The Solar System 1 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Lebensstil
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 566

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

This book presents a global and synthetic vision of planetology - the study of objects in the Solar System. In the past several decades, planetology has undergone a real revolution, marked in particular by the discovery of the Kuiper belt beyond Neptune, the discovery of extrasolar planets, and also by the space exploration of ever more distant objects. Today, it is at the crossroads of many disciplines: astronomy, geophysics, geochemistry and biology. The Solar System 1 deals with the Solar System as a whole, offering a general presentation of the objects that compose it and its place in the galaxy. It also deals with planetary systems, exoplanets and the interaction of Solar System objects with interplanetary medium. Finally, it analyzes the telluric and giant planets.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

1 General Presentation of the Solar System

1.1. Introduction

1.2. Mechanics and dynamics of the Solar System

1.3. Physics of the Solar System

1.4. References

2 Solar and Planetary Systems

2.1. The Sun in the Galaxy

2.2. Planetary systems in the Galaxy

2.3. Interstellar matter

2.4. The formation of stars with masses close to that of the Sun

2.5. Circumstellar disks

2.6. Formation of planetesimals and planetoids

2.7. The environment of the Solar System at its birt

2.8. Detection and properties of exoplanets and their systems

2.9. References

3 The Interaction of Solar System Bodies with the Interplanetary Medium

3.1. Interplanetary plasma: origin and properties of the solar wind

3.2. Planetary envelopes

3.3. The solar wind’s interaction with objects of the Solar System

3.4. Acknowledgements

3.5. References

4 Telluric Planets

4.1. The exploration of the telluric planets

4.2. Objects without an atmosphere: Mercury, the Moon

4.3. Objects with an atmosphere (Venus, Earth, Mars)

4.4. References

5 Giant Planets

5.1. The exploration of giant planets

5.2. The atmosphere of giant planets

5.3. The internal structure of giant planets

5.4. The magnetospheres of the giant planets

5.5. References

Appendix Web links

Glossary

List of Authors

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1. Simplified diagram of the structure of the Solar System. The dimensi...

Figure 1.2. The solar wind interacts in various ways with objects in the Solar S...

Figure 1.3. Diagram representing the parameters of a Keplerian orbit. The mean a...

Figure 1.4. Diagram representing the five Lagrange points of the Sun–Earth syste...

Figure 1.5. Migration of the giant planets during the first million years of the...

Figure 1.6. Geometrical configuration of a solar eclipse; for the points of the ...

Figure 1.7. Reflected solar component and thermal component of radiation from ob...

Figure 1.8. Limits of CO/CH

4

and N

2

/NH

3

equilibrium as a function of pressure an...

Figure 1.9. Schematic representation of the thermal profiles of planetary atmosp...

Figure 1.10. Schematic representation of the largest natural satellites of the p...

Figure 1.11. Schematic representation of the different classes of asteroids. For...

Figure 1.12. TNO distribution according to the distance from the Sun (source: Wi...

Figure 1.13. Schematic view of a planetary magnetosphere (source: based on (Bage...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1. Spectrum in the direction of a massive young star buried in a molecu...

Figure 2.2. Interstellar dust distribution, section in the plane of symmetry of ...

Figure 2.3. Molecular cloud of Corona Australis. The image shows the emission of...

Figure 2.4. Diagram of filaments and velocity of matter in the Serpens South mol...

Figure 2.5. Star formation in two molecular clouds in the constellation Lupus, o...

Figure 2.6. Analytical solution for the collapse of a spherical cloud without a ...

Figure 2.7. Accretion disk and bipolar jet observed on the HH 30 object, in the ...

Figure 2.8. Diagram of the accretion of matter by a protostar and formation of t...

Figure 2.9. Sequence of evolution of a solar mass star in the process of formati...

Figure 2.10. The evolution of the Sun

Figure 2.11. Schematic section of a protoplanetary disk with its different emiss...

Figure 2.12. Images of the disk surrounding the very young A1V star HD 163296, 1...

Figure 2.13. Thermal radiation from the dust of the protoplanetary disk around t...

Figure 2.14. Evolution of a circumstellar disk. For a color version of this figu...

Figure 2.15. Spontaneous formation of a dust trap, where dust can grow into plan...

Figure 2.16. Periodic variations of the radial velocity of the PSR B1257+12 puls...

Figure 2.17. Motion of a star and its planet around the center of gravity of the...

Figure 2.18. Two examples of radial velocity curves for stars with planets of lo...

Figure 2.19. Schematic diagram of the detection of an exoplanet by gravitational...

