The One Health Model as Applied to Zoonotic Diseases E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 888

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2025

Beschreibung

Comprehensive, easy-to-understand, and clinically relevant guide to zoonotic healthcare concerns in North America

The One Health Model as Applied to Zoonotic Diseases is an easy-to-understand yet comprehensive explanation of zoonotic healthcare concerns with coverage of diseases and medical conditions seen in North America. With a format that is consistent throughout each chapter, this book provides clinically relevant information on individual diseases, causative agents, symptomatology, diagnostics, and treatment and preventative strategies.

This book also offers an overview of the history of One Health and perspective on the future of One Health in North America

The One Health Model as Applied to Zoonotic Diseases covers sample topics including:

• Arthropod-Borne Diseases, tapeworms, rabbit fever, rickettsia spp., leishmaniasis, chiggers, red bird mite, and mange
• Equine encephalitis, St. Louis encephalitis, West Nile Virus, Zika, American spotted fever, babesia, bourbon virus, Colorado tick fever, and heartland virus
• Lyme disease, Powassan encephalitis, Q-Fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, swimmer's itch, and bacterial zoonotic disease
• Anthrax, cat scratch fever, campylobacteriosis, leptospirosis, psittacosis, salmonella, staphylococcus, tuberculosis, rat bite fever, hookworms, and intestinal flukes
• Newcastle disease, avian and swine influenza, foot-and-mouth disease, and creeping eruption

The One Health Model as Applied to Zoonotic Diseases is an essential textbook for veterinary technology and animal science students seeking to work as paramedical professionals in the fields of agriculture and veterinary medicine. It also serves as an ideal reference guidebook for both human and veterinary practitioners.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

List of Contributors

List of Abbreviations

Preface

Acknowledgments

1 History of One Health

1.1 Purpose of One Health Initiative

1.2 Common Issues Addressed by One Health

References

2 An Interface Between Veterinary and Human Medicine

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Supportive Personnel

2.3 Regulatory Management of Zoonotic Diseases

References

3.0 Arthropod‐Borne Diseases of Public Health Concern

3.0.1 Introduction

3.0.2 Chelicerata – The Arachnids

3.0.3 Hexapoda – Insects and Springtails

3.0.4 Myriapoda – Centipedes and Millipedes

References

3.1 Family Cimicidae (

Cimex

sp.)

3.1.1 Introduction

3.1.2 Causative Agent

3.1.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.1.4 Veterinary Diagnosis

3.1.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.1.6 Veterinary Precautions

3.1.7 Human Manifestation

3.1.8 Causative Agent

3.1.9 Human Symptomology

3.1.10 Diagnosis

3.1.11 Treatment

3.1.12 Public Health Implications

3.1.13 Bedbugs and One Health

References

3.2 Chagas Disease

3.2.1 Introduction

3.2.2 Causative Agent

3.2.3 Life Cycle of

Trypanosoma cruzi

3.2.4 Veterinary Symptomology

3.2.5 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.2.6 Treatment

3.2.7 Veterinary Prevention of Chagas Disease

3.2.8 Chagas Disease‐Human Manifestation

3.2.9 Human Symptomatology

3.2.10 Diagnosis of Chagas Disease

3.2.11 Treatment

3.2.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

References

3.3 Tapeworms (

Dipylidium caninum

)

3.3.1 Introduction

3.3.2 Causative Agent

3.3.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.3.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.3.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.3.6 Human Manifestation

3.3.7 Human Symptomology

3.3.8 Diagnostics

3.3.9 Treatment

3.3.10 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.3.11 One Health and Dipylidium caninum

References

3.4 Rabbit Fever

3.4.1 Introduction

3.4.2 Causative Agent

3.4.3 Veterinary Symptomology, Treatment, and Prevention

3.4.4 Rabbit Fever – Human Manifestation

3.4.5 Causative Agent and Human Symptomology

3.4.6 Diagnostics

3.4.7 Treatment

3.4.8 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.4.9 One Health and Tularemia

References

3.5

Rickettsia

Species

3.5.1 Introduction

3.5.2 Causative Agents

3.5.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.5.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.5.5 Veterinary Treatments

3.5.6 Veterinary Precautions

3.5.7 Human Manifestations

3.5.8 Human Symptomology

3.5.9 Diagnosis

3.5.10 Treatments

3.5.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.5.12 One Health and Rickettsial Disease

References

3.6 Plague (

Yersinia Pestis

)

3.6.1 Introduction

3.6.2 Causative Agent

3.6.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.6.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.6.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.6.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.6.7

Yersinia pestis

– Human Manifestation

3.6.8 Causative Agents

3.6.9 Human Symptomology

3.6.10 Diagnosis

3.6.11 Treatment

3.6.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.6.13 One Health and Plague

References

3.7 Leishmaniasis

3.7.1 Introduction

3.7.2 Causative Agent

3.7.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.7.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.7.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.7.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.7.7 Leishmaniasis Infection – Human Manifestation

3.7.8 Causative Agents

3.7.9 Human Symptomology

3.7.10 Diagnostics

3.7.11 Treatment

3.7.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.7.13 One Health and Leishmaniasis Infection

References

3.8 Chiggers (

Eutrombicula alfreduges/Trombidium irritans

)

3.8.1 Introduction

3.8.2 Causative Agent

3.8.3 Veterinary Symptoms

3.8.4 Veterinary Diagnosis

3.8.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.8.6 Veterinary Prevention

3.8.7 Human Manifestation

3.8.8 Causative Agents

3.8.9 Human Symptomology

3.8.10 Human Diagnosis

3.8.11 Human Treatment

3.8.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.8.13 Chiggers and One Health

References

3.9 Red Bird Mite

(Dermanyssus gallinae)

3.9.1 Introduction

3.9.2 Causative Agent

3.9.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.9.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.9.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.9.6 Bacterial Treatments

3.9.7 Veterinary Precautions

3.9.8 Human Manifestations

3.9.9 Causative Agent

3.9.10 Human Symptoms

3.9.11 Human Diagnosis

3.9.12 Human Treatment

3.9.13 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.9.14 One Health and

Dermanyssus gallinae

References

3.10 Mange (Sarcoptes spp.)

3.10.1 Introduction

3.10.2 Causative Agent

3.10.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.10.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.10.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.10.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.10.7 Sarcoptic Mange—Human Manifestation

3.10.8 Causative Agents

3.10.9 Human Symptomology

3.10.10 Diagnostics

3.10.11 Treatment

3.10.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.10.13 One Health and Sarcoptic Mange

References

3.11 Equine Encephalitis (Eastern/Western)

3.11.1 Introduction

3.11.2 Causative Agent

3.11.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.11.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.11.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.11.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.11.7 Human Manifestation

3.11.8 Causative Agent

3.11.9 Human Symptomology

3.11.10 Diagnostics

3.11.11 Treatment

3.11.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.11.13 One Health and Equine Encephalitides

References

3.12 St. Louis Encephalitis (Flaviviridae)

3.12.1 Introduction

3.12.2 Causative Agent

3.12.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.12.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.12.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.12.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.12.7 Human Manifestation

