The Role of the Father in Child Development E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1516

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

The Definitive reference on the important role fathers play in child development today Edited by Dr. Michael Lamb--the recognized authority on the role of fathers in child development, The Role of the Father in Child Development, Fifth Edition brings together contributions from international experts on each subject to provide a thorough and current summary of the state of fatherhood across cultures, classes, economic systems, and family formations. This classic guide offers a single-source reference for the most recent findings and beliefs related to fathers and fatherhood. This thoroughly updated new edition provides the latest material on topics such as: * The effects of divorce * Fathers from low-income backgrounds * Stepfathers' lives: exploring social context and interpersonal complexity * Social policy * Gay fathers * Fatherhood and masculinity The definitive book on when, why, and how fathers matter to their children and families, The Role of the Father in Child Development, Fifth Edition is an essential reference for all mental health professionals who endeavor to understand and support fathers in becoming positive influences in their children's development.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright Page

Contributors

Preface

CHAPTER 1 - How Do Fathers Influence Children’s Development? Let Me Count the Ways

FATHERS AND THEIR ROLES

FATHERS AND SOCIAL POLICY

OUTLINE OF THE BOOK

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 2 - Fatherhood and Masculinity

THE FATHERHOOD-MASCULINITY MODEL

THE ESSENTIAL FATHER HYPOTHESIS IN THE CONTEXT OF THE FATHERHOOD-MASCULINITY MODEL

OTHER LINKAGES IN THE FATHERHOOD-MASCULINITY MODEL: MASCULINITY DYNAMICS IN THE ...

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 3 - Paternal Involvement/ Revised Conceptualization and Theoretical ...

A REVISED CONCEPTUALIZATION OF PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT

COMPONENTS OF PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT: INTERRELATIONSHIPS, LEVELS, AND CHANGE OVER TIME

THEORETICAL LINKAGES BETWEEN PATERNAL INVOLVEMENT AND CHILD OUTCOMES

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH AND PRACTICE

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 4 - The Development and Significance of Father-Child Relationships in ...

THE DEVELOPMENT OF RELATIONSHIPS IN EARLY CHILDHOOD

FATHERING WITHIN DYNAMIC FAMILY SYSTEMS

CHILDHOOD AND ADOLESCENCE

FINAL THOUGHTS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 5 - Fathers, Marriages, and Families

MARITAL QUALITY AND FATHERING

MARITAL CONFLICT AND FATHERS’ PSYCHOLOGICAL FUNCTIONING

CHILDREN’S EXPOSURE TO MARITAL CONFLICT BY FATHERS

A LONGITUDINAL TEST OF THE FATHERING IN FAMILY CONTEXT FRAMEWORK

FUTURE DIRECTIONS FOR RESEARCH

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 6 - Fathers, Children, and Divorce

THE DIVORCE RATE

PREDICTORS OF DIVORCE

CONSEQUENCES OF DIVORCE FOR MEN AND FATHERS

CHILDREN’S ADJUSTMENT TO DIVORCE

NONRESIDENT FATHERS AND THEIR CHILDREN

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH

IMPLICATIONS FOR PRACTICE AND POLICY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 7 - Custody and Parenting Time

INTRODUCTION

CHILD CUSTODY STANDARDS

CONTEMPORARY PROPOSALS FOR ALTERNATIVE CUSTODY STANDARDS

CHILD CUSTODY PRACTICE

EMPIRICAL COMPARISONS OF CUSTODY AND PARENTING TIME ARRANGEMENTS

RESEARCH ON PARENTING TIME AFTER DIVORCE

DE FACTO PARENTING TIME, THE FATHER-CHILD RELATIONSHIP, AND CHILD OUTCOMES

HOW MUCH PARENTING TIME IS NECESSARY TO ACHIEVE BENEFITS FOR CHILDREN?