Figure 2.20. The orbital displacement of the planet β Pictoris b, observed in ne...

Figure 2.21. The possibilities of exoplanet detection by dynamical methods

Figure 2.22. Mass of exoplanets where this quantity could be determined, accordi...

Figure 2.23. Eccentricity of the orbits of exoplanets according to their semi-ma...

Figure 2.24. Mean density of the planets according to their mass

Figure 2.25. Radius of exoplanets as a function of their mass. For a color versi...

Figure 2.26. Detection of water vapor and methane in the atmosphere of hot Jupit...

Figure 2.27. Example of an emission spectrum obtained on the exoplanet HD 189733...

Figure 2.28. Habitable zone of a star according to its mass. Its extension may v...

Figure 2.29. Classification of exoplanets according to their mass and temperatur...

Figure 2.30. Some exoplanetary systems, compared to the Solar System (top). Star...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1. (a) X-ray image of the solar corona obtained with the Yokkoh satelli...

Figure 3.2. Vertical profile of coronal expansion velocity, expressed in Mach nu...

Figure 3.3. The radial expansion of the corona, combined with the solar rotation...

Figure 3.4. Various interplanetary probes have made it possible to explore the r...

Figure 3.5. On a large scale, the heliosphere appears to be divided into two hem...

Figure 3.6. Plots of the solar wind speed as a function of latitude for the thre...

Figure 3.7. Interaction between the fast solar wind and the slow solar wind. For...

Figure 3.8. (a) Transient perturbation produced in the solar wind by the ejectio...

Figure 3.9. Time-frequency plots of the flux density of solar radio observations...

Figure 3.10. Representation of the heliosphere and the main discontinuities form...

Figure 3.11. Time-frequency flux spectrogram showing the heliospheric radio emis...

Figure 3.12. Vertical distribution of temperature T and average molecular mass M...

Figure 3.13. Examples of trajectories of neutral particles in the exosphere: (1)...

Figure 3.14. Vertical distribution of the ionic concentration in the Earth’s ion...

Figure 3.15. Functions of the ionospheric plasma source in the electrodynamics o...

Figure 3.16. Vertical profiles of parallel σ

//

, Hall σ

H

and Pedersen σ

P

conducti...

Figure 3.17. Main cases of interaction between the solar wind and a planetary bo...

Figure 3.18. Theoretical plasma flow and associated discontinuity surfaces in th...

Figure 3.19. The interaction of a comet with the interplanetary magnetic field e...

Figure 3.20. Simplified diagram of the Venus/solar wind interaction (source: aft...

Figure 3.21. Measurements of the electron density (black dots) and the magnetic ...

Figure 3.22. Cylindrical projection map of the radial magnetic field of Mars, me...

Figure 3.23. The solar wind’s interaction with the atmosphere, the ionosphere an...

Figure 3.24. The specular reflection of a charged particle of the solar wind (ta...

Figure 3.25. Geometry of the free boundary problem, defining the shape of the ma...

Figure 3.26. Geometry of the magnetic field lines, resulting from the solar wind...

Figure 3.27. Results of a hydrodynamic simulation of the solar wind’s interactio...

Figure 3.28. Positions of the bow shock and of the terrestrial magnetopause (sol...

Figure 3.29. UV observation of the aurorae of the Earth’s northern hemisphere, t...

Figure 3.30. Schematic diagram of Dungey’s open magnetosphere model

Figure 3.31. Geometry of the electrostatic equipotential regions, which are also...

Figure 3.32. The superposition of the convection and corotation motions of the m...

Figure 3.33. (a) Schematic representation of the Earth’s magnetosphere. The main...

Figure 3.34. High spatial resolution images of visible aurorae on Earth (atomic ...

Figure 3.35. Images of the UV aurorae of Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus (atomic and mol...

Figure 3.36. Sequence of images of terrestrial UV aurorae taken by the Polar sat...

Figure 3.37. Images of near-infrared auroral emissions from: (a) Jupiter, taken ...

Figure 3.38. X-ray images of (a) the Earth aurorae, taken with the POLAR satelli...

Figure 3.39. Intensity of the auroral radio emissions of the Earth (as observed ...

Figure 3.40. Intensity maps of Saturn’s kilometric radio emission (a) as observe...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1. (a) Venus, imaged by Pioneer Venus; (b) the Earth and (c) Mars, imag...

Figure 4.2. Discovery of a stratified terrain near Mount Sharp by the Curiosity ...

Figure 4.3. The subsolar → antisolar atmospheric circulation that prevails in th...

