeger, Sora Kim.Description: Second edition. | Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley‐Blackwell, [2025] | Series: Handbooks in communication and media | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2025000605 (print) | LCCN 2025000606 (ebook) | ISBN 9781394180806 (cloth) | ISBN 9781394180820 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781394180837 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Crisis management–Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Risk communication–Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Communication, International–Handbooks, manuals, etc.Classification: LCC HD49 .H354 2025 (print) | LCC HD49 (ebook) | DDC 658.4/056–dc23/eng/20250321LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2025000605LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2025000606

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © imagedepotpro/Getty Images

List of Contributors

Tariku AbasLoyola Marymount University, Marymount Institute‐TSEHAI Publishers, Los Angeles, CA, USA

Wole AdamolekunDepartment of Mass Communication, Elizade University, Ilara‐Mokin, Nigeria

Ilhem AllaguiJournalism and Strategic Communication Program, Northwestern University, Doha, Qatar

Jesús ArroyaveDepartamento de Comunicación Social, Universidad del Norte, Barranquilla, Colombia

Alina BârgăoanuNational University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), European Digital Media Observatory (EDMO), Bucharest, Romania

Cynthia BaurDepartment of Behavioral and Community Health, Horowitz Center for Health Literacy, School of Public Health, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Zenebe BeyeneUniversity of Mississippi, Media & Communication, Oxford, MS, USA

Monica BîrăNational University of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania

Frederic BouderFaculty of Science and Technology, Department of Safety, Economic and Planning, University of Stavanger, Stavange, Norway

Corina BuzoianuNational Univeristy of Political Studies and Public Administration (SNSPA), Bucharest, Romania

An‐Sofie ClaeysDepartment of Translation, Interpreting and Communication, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium

Ester Cohen‐RinskiSchool of Communication, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

Ruth DeFosterHubbard School of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA

Ganga S. DhaneshDepartment of Communication, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Audra Diers‐LawsonInstitute for Communication, Kristiania University of Applied Sciences, Oslo, Norway

Iuliia DolmatovaGaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

Ben DuncanSelf‐employed crisis and risk communication consultant, Consultant to WHO Health Emergencies Programme, Brussels, Belgium

Ana María Erazo‐CoronadoDirección Especialización Endodoncia, Universidad Metropolitana, Barranquilla, Colombia

Pauline Gidget EstellaDepartment of Media Studies, Institute of Media and Communication Science, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany

Finn FrandsenDepartment of Management, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark

Ryan P. FullerDepartment of Management & Organizations, College of Business, California State University‐Sacramento, Sacramento, CA, USA

Christopher GallowayMassey Business School, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand

Rozália Del Gáudio SoaresInspiria 3 Consulting, São Paulo, SP, Brazil

Amiso M. GeorgeDepartment of Strategic Communication, Bob Schieffer College of Communication, Texas Christian University, Fort Worth, TX, USA

Eytan GilboaSchool of Communication, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

Rob GraceUniversity of Cincinnati, School of Information Technology, Cincinnati, OH, USA

Michel M. HaighSchool of Journalism and Mass Communication, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX, USA

Robert L. HeathValenti School of Communication, University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA

Øyvind IhlenDepartment of Media and Communication, Faculty of Humanities, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway

Yingru JiCollege of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

Yan JinGrady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USAAmsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Winni JohansenDepartment of Management, Aarhus School of Business and Social Sciences, Aarhus University, Denmark

Bengt JohanssonDepartment of Journalism, Media, and Communication, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Soo‐Yeon KimCollege of Media, Arts, and Science, Sogang University in Seoul, Seoul, Korea

Sora KimSchool of Journalism and Communication, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong

Marjorie KyomuhendoDepartment of Journalism and Communication, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Kenneth A. LachlanUniversity of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

Elin Strand LarsenDepartment of Computer Science and Communication, Faculty of Computer Science, Engineering and Economics, Østfold University College, Halden, Norway

Jason Shi‐yang LimLee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore

Brooke Fisher LiuDepartment of Communication, University of Maryland, College Park, MD, USA

Martin LöffelholzInstitut für Medien und Kommunikationswissenschaft, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany

Marta N. LukacovicDepartment of Communication and Mass Media, Angelo State University, San Angelo, TX, USA

Clila MagenSchool of Communication, Bar Ilan University, Ramat Gan, Israel

Toni G.L.A. van der MeerGrady College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA

Amsterdam School of Communication Research (ASCoR), University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands

Aisha Sembatya NakiwalaDepartment of Journalism and Communication, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda

Angella NapakolSchool of Journalism, Media and Communication, Uganda Christian University, Mukono, Uganda

Jerena NgLee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore

Michael J. PalencharTombras School of ADPR, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