3.12.8 Causative Agent

3.12.9 Human Symptomology

3.12.10 Diagnostics

3.12.11 Treatment

3.12.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.12.13 One Health and St. Louis Encephalitis

Bibliography

3.13 West Nile Virus (

Flaviviridae

)

3.13.1 Introduction

3.13.2 Causative Agent

3.13.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.13.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.13.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.13.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.13.7 Human Manifestation

3.13.8 Causative Agent

3.13.9 Human Symptomology

3.13.10 Diagnostics

3.13.11 Treatment

3.13.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.13.13 One Health and West Nile Virus

References

3.14 Zika Virus

3.14.1 Introduction

3.14.2 Causative Agent

3.14.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.14.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.14.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.14.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.14.7 Human Manifestation

3.14.8 Causative Agents

3.14.9 Human Symptomology

3.14.10 Diagnostics

3.14.11 Treatment

3.14.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.14.13 One Health and Zika Virus

3.14.14 Conclusion

References

3.15 American Spotted Fever (

Rickettsia Parkeri

)

3.15.1 Introduction

3.15.2 Causative Agent

3.15.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.15.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.15.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.15.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.15.7 American Spotted Fever – Human Manifestation

3.15.8 Causative Agent

3.15.9 Human Symptomology

3.15.10 Diagnostics

3.15.11 Treatment

3.15.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.15.13 One Health and American Spotted Fever

References

3.16 Babesiosis (

Babesia Divergens

)

3.16.1 Introduction

3.16.2 Causative Agent

3.16.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.16.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.16.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.16.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.16.7 Babesiosis – Human Manifestation

3.16.8 Causative Agent

3.16.9 Human Symptomology

3.16.10 Diagnostics

3.16.11 Treatment

3.16.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.16.13 One Health and Babesiosis

References

3.17 Bourbon Virus

3.17.1 Introduction

3.17.2 Causative Veterinary Agent

3.17.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.17.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.17.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.17.6 Veterinary Precautions

3.17.7 Human Manifestations

3.17.8 Causative Agent

3.17.9 Human Symptomology

3.17.10 Human Diagnosis

3.17.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.17.12 One Health and Bourbon Virus

References

3.18 Colorado Tick Fever

3.18.1 Introduction

3.18.2 Causative Agent

3.18.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.18.4 Veterinary Treatment

3.18.5 Veterinary Prevention

3.18.6 Human Manifestation

3.18.7 Human Symptomology

3.18.8 Human Diagnosis

3.18.9 Human Treatment

3.18.10 Prevention

3.18.11 Colorado Tick Fever and Public Health

3.18.12 One Health and Colorado Tick Fever

References

3.19 Heartland Virus

3.19.1 Introduction

3.19.2 Veterinary Causative Agents

3.19.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.19.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.19.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.19.6 Veterinary Precautions

3.19.7 Human Manifestations

3.19.8 Human Causative Agents

3.19.9 Human Symptomology

3.19.10 Human Diagnosis

3.19.11 Human Treatment

3.19.12 Prevention and Public Health

3.19.13 Heartland Disease and One Health

References

3.20 Lyme Disease –

Borrelia burgdorferi

3.20.1 Introduction

3.20.2 Causative Agent

3.20.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.20.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.20.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.20.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.20.7 Human Manifestation

3.20.8 Causative Agents

3.20.9 Human Symptomology

3.20.10 Diagnostics

3.20.11 Treatment

3.20.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.20.13 One Health and Lyme Disease

References

3.21 Powassan Virus (

Flaviviridae

)

3.21.1 Introduction

3.21.2 Causative Agent

3.21.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.21.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.21.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.21.6 Veterinary Prevention

3.21.7 Human Manifestations

3.21.8 Causative Agents

3.21.9 Human Symptomology

3.21.10 Human Diagnosis

3.21.11 Human Treatment

3.21.12 One Health and Powassan Virus Infection

References

3.22 Q Fever (

Coxiella burnetii

 )

3.22.1 Introduction

3.22.2 Causative Agent

3.22.3 Veterinary Symptomology

3.22.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.22.5 Mode of Transmission

3.22.6 Veterinary Precaution and Prevention

3.22.7 Human Symptomology

3.22.8 Treatment

3.22.9 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.22.10 One Health and Q Fever

References

3.23 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever (

Rickettsia rickettsi

)

3.23.1 Introduction

3.23.2 Causative Agent

3.23.3 Veterinary Symptomology (Foley 2022)

3.23.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

3.23.5 Veterinary Treatment

3.23.6 Veterinary Precaution

3.23.7 Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever – Human Manifestation

3.23.8 Causative Agents

3.23.9 Human Symptomology

3.23.10 Diagnostics

3.23.11 Treatment

3.23.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

3.23.13 One Health and Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

References

4.1 Public Health Implications of Bacterial Zoonotic Diseases

4.1.1 Introduction

4.1.2 Outbreaks

4.1.3 Antimicrobial Resistance

4.1.4 Economic Burdens

4.1.5 Prevention and Control

References

4.2 Anaplasmosis/Ehrlichiosis (

Anaplasma phagocytophylum

/E. spp.)

4.2.1 Introduction

4.2.2 Causative Agent

4.2.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.2.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.2.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.2.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.2.7 Anaplasmosis – Human Manifestation

4.2.8 Causative Agents

4.2.9 Human Symptomology

4.2.10 Diagnostics

4.2.11 Treatment

4.2.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

References

4.3 Anthrax (

Bacillus anthracis

)

4.3.1 Introduction

4.3.2 Causative Agent

4.3.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.3.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.3.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.3.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.3.7 Anthrax – Human Manifestation

4.3.8 Causative Agent

4.3.9 Human Symptomology

4.3.10 Diagnostics

4.3.11 Treatment

4.3.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

4.3.13 One Health and Anthrax

References

4.4 Cat Scratch Fever (

Bartonella

spp.)

4.4.1 Introduction

4.4.2 Causative Agent

4.4.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.4.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.4.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.4.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.4.7 Cat Scratch Fever – Human Manifestation

4.4.8 Causative Agents

4.4.9 Human Symptomology

4.4.10 Diagnostics

4.4.11 Treatment

4.4.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

4.4.13 One Health and Cat Scratch Fever

References

4.5 Cholera (

Vibrio cholera

)

4.5.1 Introduction

4.5.2 Causative Agent

4.5.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.5.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.5.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.5.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.5.7 Cholera – Human Manifestation

4.5.8 Causative Agents

4.5.9 Human Symptomology

4.5.10 Diagnostics

4.5.11 Treatment

4.5.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

Bibliography

4.6 Campylobacteriosis (

Campylobacter

spp.)