CUSTODY AND PARENTING TIME WHEN THERE IS HIGH CONFLICT

IMPLICATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DECISION MAKERS

IMPLICATIONS FOR RESEARCH

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 8 - Fathers in Fragile Families

FATHERS’ CHARACTERISTICS AND CAPABILITIES

FATHERS’ RELATIONSHIPS WITH MOTHERS

FATHERS’ INVOLVEMENT WITH CHILDREN IN FRAGILE FAMILIES

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 9 - Stepfathers’ Lives

CULTURAL CONTEXT

DEMOGRAPHIC CONTEXT FOR STEPFATHER FAMILIES

COMPLEXITIES OF STEPFATHER FAMILIES

STEPCHILDREN’S WELL-BEING

POLICY AND PROGRAMMATIC ISSUES

FUTURE RESEARCH DIRECTIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 10 - Fathers From Low-Income Backgrounds

FATHERS FROM LOW-INCOME BACKGROUNDS: MYTHS AND EVIDENCE

THE NONESSENTIAL FATHER

DEADBEAT DADS

DADS STUCK IN THEIR HISTORIES

DISSENTERS OF MARRIAGE

CONCLUSIONS: COUNTERING MYTHS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 11 - Gay Fathers

PATHWAYS TO PARENTING

GAY MEN AS PARENTS: CONTEXT AND EXPERIENCE OF PARENTHOOD

CONSEQUENCES FOR CHILD DEVELOPMENT

LIMITATIONS AND IMPLICATIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 12 - Fathering in Japan, China, and Korea: Changing Contexts, Images, ...

GROWTH AND LIMITATIONS OF FATHERING RESEARCH

CONTEXTS OF FATHERING

EMPLOYMENT AND WORK ROLE CONTEXTS

FAMILY AND SCHOOL CONTEXTS

CONTEXTS OF WOMEN’S ROLES AND THE HUSBAND-WIFE RELATIONSHIP

PUBLIC POLICIES AND FATHERING

EMPIRICAL STUDIES OF FATHERS

FATHER-CHILD RELATIONS

THE INFLUENCE OF FATHERS ON CHILD DEVELOPMENT

SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT

TRANSITION TO FATHERHOOD

CONCLUSIONS

CHAPTER SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 13 - Fathers, Families, and Children’s Well-Becoming in Africa

INTRODUCTION

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND TO MULTIPLE IMAGES OF FATHERHOOD

FATHERHOOD WITHIN AFRICA’S CULTURAL WORLD

THE SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF FATHERS’ ROLES IN ...

OVERVIEW OF RESEARCH ON FATHERS IN AFRICA

THE FUTURE OF FATHERHOOD WORK IS RIGHTS BASED

SUPPORTING THE ROLE OF MEN AND FATHERS IN PARENTING

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 14 - Fathers’ Roles in Hunter-Gatherer and Other Small-Scale Cultures

ISSUES, CONCEPTS, AND TERMS

EVOLUTIONARY STUDIES OF FATHERS

CROSS-CULTURAL STUDIES OF FATHER INVOLVEMENT

ETHNOGRAPHIC STUDIES OF FATHERS

CONCLUSION AND DISCUSSION

OBSERVATIONS AND FUTURE STUDIES

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 15 - Fatherhood in the Context of Immigration

IMMIGRANT FATHERS: A THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

IMMIGRANT FATHERS: EFFECTS OF IMMIGRATION

IMMIGRANT FATHERS: METHODOLOGICAL CHALLENGES

IMMIGRANT FATHERS: PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSIONS

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 16 - Including Fathers in Clinical Interventions for Children and Adolescents

CONNECTIONS BETWEEN FATHERS’ AND CHILDREN’S PSYCHOPATHOLOGY

FATHERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS

PREDICTORS OF FATHERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS

WAYS TO INCREASE FATHERS’ INVOLVEMENT IN CLINICAL INTERVENTIONS

SUMMARY

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 17 - Fathers of Children with Developmental Disabilities

INTRODUCTION

FATHERS OF CHILDREN WITH INTELLECTUAL DISABILITIES

FATHERS OF CHILDREN WITH AUTISM

FATHERS OF CHILDREN WITH OTHER SPECIFIC GENETIC SYNDROMES ASSOCIATED WITH ...

CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS

RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 18 - Father Involvement and Public Policies

INTRODUCTION

CURRENT POLITICAL AND SOCIAL CONTEXT OF FATHERS IN THE UNITED STATES

THE CANADIAN LANDSCAPE: CHANGING ROLE OF FATHERS AND POLICIES TO SUPPORT THEIR INVOLVEMENT

PUBLIC EDUCATION AND INTERVENTION PROGRAMS

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 19 - Fathers, Work, and Family Policies in Europe

EUROPEAN FATHERS IN THEIR DEMOGRAPHIC AND FAMILY CONTEXTS

FATHER TIME WITH CHILDREN: EUROPEAN PATTERNS

FATHERS AND PARENTAL LEAVE POLICIES—THE EUROPEAN CRUCIBLE

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

CHAPTER 20 - Changing Policies Regarding Separated Fathers in Australia

INTRODUCTION

ORIGINS: THE CONCERN ABOUT FATHER ABSENCE

THE PARLIAMENTARY INQUIRY OF 2003

CHANGES TO THE FAMILY LAW ACT 1975

FAMILY RELATIONSHIP CENTERS

HOW DO FAMILY RELATIONSHIP CENTERS OPERATE?

OTHER SERVICES SUPPORTING FATHERS

CHILD SUPPORT

CONCLUSION

REFERENCES

Author Index

Subject Index

This book is printed on acid-free paper. U

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

The role of the father in child development/edited by Michael E. Lamb. - 5th ed. p. cm.

Includes index.

eISBN : 978-0-470-59996-9

1. Fathers. 2. Father and child-United States. 3. Paternal deprivation-United States. 4. Single-parent families-United States. I. Lamb, Michael E., 1953-HQ756.R64 2010 306.874’ 2-dc22

2009041484

Contributors

Paul R. AmatoDepartment of Sociology Pennsylvania State University

Sanford L. BraverDepartment of Psychology Arizona State University

Natasha J. CabreraDepartment of Human Development University of Maryland

Marcia J. CarlsonDepartment of Sociology University of Wisconsin-Madison

E. Mark CummingsDepartment of Psychology University of Notre Dame

Priscila DiazDepartment of Psychology Arizona State University

Cassandra DoriusDepartment of Sociology Pennsylvania State University

William V. FabriciusDepartment of Psychology Arizona State University

Melissa GeorgeDepartment of Psychology University of Notre Dame

Susan GolombokCentre for Family Research Faculty of Politics, Psychology, Sociology, and International Studies University of Cambridge

Jessica C. HankinsonDepartment of Psychology University of South Florida

Richard P. HastingsDepartment of Psychology Bangor University

Barry S. HewlettDepartment of Anthropology Washington State University

Ramon HinojosaHSR&D/RR&D Rehabilitation Outcomes Research Center REAP, North Florida/South Georgia Veterans Health System, Gainesville, FL

Jung-Hwan HyunDepartment of Child Care and Education Seoul Theological University

Michael E. LambDepartment of Social and Developmental Psychology University of Cambridge

Charlie LewisDepartment of Psychology University of Lancaster

Elaine E.MacDonaldSaint Michael’s House Dublin

Shane J. MacfarlanDepartment of Anthropology Washington State University

William MarsiglioDepartment of Sociology and Criminology & Law University of Florida

Karen E. McFaddenDepartment of Applied Psychology New York University

Sara S. McLanahanDepartment of Sociology Princeton University

Christina MerrileesDepartment of Psychology University of Notre Dame

Peter MossThomas Coram Research Unit Institute of Education

Jun NakazawaFaculty of Education Chiba University

A. Bame NsamenangHuman Development Resource Centre University of Yaounde at Bamenda

Margaret O’BrienCentre for Research on the Child and Family University of East Anglia

Patrick ParkinsonSydney School of Law University of Sydney

Vicky PharesDepartment of Psychology University of South Florida

Joseph H. PleckDepartment of Human Development and Family Study University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign

Dorit Roer-StrierSchool of Social Work Hebrew University of Jerusalem

Ariz RojasDepartment of Psychology University of South Florida

Clorinda SchenckDepartment of Psychology Arizona State University

David W. ShwalbDepartment of Psychology Southern Utah University

Roni StrierSchool of Social Work University of Haifa

Catherine S. Tamis-LeMondaDepartment of Applied Psychology New York University

Fiona TaskerDepartment of Education Birkbeck College, London

Idia B. ThurstonDepartment of Psychology University of South Florida

Toshiya YamamotoDepartment of Human Behavior and Environment Sciences Waseda University

Preface

THIS FIFTH EDITION of The Role of the Father in Child Development appears nearly 35 years after the first edition was published in 1976. The intervening decades have been marked by extensive research, thoughtful scholarly reconceptualization of fatherhood and father-child relationships, and widespread public debate about the meaning and importance of fatherhood in drastically changing social landscapes. As a result, this edition bears little resemblance to the four earlier volumes with the same name. Instead, it contains a series of integrative summaries and reviews that represent the vibrant and productive scholarship that has done so much to illuminate our understanding of fatherhood and the many ways in which fathers can influence their children’s development.