Augustine PangLee Kong Chian School of Business, Singapore Management University, Singapore, Singapore

Damián Fernández PedemonteUniversidad Austral, Graduate School of Communication, Buenos Aires, Argentina

Andrew S. PyleDepartment of Communication, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

Constanze RossmannDepartment of Media and Communication, University of Munich, Munich, Germany

Liane RothenbergerSchool of Journalism, Catholic University of Eichstätt‐Ingolstadt, Eichstätt, Germany

Aino RuggieroHumanitarian Logistics and Supply Chain Research Institute, Department of Marketing, Hanken School of Economics, Helsinki, Finland

Mihoko SakuraiGraduate School of International Management, International University of Japan, Niigata, Japan

Sergei A. Samoilenko

Department of Communication, George Mason University, Washington, Fairfax, VA, USA

Aynur SarısakaloğluDepartment of Media Studies, Institute of Media and Communication Science, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany

Kathrin SchleicherInstitute of Media and Communication Science, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany

Andreas SchwarzInstitute of Media and Communication Science, Technische Universität Ilmenau, Ilmenau, Germany

Matthew W. SeegerCenter for Emerging and Infectious Diseases, Wayne State University, Detroit, MI, USA

Deanna D. SellnowDepartment of Communication, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

Timothy L. SellnowDepartment of Communication, Clemson University, Clemson, SC, USA

Greg SimonsDepartment of Journalism, Media & Communication, Daffodil International University in Dhaka, Bangladesh

Paulo Henrique SoaresBrazilian Mining Institute, Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil

Rodrigo SoaresUniversity of Vermont, Department of Agriculture, Landscape & Environment, Burlington, VT, USA

Patric R. SpenceUniversity of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA

Krishnamurthy SrirameshAdvertising, Public Relations, and Design, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA

Minttu TikkaFaculty of Social Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland

W. Timothy CoombsCentre for Crisis and Risk Communications, Calgary, Canada

Katerina TsetsuraGaylord College of Journalism and Mass Communication, University of Oklahoma, Norman, OK, USA

Robert R. UlmerGreenspun College of Urban Affairs, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA

Shari R. VeilCollege of Journalism and Mass Communications, University of Nebraska‐Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

Melanie Verhovnik‐HeinzeFaculty of Business, Ansbach University of Applied Science, Ansbach, Germany

Orla VigsøDepartment of Journalism, Media, and Communication, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden

Daniel VoglerResearch Center for the Public Sphere and Society (fög), University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland

Chang WanCollege of Media and International Culture, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China

Carla WhiteTombras School of ADPR, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN, USA

Annemarie WiedickeInstitute for Media Research, Chemnitz University of Technology, Chemnitz, Germany

Yi XuInstitut für Kommunikationswissenschaft, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany

Theodore E. ZornMassey Business School, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand

Preface and Acknowledgments

The second edition of the International Handbook of Crisis and Risk Communication Research, like the first edition, was based on the aspirational goal of continuing to expand, integrate, and internationalize the field. In this edition, we have included 50 chapters describing programs of research from around the globe, addressing diverse audiences, cultures, and risk/crisis types from a variety of methodological and disciplinary perspectives. A project of this scope and complexity simply could not be accomplished without the active support of others.

First and foremost, we wish to acknowledge and thank our two research assistants, Dr. Najma Akhther and Muhammad Zakaria. Their attention to detail, organizational skills, technical expertise, and tireless commitment were essential to the success of this project. Without their involvement, this project would have languished at many points. We hope that the experiences gained through this project will significantly contribute to the continued development of your own careers in risk and crisis communication research. Thank you.

Second, we wish to express our thanks and deep appreciation to all chapter authors. Many of you have taken on the responsibility of summarizing research from regions that have only recently begun developing systematic programs of inquiry. Other authors have taken fresh approaches to well‐developed bodies of research. In many cases, we requested that authors fit their analyses into the framework of this handbook.

Each of us also like to express our thanks and appreciation to our fellow co‐editors. We represent three continents and three diverse approaches to the field. This diversity was essential to the success of this project and to the growth and development of the field. Despite the challenges of working across time zones in Hong Kong, Germany, and the United States, we have learned a great deal from one another and developed and strengthened our friendships.

Finally, we thank the staff and editors at Wiley, especially Nicole Allen. Thank you for sharing the vision of internationalizing this field through a handbook of this scope and for your patience.

Our world is becoming more hazardous, as vividly demonstrated by the COVID‐19 pandemic. Climate change has a profound impact, creating a diverse set of crises and disasters. It is our hope that this handbook helps students, scholars, and practitioners communicate about these hazards in ways that limit the frequency, scope, and harm of these events.

Part IHistory, Status Quo, and Trends in Global Crisis and Risk Communication Research