4.6.1 Introduction

4.6.2 Causative Agent

4.6.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.6.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.6.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.6.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.6.7 Campylobacteriosis – Human Manifestation

4.6.8 Causative Agents

4.6.9 Human Symptomology

4.6.10 Diagnostics

4.6.11 Treatment

4.6.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

4.6.13 One Health and Campylobacteriosis

References

4.7 Leptospirosis

4.7.1 Introduction

4.7.2 Causative Agent

4.7.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.7.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.7.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.7.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.7.7 Leptospirosis – Human Manifestation and Causative Agents

4.7.8 Human Symptomology

4.7.9 Diagnostics

4.7.10 Treatment

4.7.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

4.7.12 One Health and Leptospirosis

References

4.8 Psittacosis (

Chlamydia psittaci

)

4.8.1 Introduction

4.8.2 Causative Agent

4.8.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.8.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.8.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.8.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.8.7 Psittacosis – Human Manifestation

4.8.8 Human Symptomology

4.8.9 Diagnostics

4.8.10 Treatment

4.8.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

References

4.9

Salmonella

(

Salmonella

spp.)

4.9.1 Introduction

4.9.2 Causative Agent

4.9.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.9.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.9.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.9.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.9.7 Salmonellosis – Human Manifestation

4.9.8 Human Symptomology

4.9.9 Diagnostics

4.9.10 Treatment

4.9.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

References

4.10 Staphylococcus (

Staphylococcus aureus

)

4.10.1 Introduction

4.10.2 Causative Agent

4.10.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.10.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.10.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.10.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.10.7

Staphylococcus

Infection – Human Manifestation

4.10.8 Causative Agents

4.10.9 Human Symptomology

4.10.10 Diagnostics

4.10.11 Treatment

4.10.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

4.10.13 One Health and

Staphylococcus aureus

References

4.11 Streptococcus (

Streptococcus equi, Streptococcus suis

)

4.11.1 Introduction

4.11.2 Causative Agents

4.11.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.11.4 Veterinary Treatment

4.11.5 Veterinary Precautions

4.11.6 Streptococcus – Human Manifestation

4.11.7 Human Symptomology

4.11.8 Human Diagnosis

4.11.9 Human Treatment

4.11.10 Prevention and Public Health Implications

4.11.11 One Health and Streptococcus Infection

References

4.12 Tuberculosis (

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

)

4.12.1 Introduction

4.12.2 Causative Agent

4.12.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.12.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.12.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.12.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.12.7 Tuberculosis – Human Manifestation

4.12.8 Causative Agents

4.12.9 Human Symptomology

4.12.10 Diagnostics

4.12.11 Treatment

4.12.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

4.12.13 One Health and Tuberculosis

References

4.13 Tularemia (F. tularensis)

4.13.1 Introduction

4.13.2 Causative Agent

4.13.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.13.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.13.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.13.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.13.7 Tularemia – Human Manifestation

4.13.8 Causative Agents

4.13.9 Human Symptomology

4.13.10 Diagnostics

4.13.11 Treatment

4.13.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

4.13.13 One Health and Tularemia

References

4.14 Rat‐Bite Fever

4.14.1 Introduction

4.14.2 Causative Agent

4.14.3 Veterinary Symptomology

4.14.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

4.14.5 Veterinary Treatment

4.14.6 Veterinary Precaution

4.14.7 Rat‐Bite Fever – Human Manifestation

4.14.8 Causative Agents

4.14.9 Mode of Transmission

4.14.10 Human Symptomology

4.14.11 Diagnostics

4.14.12 Treatment

4.14.13 Prevention and Public Health Implications

References

5.1 Tinea capitis/Tinea corporis (

Microsporum spp

.)

5.1.1 Introduction

5.1.2 Causative Agent

5.1.3 Veterinary Symptomology

5.1.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

5.1.5 Veterinary Treatment

5.1.6 Veterinary Precaution

5.1.7

Microsporum

spp. – Human Manifestation

5.1.8 Causative Agent

5.1.9 Human Symptomology

5.1.10 Human Diagnostics

5.1.11 Human Treatment

5.1.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

5.1.13 One Health and

Microsporum

Species

References

5.2 Trichophytosis (

Trichophyton spp

.)

5.2.1 Introduction

5.2.2 Causative Agent

5.2.3 Veterinary Symptomology

5.2.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

5.2.5 Veterinary Treatment

5.2.6 Veterinary Precaution

5.2.7 Trichophytosis – Human Manifestation

5.2.8 Causative Agents

5.2.9 Human Symptomology

5.2.10 Diagnostics

5.2.11 Treatment

5.2.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

5.2.13 One Health and Trichophytosis

References

6.0 Parasitic Worm‐Associated Diseases of Public Health Concern

6.0.1 Introduction

6.0.2 Causative Agent

6.0.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.0.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.0.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.0.6 Veterinary Precaution

6.0.7 Parasitic Worms – Human Manifestation

6.0.8 Causative Agents

6.0.9 Human Symptomology

6.0.10 Diagnostics

6.0.11 Treatment

6.0.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.0.13 One Health and Parasitic Worms

References

6.1 Diphyllobothriasis (

Diphyllobothrium dalliae

)

6.1.1 Introduction

6.1.2 Causative Agent

6.1.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.1.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.1.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.1.6 Veterinary Precaution

6.1.7 Diphyllobothriasis – Human Manifestation

6.1.8 Causative Agents

6.1.9 Human Symptomology

6.1.10 Human Diagnosis

6.1.11 Human Treatment

6.1.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.1.13 One Health and Diphyllobothriasis

References

6.2 Alveolar Echinococcus (

Echinococcus multilocularis

)

6.2.1 Introduction

6.2.2 Veterinary Causative Agent

6.2.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.2.4 Veterinary Diagnosis

6.2.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.2.6 Veterinary Precautions

6.2.7 Human Manifestations

6.2.8 Human Causative Agent

6.2.9 Human Symptomology

6.2.10 Human Diagnosis

6.2.11 Human Treatment

6.2.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.2.13 One Health and Alveolar Echinococcus

References

6.3 Hydatidosis/Cystic Echinococcus (

Echinococcus granulosus

)

6.3.1 Introduction

6.3.2 Causative Agent

6.3.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.3.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.3.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.3.6 Veterinary Precaution

6.3.7 Hydatidosis – Human Manifestation

6.3.8 Causative Agent

6.3.9 Human Symptomology

6.3.10 Diagnostics

6.3.11 Treatment

6.3.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.3.13 One Health and Hydatidosis

References

6.4 Taeniasis (

Taenia saginata

)

6.4.1 Introduction

6.4.2 Causative Agent

6.4.3 Life Cycle of

Taenia saginata

6.4.4 Veterinary Symptomatology

6.4.5 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.4.6 Veterinary Treatment

6.4.7 Veterinary Precaution

6.4.8 Taeniasis – Human Manifestation

6.4.9 Human Symptomatology

6.4.10 Diagnosis of Taenisis

6.4.11 Treatment

6.4.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

References

6.5 Dirofilariasis (

Dirofilaria immitis

)

6.5.1 Introduction

6.5.2 Causative Agent

6.5.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.5.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.5.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.5.6 Veterinary Precaution

6.5.7 Dirofilariasis – Human Manifestation

6.5.8 Causative Agents

6.5.9 Human Symptomology

6.5.10 Diagnostics

6.5.11 Treatment

6.5.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.5.13 One Health and Dirofilariasis

References

6.6 Hookworms (

Necator americanus

)

6.6.1 Introduction

6.6.2 Veterinary Symptoms

6.6.3 Veterinary Causative Agents

6.6.4 Veterinary Diagnosis

6.6.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.6.6 Veterinary Precautions

6.6.7 Human Causative Agents

6.6.8 Human Symptomology

6.6.9 Human Diagnosis

6.6.10 Human Treatment

6.6.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.6.12 One Health and

Ancylostoma

spp.