One feature of the contemporary scholarly landscape, in comparison with that which existed in 1976, is close attention to the broader social context. Whereas contributors to the first edition focused narrowly on biological fathers and father-child dyads, the contributors to later editions have increasingly placed fathers in the context of family systems and subsystems, in which the relationships with and attitudes of mothers and siblings also play crucial roles. By the third edition, there was also widespread recognition of the variety of roles that fathers played in their families, with the relative salience of these roles varying across time and (sub)cultural context. Meanwhile, changing patterns of partnering and child-bearing have creating a new landscape of relationships and paternal roles, with scholars and researchers broadening their focus from biological fathers in ‘intact’ two-parent families to include step-fathers (married and unmarried), resident and non-resident bio-fathers, adoptive fathers, and gay fathers. Other features of this latest edition are concerns with cultural variability alongside recognition that the middle-class North American fathers who initially attracted the attention of social scientists and commentators are a small minority, and increased attention to social policy issues in a variety of countries. Strikingly, the authors hail from five continents, with only South America unrepresented. Also noteworthy are the disciplinary backgrounds of the contributors: Whereas the first volume was written entirely by psychologists, this edition includes contributions written by psychologists, sociologists, educationalists, social policy specialists, anthropologists, social workers, and legal scholars.

All of the chapters in this anthology were written especially for the volume, whose size and scope attest to the amount social scientists have learned about father-child relationships, especially in the last few decades. Each of the contributors has made seminal contributions to our collective understanding of the specific topic about which she or he has written, and together they have painted a rich and highly nuanced account of fatherhood and paternal influences, beginning with two chapters that provide a broad overview and examine the seldom-examined links between the concepts of masculinity and fatherhood. Several later chapters focus on the normative processes whereby paternal behavior and family dynamics shape children’s development, while others examine the effect of variations in paternal involvement in both intact and divorced families or focus on the special social and psychological circumstances that shape relationships, family climate, and child development. The unique challenges, opportunities, and circumstances faced by step-fathers, divorced and divorcing fathers, non-resident fathers, gay fathers, and fathers whose children have special psychological or psycho-educational needs are also examined. A further group of contributors examine cultural variations in perceptions of fatherhood and the ways in which fathers perform their roles, as well as the policies increasingly adopted by developed countries to foster and facilitate the constructive engagement of men in their children’s lives, when they live with them and when they do not. The resulting collection of chapters constitutes a truly comprehensive and up-to-date summary of contemporary scholarship concerning fathers, fatherhood, father-child relationships, and paternal influences around the world.

The collection will be of special interest to clinical, developmental, and social psychologists and their students, as well as policy makers, psychiatrists, social workers, family lawyers, and other mental health professionals. In the face of an exploding scholarly literature, this unprecedented collection provides a timely, unique, and definitive integration of recent scholarship and research. It will surely shape conceptions of and research on fatherhood for years to come.

Michael E. Lamb Cambridge January 2010

CHAPTER 1

How Do Fathers Influence Children’s Development? Let Me Count the Ways

MICHAEL E. LAMB

IT IS OFTEN claimed that psychology became a science in the second half of the 19th century, led in part by continental (mostly German) research on perception, psychophysics, and memory, Galton’s attempts to measure intelligence and establish the importance of heredity, and William James’s efforts to create a coherent theoretical edifice, which might guide the derivation of empirical answers to age-old philosophical questions. For those who study the development of personality and social behavior, however, the key figure was Freud, who pioneered the close study of pathology as a medium through which to elucidate psychological functioning and spawned a plethora of admirers and critics who constructed much of the popular and scientific psychology we encounter in books such as this. For example, we owe Freud credit for the proposition, now widely viewed as an article of faith, that childhood experiences shape subsequent personality and behavior, although Freud himself only shifted the focus from late childhood and early adolescence to infancy very late in his life. Similarly, it was Freud who placed special emphasis on the formative importance of parent-child relationships, although the specific mechanisms he considered have since been widely discredited. Furthermore, although Freud (and the cohort of psychoanalysts and psychodynamic theorists he inspired) published prodigiously from just before the turn of the nineteenth century to the time of the Second World War, the scientific study of social, personality, and developmental psychology really took off in the postwar period, initially dominated by social learning theorists who rejected Freud’s theoretical architecture even as they embraced many of the related beliefs and concepts, including those regarding the importance of parent-child relationships, although neo-analysts played a central role in the construction of attachment theory, which dominates parts of developmental psychology to this day.