References

6.7 Creeping Eruption (

Ancylostoma braziliense/Ancylostoma caninum

)

6.7.1 Introduction

6.7.2 Veterinary Causative Agent

6.7.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.7.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.7.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.7.6 Veterinary Precautions

6.7.7 Human Manifestations

6.7.8 Human Causative Agent

6.7.9 Human Symptomology

6.7.10 Human Diagnosis

6.7.11 Human Treatment

6.7.12 Creeping Eruption and Public Health

6.7.13 Creeping Eruption and One Health

References

6.8 Uncinaria (

Uncinaria stenocephala

)

6.8.1 Introduction

6.8.2 Causative Agent

6.8.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.8.4 Veterinary Diagnoses

6.8.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.8.6 Veterinary Precautions

6.8.7 Human Manifestations

6.8.8 Human Causative Agent

6.8.9 Human Symptomology

6.8.10 Human Diagnosis

6.8.11 Human Treatment

6.8.12

Uncinaria stenocephala

and One Health

References

6.9 Trichinosis (

Trichinella spiralis

)

6.9.1 Introduction

6.9.2 Causative Agent

6.9.3 The Life Cycle of Trichinellosis

6.9.4 Veterinary Symptomatology

6.9.5 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.9.6 Veterinary Treatment

6.9.7 Veterinary Precaution

6.9.8 Trichinellosis – Human Manifestation

6.9.9 Human Symptomatology

6.9.10 Diagnostics

6.9.11 Treatment

6.9.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.9.13 Trichinella and One Health

References

6.10 Roundworms (

Ascaris lumbricoides

and

Toxocara cati 

)

6.10.1 Introduction

6.10.2 Causative Agent and Veterinary Symptomology

6.10.3 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.10.4 Veterinary Treatment

6.10.5 Veterinary Precaution

6.10.6 Human Manifestations

6.10.7 Causative Agent

6.10.8 Human Symptomology

6.10.9 Diagnostics

6.10.10 Treatment

6.10.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.10.12 One Health and Roundworm

References

6.11 Swimmer's Itch (

Schistosomiasis

)

6.11.1 Introduction

6.11.2 Veterinary Manifestations

6.11.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.11.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.11.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.11.6 Human Manifestations

6.11.7 Human Causative Agent

6.11.8 Human Symptomology

6.11.9 Human Diagnosis

6.11.10 Human Treatment

6.11.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.11.12 One Health and Schistosomiasis

References

6.12 Intestinal Flukes (

Nanophytues salminocola

)

6.12.1 Introduction

6.12.2 Causative Agent

6.12.3 Veterinary Symptomology

6.12.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

6.12.5 Veterinary Treatment

6.12.6 Veterinary Precaution

6.12.7 Intestinal Flukes – Human Manifestation

6.12.8 Causative Agents

6.12.9 Human Symptomology

6.12.10 Human Diagnosis

6.12.11 Human Treatment

6.12.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

6.12.13 One Health and Intestinal Flukes

References

7.1 Hantavirus (

Hantavirus spp

.)

7.1.1 Introduction

7.1.2 Veterinary Causative Agents

7.1.3 Veterinary Symptomology

7.1.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

7.1.5 Veterinary Treatment

7.1.6 Veterinary Prevention

7.1.7 Human Manifestations

7.1.8 Human Causative Agents

7.1.9 Human Symptomology

7.1.10 Human Diagnosis

7.1.11 Human Treatment

7.1.12 Human Precautions

7.1.13 Hantavirus and One Health

Bibliography

7.2 Rabies (

Lyssavirus

)

7.2.1 Introduction

7.2.2 Causative Agent

7.2.3 Life Cycle of the Rabies Virus in Animals

7.2.4 Veterinary Symptomatology

7.2.5 Veterinary Diagnostics

7.2.6 Veterinary Treatment

7.2.7 Veterinary Precaution

7.2.8 Rabies – Human Manifestation

7.2.9 Life Cycle of the Rabies Virus in Human

7.2.10 Human Symptomatology

7.2.11 Diagnosis

7.2.12 Treatment

7.2.13 Prevention and Public Health Implications

References

7.3 New Castle Disease (

Orthoavulavirus avian Orthoavulavirus

)

7.3.1 Introduction

7.3.2 Causative Agent

7.3.3 Veterinary Symptomology

7.3.4 Veterinary Treatment

7.3.5 Veterinary Precaution

7.3.6 Human Manifestation

7.3.7 Causative Agent

7.3.8 Human Symptoms

7.3.9 Human Diagnosis

7.3.10 Human Treatment

7.3.11 Prevention and Public Health Implications

7.3.12 One Health and New Castle Disease

References

7.4 Avian Influenza (

Avian Influenza A

)

7.4.1 Introduction

7.4.2 Causative Agent

7.4.3 Veterinary Symptomology, Treatment, and Prevention

7.4.4 Avian Influenza – Human Manifestation

7.4.5 Human Symptomology

7.4.6 Diagnostics

7.4.7 Treatment

7.4.8 Prevention

7.4.9 Public Health Implications

7.4.10 One Health and Avian Influenza

References

7.5 Swine Influenza (H1N1)

7.5.1 Introduction

7.5.2 Causative Agent and Veterinary Symptomology

7.5.3 Diagnostics in Animals and Humans

7.5.4 Treatment

7.5.5 Precautions

7.5.6 Swine Flu (H1N1) – Human Manifestation

7.5.7 Public Health Implications

7.5.8 One Health and Swine Flu (H1N1)

References

7.6 Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus)

7.6.1 Introduction

7.6.2 Causative Agent

7.6.3 Veterinary Symptomology

7.6.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

7.6.5 Veterinary Treatment

7.6.6 Veterinary Precaution

7.6.7 Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus) – Human Manifestation

7.6.8 Causative Agent

7.6.9 Human Symptomology

7.6.10 Diagnostics

7.6.11 Treatment

7.6.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

7.6.13 One Health and Foot‐and‐Mouth Disease (Aphthovirus)

References

7.7 Orf (Parapoxvirus Orf Virus)

7.7.1 Introduction

7.7.2 Causative Agent

7.7.3 Veterinary Symptomology

7.7.4 Veterinary Diagnostics

7.7.5 Veterinary Treatment

7.7.6 Veterinary Precaution

7.7.7 Orf Virus – Human Manifestation

7.7.8 Causative Agent

7.7.9 Human Symptomology

7.7.10 Diagnostics

7.7.11 Treatment

7.7.12 Prevention and Public Health Implications

7.7.13 One Health and Orf (Parapoxvirus Orf Virus)

References

8 Reportable Diseases in the United States

8.1 Introduction

9 The Future of One Health in North America

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Medical specialties/subspecialties.

Table 2.2 Veterinary medical specialties (VMS).

Table 2.3 Licensures.

Chapter 3_1

Table 3.1.1 Bedbug distribution and host affiliation.

Chapter 3_5

Table 3.5.1 Rickettsial groups and numbers of diseases.

Table 3.5.2 Rickettsial modes of transmission.

Table 3.5.3 Pathology of common Rickettsial disease in humans.

Table 3.5.4 Causative agents of common Rickettsial diseases.

Table 3.5.5 Human symptomology of common Rickettsial diseases.

Chapter 3_8

Table 3.8.1 Geographic distribution of mites of zoonotic importance.

Chapter 3_9

Table 3.9.1 Bacteria and treatment for eradication in poultry.

Table 3.9.2 Zoonotic disease transmission by bacteria found in red bird mit...

Chapter 6_6

Table 6.6.1 Hookworm treatment in companion animals.

Chapter 6_11

Table 6.11.1 Classification by shape of common Schistosomatids.

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 Field identified with warning to hikers regarding presence of tic...

Figure 1.2 Swarming insects over a field.

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Ringworm on human skin is not a “worm” but rather a fungal infect...

Chapter 3_0

Figure 3.0.1 A adult mosquito, note the elongated proboscis used for feeding...

FIgure 3.0.2 Body louse.

Chapter 3_1

Figure 3.1.1 Bedbugs are small, yet visible to the naked eye and prefer to h...

Chapter 3_2

Figure 3.2.1 Various life stages of Trypanosoma mastigotes.

Figure 3.2.2 Life cycle of Trypanosoma as occurs in humans.

Chapter 3_3

Figure 3.3.1 Tapeworm scolex which allows the worm to anchor to its victim a...

Figure 3.3.2 Tapeworm located in small intestines.

Chapter 3_4

Figure 3.4.1 Wild rabbits may transmit Tularemia and should be handled with ...

Chapter 3_6

Figure 3.6.1 An artist depiction of the plague masks that were worn to preve...

Figure 3.6.2 Fleas found on rats were ultimately identified as the carriers ...

Chapter 3_7

Figure 3.7.1 Sandflies transmit Leishmaniasis through the taking of a blood ...

Chapter 3_8

Figure 3.8.1 Keeping yards mowed and pruned will discourage such pests as ti...

Chapter 3_9

Figure 3.9.1 Poultry should be moved to open air environments while coops ar...

Figure 3.9.2 Poultry mites are found in domestic poultry and their presence ...

Chapter 3_10

Figure 3.10.1 Sarcoptes is identified as a round mite of which there are sev...

Chapter 3_11

Figure 3.11.1 Domestic equine may suffer from various forms of encephalitis ...

Chapter 3_12

Figure 3.12.1 Aerosol treatment of areas where mosquitoes reside will help t...

Chapter 3_14

Figure 3.14.1 Zika Virus affects children born to infected mothers and may i...

Figure 3.14.2 The Zika Virus circulates through the bloodstream of its affec...

Chapter 3_15

Figure 3.15.1 Hunters should protect themselves from tick‐borne diseases suc...

Chapter 3_16

Figure 3.16.1 Hard ticks including those of the Ixodes family are the zoonot...

Chapter 3_17

Figure 3.17.1 The White‐Tailed Deer and North American Racoon if bitten by t...

Chapter 3_18

Figure 3.18.1 Outdoor enthusiasts are a high‐risk population for Colorado Ti...

Chapter 3_20

Figure 3.20.1 Ticks feed on blood from their host and may transmit diseases ...

Chapter 4_1

Figure 4.1.1 Many microbial forms are responsible for zoonotic diseases.

Figure 4.1.2 The

E. coli

bacterium is capable of zoonotic transmission and u...

Figure 4.1.3 A bacterial colony of

E. coli

.

Figure 4.1.4 Microbiological testing remains the gold standard for the ident...

Figure 4.1.5 The Kirby–Bauer method of testing for antibiotic resistance as ...

Figure 4.1.6 Bacteria must be plated on appropriate growth media that is lik...

Chapter 4_2

Figure 4.2.1 The Anaplasmosis organism can be found on the surface of erythr...

Chapter 4_3

Figure 4.3.1 Anthrax is a zoonotic disease as well as a biological weapon th...

Chapter 4_4

Figure 4.4.1 Veterinary personnel and others who handle cats routinely, may ...

Chapter 4_6

Figure 4.6.1 Campylobacter genus of bacteria is responsible for diarrhea and...

Chapter 4_7

Figure 4.7.1 Standing water that serves as the environment for wildlife can ...

Chapter 4_10

Figure 4.10.1 Staphylococcus aureus streak‐plated on blood‐based agar for id...

Chapter 4_11

Figure 4.11.1 Streptococcus pneumonia.

Chapter 4_12

Figure 4.12.1 The chest X‐ray demonstrates the spread of tuberculosis in hum...

Figure 4.12.2 Mycobacterium tuberculosis bacterial organism.

Chapter 4_13

Figure 4.13.1 Also known as “Rabbit Fever”, the organism known as

Francisell

...

Chapter 5_1

Figure 5.1.1 The feet are ideal areas to observe Tinea corporis which manife...

Chapter 5_2

Figure 5.2.1 Signs of T. pedis in humans may be easily diagnosed commonly as...

Chapter 6_0

Figure 6.0.1 Helminthes are parasitic worms that may infect animals and huma...

Figure 6.0.2 A multisegmented tapeworm as observed by endoscopy in the intes...

Chapter 6_1

Figure 6.1.1 Diphyllobothriasis is a multi‐segmented “tapeworm”. Segments ma...

Chapter 6_4

Figure 6.4.1 Life cycle of

Taenia saginata

.

Chapter 6_6

Figure 6.6.1 (a) The hookworm has a well developed moth with two sets of tee...

Chapter 6_10

Figure 6.10.1

Ascaris lumbricoides

(a) egg, (b) mature worm body, (c) egg....

Figure 6.10.2 Encapsulated roundworm in histologically prepared tissue. Diag...

Figure 6.10.3 Microscopic image of

Toxocara cati

.

Chapter 6_11

Figure 6.11.1 Schistosoma nasale is spindle‐shaped, measuring approximately ...

Chapter 7_2

Figure 7.2.1 Microscopically, the Lyssavirus is bullet‐shaped in appearance....

Chapter 7_4

Figure 7.4.1 Good husbandry practices will help to curb infections. Fomites ...

Chapter 7_5

Figure 7.5.1 A micrograph of the Swine Influenza virus, this virus is a Type...

Figure 7.5.2 Pigs are vaccinated at a young age to prevent the spread of Swi...

Guide

Cover Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Dedication Page

List of Contributors

List of Abbreviations

Preface

Acknowledgments

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

Index

WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT

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The One Health Model as Applied to Zoonotic Diseases

Edited by

Oreta M. Samples

Fort Valley State University, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Fort Valley, GA, USA

George W. McCommon

Fort Valley State University, Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Fort Valley, GA, USA

Thomas H. Terrill

Fort Valley State University, Stallworth Agricultural Research Station, Fort Valley, GA, USA

Lori L. Stose

Legacy Animal Medical Center, Liberty Lake, WA, USA

Copyright © 2025 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication Data Applied for:Hardback ISBN: 9781119985846

Cover Design: WileyCover Images: Courtesy of Oreta M. Samples, © Sonja Filitz/Getty Images

Dr. George W. McCommon:I dedicate this work to my wife of many years, Disa McCommon.