Developmental psychology changed from a discipline dominated by theoretical analysis to one dominated by empirical research, much of it initially conducted in North America, in the years following World War II. This is often viewed as a politically conservative era, dominated by policies designed to put into the past the rigors and horrors of both the Depression and the two world wars by creating a new age of affluence and opportunity. In practice, this involved championing the “traditional” nuclear family, dominated by a breadwinning father and a home-making, child-rearing mother, often housed some distance from either parent’s biological or metaphorical roots. Not surprisingly, psychologists embraced these values of the society in which they were reared and lived, so their initial empirical forays into research on children’s early development were dominated by mothers—as informants, as the cofocus of observations, and as the “socializing” figures about whom they theorized. Where fathers did enter the picture, their roles were often represented through the eyes and voices of their partners, or they were judged against the models of family function developed by family theorists who shared similar societal assumptions. In such a context, it was easy (if exaggeratedly provocative) to entitle my first essay on the subject: “Fathers: Forgotten Contributions to Child Development” (Lamb, 1975).

Three and a half decades later, the scholarly landscape has changed dramatically. Thousands of professional articles have explored the ways in which fathers affect their children’s development, and the contributors to this anthology provide a thorough and readable summary of our contemporary understanding. My goal in this introductory chapter is to sketch some of the overarching themes that dominate the book.

FATHERS AND THEIR ROLES

WHAT DO FATHERS DO?

It seems logical to begin this anthology by examining definitions and descriptions of fathering. What roles do fathers play in family life today? What taxonomies might effectively characterize fathers’ activities with and commitments to their children? What do fathers do when they are available to their children, and why they do what they do? In this regard, a fuller conceptualization of fathers’ roles and the origins of their “prescribed” responsibilities is warranted. As several contributors illustrate in this volume, historical, cultural, and familial ideologies inform the roles fathers play and undoubtedly shape the absolute amounts of time fathers spend with their children, the activities they share with them, and perhaps even the quality of the relationships between fathers and children.

In earlier times, fathers were viewed as all-powerful patriarchs who wielded enormous power over their families (Knibiehler, 1995) and vestiges of these notions continued until quite recently. According to Pleck and Pleck (1997), for example, Euro-American fathers were viewed primarily as moral teachers during the colonial phase of American history. By popular consensus, fathers were primarily responsible for ensuring that their children grew up with an appropriate sense of values, acquired primarily from a study of the Bible and other scriptural texts. Around the time of industrialization, however, the primary focus shifted from moral leadership to breadwinning and economic support of the family. Then, perhaps as a result of the Great Depression, which revealed many hapless men as poor providers, social scientists came to portray fathers as sex role models, with commentators expressing concern about the failures of many men to model masculine behavior for their sons. Throughout the 20th century, fathers were urged to be involved (Griswold, 1993), and following feminist and scholarly critiques of masculinity and femininity, there emerged in the late 1970s a concern with the “new nurturant father,” who played an active role in his children’s lives. As Elizabeth Pleck (2004) explained, however, popular and scholarly discussions of fatherhood have long dwelled on the importance of involvement—often defined by successful breadwinning—and the fear of inadequate fathering. In contrast to earlier conceptualizations of fathers’ roles, often focused quite narrowly on breadwinning, and later discussions focused narrowly on “involvement,” researchers, theorists, and practitioners no longer cling to the simplistic belief that fathers ideally fill a unidimensional and universal role in their families and in their children’s eyes. Instead, they recognize that fathers play a number of significant roles—companions, care providers, spouses, protectors, models, moral guides, teachers, and breadwinners—whose relative importance varies across historical epochs and subcultural groups. Only by considering fathers’ performance of these various roles, and by taking into account their relative importance in the socio-ecological contexts concerned, can fathers’ impact on child development be evaluated. Unfortunately, theorists and social commentators have tended in the past to emphasize only one paternal role at a time, with different functions attracting most attention during different historical epochs.