Dr. Oreta M. Samples:I dedicate this book to my champions, Kathy Holston and Lisa Robin Harris, who have always encouraged me in all things.

Dr. Lori L. Stose:To my students who have challenged and inspired me and taught me patience and grace. I hope I have done the same for you.

Dr. Thomas H. Terrill:I dedicate this to my beautiful wife, Donna, and two daughters, Rachael and Rebecca.

List of Contributors

Macdonald AlohDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Jeremiah ArowoloDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Phaneendra BatchuAgricultural Research StationFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Suzanne CraigHollywood Animal ClinicHollywoodSC, 29449USA

Dike C. DanielDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort Valley,GA, 31030USA

Chisom D. DikeDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Eric C. EnochDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Priyanka GurrapuAgricultural Research StationFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Kingsley KaluDepartment of Health Policy and Community HealthGeorgia Southern UniversityStatesboroGA, 30548USA

Govind KannanDepartment of Poultry ScienceAuburn UniversityAL, 36849USA

George W. McCommonDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Anna MehatDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Christina MillerCoastal Care Veterinary Emergency &Referral HospitalHalifaxNova ScotiaB3S 0B4Canada

Caroline ObiGeorgia Department of Public HealthNorth‐Central Health DistrictMaconGA, 31201USA

Sodiq OmotoshoDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Oreta M. SamplesDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Arshad ShaikAgricultural Research StationFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Aftab SiddiqueAgricultural Research StationFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Anurag SinghAgricultural Research StationFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Lori L. StoseLegacy Animal Medical CenterLiberty LakeWA, 99019USA

Thomas H. TerrillAgricultural Research StationFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Sanower WarsiAgricultural Research StationFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

Sunny WeseyDepartment of Veterinary Scienceand Public HealthFort Valley State UniversityFort ValleyGA, 31030USA

List of Abbreviations

ABI‐1 Protein

Abselon Interactor 1 Protein (encoded as ABI‐1 gene)

ABLV

Australian bat Lyssavirus

AE

Alveolar Echinococcus OR asthma epidemics (multiple uses of acronym)

Ag129 mice

Mice widely used for gene targeting experimentation

AIDs

Acquired Immunodeficiency Disease

AMA

American Medical Association

AMR

Antimicrobial Resistant Bacteria

APMV‐1

Avian Paramyxovirus

ARB

Antibiotic‐Resistant Bacteria

ARG

Antibiotic Resistant Genes

AVMA

American Veterinary Medical Association

BCG

Bacillus Calmette Guerin vaccine

BHIA

Brain‐Heart Infusion Agar

BSE

Bovine Spongiform Encephalitis

CanL

Canine Leishmaniasis

CD‐1 mice

Mice lacking the normal natural killer cell T‐cell subset

CD4+

Glycoprotein that is coreceptor for T‐cell receptor.

CDC

Center for Disease Control and Prevention

CLM

Cutaneous Larval Migrans

CNS

Central Nervous System

CSF

Cerebrospinal Fluid

CT

Computed Tomography

CTF

Colorado Tick Fever

CTFV

Colorado Tick Fever Virus

DALY

Disability‐Adjusted Life Years

DFA

Direct Fluorescent Antibody

DNA

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DOT

Direct Observed Therapy

Dot‐ELISA

Dot Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay

DTM

Dermatophyte Test Media (medium)

DVM

Doctor of Veterinary Medicine

EEE

Eastern Equine Encephalitis

ELISA

Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay

ENS

Exotic Newcastle Disease

FAO

Food and Agricultural Organization

FAST‐ELISA

Fast Enzyme‐Linked Immunosorbent Assay

FBT

Food‐borne Trematodes

FDA

Food and Drug Administration

FFA

Future Farmers of America

FMD

Foot and Mouth Disease

GAS

Group A Streptococcus

GHSA

Global Health Security Agenda

GBS

Group B Streptococcus

G‐Protein

Glycoprotein

H1–H18

18 Distinct Hemagglutinin Subtypes of Influenza

H1

Hemagglutination inhibitor

H5N1

Highly pathogenic, zoonotic form of Swine Influenza; “H” (hemagglutinin) and the “N” (neuraminidases) are both proteins that are found on the outer shell or envelope of the virus.hemagglutinin

H7N9

Pathogenic influenza, associated with poultry (zoonotic); “H” (hemagglutinin) and the “N” (neuraminidases) are both proteins that are found on the outer shell or envelope of the virus.hemagglutinin

H9N2

Avian Influenza, zoonotic, associated with Asia and the Middle East; “H” (hemagglutinin) and the “N” (neuraminidases) are both proteins that are found on the outer shell or envelope of the virus.hemagglutinin

HARD

Heartworm‐Associated Respiratory Disease

HCL

Hydrogen Chloride

HCPS

Hantavirus Cardiovascular Syndrome

HFRS

Hemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome

HGA

Human Granulocytic Anaplasmosis

HIV

Human Immunodeficiency Virus

HPA1

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza

HPS

Hantavirus Pulmonary Syndrome

HRTV

Heartland Virus

IFA

Indirect Fluorescent Antibody

IgG

Immunoglobin G

IgM

Immunoglobin M

IWGE

Informal Working Group on Echinococcus

KFD

Kyassanur Forest Disease

KOH

Potassium Hydroxide

LAMP

Loop‐Mediated Isothermal Amplification

LCL

Localized Cutaneous Leishmaniasis

LIPS

Luciferase IP Assay

LMICs

Low‐ and Middle‐Income Countries

LPA1

Low Pathogenic Avian Influenza

μM

Micrometer

MAT

Microscopic Agglutination Test

MD

Medical Doctor

MDA

Mass Drug Administration

M‐Protein

Matrix Protein

MRI

Magnetic Resonance Imaging

N1–N11

11 distinct neuraminidase subtypes

NAAT

Nucleic Acid Amplification Testing

ND

Newcastle Disease

NDV

Newcastle Disease Virus

NLM

Neural Larval Migrans

N‐Protein

Nucleoprotein

NSAIDs

Nonsteroidal Anti‐Inflammatory Drugs

NSP‐FMD

Nonstructured Protein‐Associated Foot and Mouth Disease

NTD

Neglected Tropical Diseases

OLM

Ocular Larval Migrans

PA

Physician Assistant

PAIR

Puncture, Aspirate, Inject, Re‐aspirate (for cysts)

PCR

Polymerase Chain Reaction

PCV

Packed Cell Volume (Hematocrit)

PEP

Post‐exposure prophylaxis

PEP‐2007

Parasite Eradication Program, launched in 2007.

PPE

Personal Protective Equipment

P‐Protein

Phosphoprotein

PRV

Pseudorabies Virus

PTLDS

Posttreatment Lyme Disease Syndrome

PZQ

Praziquantel

QT

Interval Electrical activity shown on electrocardiography between the Q and T wave

RATS

Rapid Antigen‐Testing System

RBC

Red Blood Cell (erythrocyte)

RBF

Rat Bite Fever

rDNA

Recombinant DNA; Ribosomal DNA (multiple uses of acronym)

RIBA

Rapid Immunoblot Assay

RIDT

Rapid Influenza Detection Test

RMSF

Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever

RNA

Ribonucleic Acid

RNP

Ribonucleic Protein

RT‐PCR

Real‐Time PCR testing

RT‐PCR

Reverse Transcripterase PCR

RT‐qPCR

Reverse Transcripterase Quantitative PCR

SARS‐CoV‐2

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2

SLE

St. Louis Encephalitis

SSA

Sub‐Saharan Africa

SSRNA

Single‐stranded RNA

STH

Soil‐Transmitted Helminthes

TCT

Tube Coagulase Test

US

United States

USA

United States of America

USDA

United States Department of Agriculture

VEE

Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis

VLM

Visceral Larval Migrans

VP 1–4

Virus proteins 1‐4; Four structural proteins found the Foot and Mouth Virus

WEE

Western Equine Encephalitis

WHO

World Health Organization

WNV

West Nile Virus

WOAH

World Organization of Animal Health

YLL

Years Life Lost

ZVL

Zoonotic Visceral Leishmania

Preface

In 2013, I became the program coordinator for a Master of Public Health Program at Fort Valley State University within the College of Agriculture, Family Science and Technology. The department where the program landed was the Department of Veterinary Science which was renamed the Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health. Immediately, the question was raised by colleagues as to what public health and agriculture have in common and how was a public health program going to fit in. As a licensed veterinary technician of 18 years, having completed my MPH (at the same program) and DHSc (Doctor of Health Sciences), my heart has always belonged to agriculture and veterinary technology. I feel that there is a direct connection between public health and agriculture that has been largely unexplored by academia and under‐addressed as a huge “population‐at‐risk” by the public health community during the early 21st Century.

I was fortunate to work with three like‐minded individuals who championed my idea of an encyclopedic exploration into zoonotic disease as explained from the viewpoint of the One Health model. Together we sought out the brightest minds we knew to complete the chapters and create something that we hope helps bridge the gap between human and animal disease studies where zoonotic crossover is entirely possible. As a group, Dr. McCommon, Stose, Terrill, and myself hope that you get much use from this text, the first edition of what I hope will be many future editions.

Fondly,

Oreta M. Samples

Acknowledgments

The editors sincerely thank all of the animal health experts who contributed their time and effort to the successful completion of this book. This was a true team effort and would not have been possible without the collaborative efforts of a number of veterinarians, veterinary technicians, animal scientists, public health professionals, zoonotic pathogen researchers, and many others. It has been an honor to work with such a diverse and distinguished group of dedicated professionals. It is our hope that the collective work will contribute to the continued understanding and practice of One Health as a way of life for both who make the Earth their home.

1History of One Health

Oreta M. Samples

Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, 31030, USA

The concept of One Health is not a new idea in the annals of modern medicine. Originally introduced by William Osler and Rudolf Virchow, it was reintroduced by Calvin Schwabe in 1984 (Schwabe 1984). Within the text “Veterinary Medicine and Human Health,” he observed that an interdependence between human and veterinary medicine would encourage collaboration among the various disciplines leading to improved health outcomes in humans and animals and a renewal of healthy environments (King 2008).

According to Rudolf Virchow, “between animal and human medicine, there are no dividing lines …” (King 2008). This statement is attributed to the 19th Century German physician who is also credited with coining the term “zoonoses,” providing an endorsement for what would become known as “One Health.” The theory was further enhanced by Dr. Rudolf Osler, a student of Virchow. Recognizing that pathology could serve as the cornerstone of all veterinary medical disciplines, he applied the science of autopsy investigations to teach both human and veterinary pathology during his tenure at Montreal Veterinary College as a faculty member (Saunders 1987).

Currently, the idea of One Health is built on the foundation that the health of humans is dependent upon two things: animal health and the health of the environment (Atlas, 2014). Essentially, this leads to a concern for all “living things” as related to specific factors. The first factor that affects living organisms of every kind is the microbiological influence that a vast array of microbes has on both healthy animals and the progression of disease. This is most important, as infectious microbes often are at the heart of zoonotic disease spread. The second factor is that of the physical environments on which all living things depend for survival and the overall “health” of the environments in their ability to sustain life. Finally, the overall interactions that occur between animals and humans may be of a positive or negative nature with similar consequences. When combined, one can see how these factors come together both to support and influence the health of living things while advocating for the support of healthy environments in which to exist (Riegelman 2018).

One may ask: “Why is One Health important now?” In the 21st Century, when global inhabitants are faced with challenges such as the COVID‐19 pandemic and global warming, there is a need for immediate protection of the environment to not only prevent the spread of disease, but also safeguard against shrinking ecosystems that are home to species in danger of losing their home environments to such things as rising temperature. The protection of environments and the resident species is all important if the planet is to survive and thrive. Encroachment by mankind on natural habitats continues to force interactions between species that are not “naturally” supposed to happen. Negative interactions occur when mammalian species such as raccoons and opossums are forced to live near humans due to “urban sprawl” efforts. Though naturally adept at foraging for food and living in forested areas, these animals wreak havoc and cause destructive damage when forced to forage for food from garbage cans or shelter in the attics and crawl spaces of human dwellings. This “cohabitation” leads to the possible spread of diseases and parasitic infections because of urine and fecal contamination of areas utilized by humans and companion animals (e.g., pets).

1.1 Purpose of One Health Initiative

The One Health initiative is driven by the three aforementioned factors; however, it serves to address several outcomes that are ever‐changing. The achievement of optimal health outcomes for all living beings when faced with health challenges because of interspecies interactions may be among the most important. While some diseases, such as rabies, may simply be avoided by lack of interaction with certain environments or animals, others may be more insidious in the mode of transmission. Such is the case of Escherichia coli being spread to fruit or vegetable crops due to crop irrigation with wastewater containing coliform bacteria. There is also the challenge of one's perception of healthy practices, which may differ from country to country. This is especially true of countries dealing in the import of foodstuffs from other countries.

Another outcome is to recognize the results of connections that may occur between people, animals, and the environment within which all come together. This is most easily demonstrated when pets are not regularly treated with flea and tick preventative. As a result, the pet, while outside, encounters a tick such as the “black‐legged tick” (Ixodes scapularis), which attaches itself to the pet's fur. When the animal comes inside the house and settles on the couch, the tick falls off. Later, it attaches itself to feed on the human sitting on the couch. Unbeknownst to humans until they find the engorged insects (sometimes hours or days later), they may have been infected with Anaplasma phagocytophilum, a bacterium that causes the disease anaplasmosis. They may in fact not realize that they have this disease even when symptoms appear, as the signs are often described as “flu‐like” and may go undiagnosed. The correct diagnoses may be arrived at when the three factors of human–animal interactions in a supportive environment for the tick Ixodes scapularis are exploited (Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2023a, 2023b).

A third outcome that has become quite important is the need for and ability to identify opportunities that pinpoint novel occurrences of zoonotic diseases through shared/encroachment on environments (see Figure 1.1). An example of this would be the spread of Baylisascaris procyonis, a nematode found in raccoons that is commonly transmitted to the environment through fecal excrement. Eggs within the excrement may be accidentally ingested by humans, then hatch into larvae, which then may migrate to various tissues, resulting in visceral larval migrans (VLM), ocular larval migrans (OLM), or most severely, neural larval migrans (NLM), which may lead to severe eosinophilic meningoencephalitis (Center for Disease Control and Prevention 2023c). Children who happen upon shared raccoon “latrines” often found on woodpiles, crawl spaces, or in wooded areas may accidentally contaminate hands and ingest eggs when subsequently handling food without proper pre‐meal hand sanitation.

Figure 1.1 Field identified with warning to hikers regarding presence of ticks which may cause disease to humans.

Source: Schlegelfotos/Shutterstock.

1.2 Common Issues Addressed by One Health

One Health as a global initiative addresses a variety of zoonotic diseases that plague humans worldwide, as well as antimicrobial resistance. Among the diseases addressed are emerging and reemerging zoonotic diseases, endemic diseases, neglected tropical diseases, and vector‐borne diseases.

1.2.1 Zoonotic Disease Types

There are many zoonotic diseases that have been documented throughout history. The prevalence of such diseases is often based on specific environmental conditions being conducive to the causative organisms. Secondary to these conditions are the humans or animals that may be affected and whether they are in a state of susceptibility. Oftentimes, emerging diseases first are detected in an animal species, with some of the most notable diseases being West Nile virus, AIDS, and hantavirus.

Emerging diseases are by definition, diseases or infections that are newly seen in a population, also referred to as an “outbreak.” While all diseases originate from something, these diseases generally leave these questions initially unanswered. By contrast, a reemerging disease is one which has been regarded as a major health issue at some point in history. Reemergence may occur due to lack of precautions that may have stopped its initial progression, such as vaccines, sanitation efforts, or vector control. Examples of reemerging diseases include tuberculosis, measles, and malaria (John Hopkins University 2024; NIAID 2024).

Endemic zoonotic diseases pose a special threat as they cause constant and regular outbreaks within susceptible populations. Such diseases include rabies, cysticercosis, and leptospirosis. Endemic diseases provide a special challenge, as while many have either preventative vaccines or strategies to limit widespread infection, they may also be capable of infecting various animal populations which cannot realistically be treated to prevent spread to humans. An example is rabies, which can be spread to warm‐blooded mammalian species. While companion animals and farm animals can be regularly vaccinated against this viral disease on a yearly or every three‐year schedule, wildlife species cannot be realistically vaccinated on a regular basis. Since many wildlife species encroach on areas inhabited by companion/farm animals and humans, they present an ever‐present danger.

Neglected tropical diseases are diseases that are known to be problematic in certain geographic areas. They may be classified as viral, parasitic, or bacterial diseases and often are found in impoverished areas of tropical climates. Because often such populations do not have the means or knowledge to prevent such infections, the complex epidemiology of such diseases may not be well‐understood on the local level. Many of these are zoonotic, as they are carried and transmitted to humans by animal or insect vectors. Among these diseases are Chagas disease, dengue, African trypanosomiasis, and lymphatic filariasis. These diseases continue to be important globally due to the ease of global travel throughout the world (World Health Organization 2024).

While vector‐borne diseases do merit classification as a specific type of disease, they are closely related to all disease classifications, with the possible exception of chronic diseases. This type of disease cannot be spread without a vector to act between animals/insects and humans. Many such diseases are transmitted via insect bites when taking a blood meal (i.e. feeding). Such insects may include, but are not limited to mosquitoes, ticks, fleas, etc (see Figure 1.2).

Figure 1.2 Swarming insects over a field.

Source: michiel/Adobe Stock Photos.

1.2.2 Contributing Factors to Zoonotic Disease Spread

There are many factors that, while not the direct causal agent of zoonotic diseases, will contribute to their successful spread and longevity in the environment. Some are natural occurrences, while others are associated with human actions. The cessation of vaccination protocols will often have negative consequences over time, with acquired immunity becoming weaker in populations the longer the individuals go unvaccinated. This is often demonstrated in children, who, if not vaccinated, are susceptible to disease through their environments of day care centers or classrooms, which can serve as a positive condition for the transfer of disease among occupants. The current “anti‐vaxxers” movement has in the 21st Century contributed to the reemergence of many childhood diseases that were viewed as historically irrelevant, such as polio, measles, and rubella.

Antimicrobial resistance, although seen in human healthcare, is often the result of overuse of antibiotics in animals, especially livestock. This overuse is often due to ease of accessibility to producers and farmers who may misuse such drugs with the good intentions of positive herd healthcare. Drug resistance is also problematic in farm animals regarding parasites, particularly gastrointestinal parasites such as Haemonchus contortus, which has enjoyed anthelmintic resistance for several years, especially in small ruminants, such as goats and sheep (Kaplan 2003).

The aforementioned drug resistance has contributed in some cases to zoonotic disease transmission. Many of the bacterial‐related zoonotic diseases have become immune to current antimicrobial therapy and in some cases contribute to reemerging diseases. Similar circumstances may be observed in various parasitic infections, such as Trichinella spiralis. When parasites cannot be controlled, they can spread in some cases to human handlers or cause economic loss to commercial operations.

Finally, commercial food animal production cannot be ignored as being responsible for zoonotic disease propagation, especially emerging and reemerging diseases. Practices such as close confinement and inbreeding can contribute to lack of vigor and strong immune response. In 2009–2010, an Influenza A outbreak was linked to commercial swine operations in Mexico. The disease quickly spread to the United States, where it was denoted as H1N1 during the time of April 2009–April 2010, and 60.8 million cases occurred, with 12 469 of them ending in death. Eighty‐seven percent of these cases were children or working adults under the age of 65 (Shrestha 2011).

The concept of One Health offers the opportunity to put into practice actions designed to protect animals and humans, as well as to influence the economics of medical and veterinary medical health costs and commercial food animal production. Using five specific interventions which include surveillance, spillover investigations, sentinel investigations, statistics, and continued studies, mitigation of disease spread is possible.

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2An Interface Between Veterinary and Human Medicine

Oreta M. Samples

Department of Veterinary Science and Public Health, Fort Valley State University, Fort Valley, GA, 31030, USA

2.1 Introduction

The field of veterinary medicine encompasses the most diverse patient population. With the advent of so many exotic animals and insects currently considered as “pets,” the potential patient/client list is endless in potential possibilities. The list of acceptable clients is limited only by the willingness of the practitioner to treat. While some veterinarians function as general practitioners preferring to practice on dogs and cats, others may include large animal species such as livestock and food‐animal species among other clientele. The most adventurous practitioner will consist of or even specialize in exotic or zoo animals including wildlife found both within the borders of the United States as well as from abroad.