Figure 4.4. Mapping of Venus in the CO line (1–0) at 115 GHz, with the IRAM inte...

Figure 4.5. The spectrum of telluric planets with an atmosphere

Figure 4.6. (a) Mercury, imaged by the Messenger probe (source: NASA); (b) the M...

Figure 4.7. Internal structure: (a) of the Moon; (b) of Mercury (sources: NASA/M...

Figure 4.8. One of the largest lobate escarpments on Mercury (Discovery Rupes), ...

Figure 4.9. Beside the seas covered with basalt, the surface of the Moon present...

Figure 4.10. The north polar region of Mercury, with 0° longitude at the bottom ...

Figure 4.11. Distribution of surface ice (a) at the south pole and (b) at the no...

Figure 4.12. The Earth–Moon system, observed from the Galileo probe during its f...

Figure 4.13. Diagram of Mercury’s magnetosphere (source: adapted from (Slavin et...

Figure 4.14. Schematic representation of the internal structure of the Earth (so...

Figure 4.15. The Earth’s magnetosphere (source: from (Encrenaz et al. 2003))

Figure 4.16. View of the Venus hemisphere, centered at 180 degrees east longitud...

Figure 4.17. Radar images of Venus volcanoes. (a) The Sapas Mons volcano. The ra...

Figure 4.18. Schematic representation of a portion of the Earth’s lithosphere, s...

Figure 4.19. The perennial polar caps of Mars: (a) the northern cap; (b) the sou...

Figure 4.20. Map of Mars altimetry, obtained in 1999 by the radar altimeter of t...

Figure 4.21. Examples of (a) a valley network with Nirgal Vallis; (b) a steep va...

Figure 4.22. (a) False color image of a dune field inside Lyot crater, on which ...

Figure 4.23. The principle of the greenhouse effect. For a color version of this...

Figure 4.24. The temperature profile of Venus, Earth and Mars as a function of a...

Figure 4.25. Water clouds observed on Mars in summer around the Olympus Mons vol...

Figure 4.26. The night side of Venus, observed by the NIMS imaging spectrometer ...

Figure 4.27. Representation of the Hadley circulation in the case of the Earth; ...

Figure 4.28. The cycles of dust, water ice clouds and water vapor, observed on M...

Figure 4.29. The atmospheric circulation of Venus. In the troposphere, a Hadley ...

Figure 4.30. Schematic representation of the sulfur cycle on Venus. For a color ...

Figure 4.31. The spectrum of the night side of Venus between 4,000 and 4,600 cm-...

Figure 4.32. Evolution of the SO

2

mixing ratio above the Venus clouds between 19...

Figure 4.33. Altimetry map of Mars’s south pole; the black rectangle indicates t...

Figure 4.34. Images of glacial residues (in yellow) on the flanks of the Tharsis...

Figure 4.35. Evolution of the Earth’s atmospheric composition according to time ...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1. Jupiter, observed by the Pioneer 10 probe in 1974. The image highlig...

Figure 5.2. The four giant planets observed by the Voyager mission: (a) Jupiter ...

Figure 5.3. Saturn, observed by the Cassini probe in 2011, shortly after the sto...

Figure 5.4. Jupiter, observed by the Hubble Space Telescope in July 1994, when c...

Figure 5.5. Illustration of the mechanism of formation of atmospheric lines in t...

Figure 5.6. Examples of spectra of the giant planets

Figure 5.7. The D/H ratio in the outer Solar System. The D/H value in Jupiter an...

Figure 5.8. Elemental abundances in Jupiter, measured in relation to hydrogen an...

Figure 5.9. Vertical distribution of NH

3

mixing ratio in Jupiter according to la...

Figure 5.10. Thermal structure of the giant planets

Figure 5.11. Polar cyclones on (a) Saturn (north pole, seen by Cassini); (b) Jup...

Figure 5.12. Uranus (a) and Neptune (b), imaged by the Hubble Space Telescope in...

Figure 5.13. Jupiter’s radiation in the near and mid-infrared range

Figure 5.14. Mass-radius diagram of the giant planets, represented by points; th...

Figure 5.15. Jupiter’s internal structure model, proposed by (Liu et al. 2019) i...

Figure 5.16. Internal structure models of Uranus and Neptune. The only existing ...

Figure 5.17. On the left, sketch of Io’s plasma torus and of the position of the...

Figure 5.18. (a) Projection of the temporal variation of the B

r

radial component...

Figure 5.19. (a) Sketch of Jupiter’s magnetosphere and of the main electric curr...

Figure 5.20. Circulation of magnetospheric plasma (double arrows) and magnetic f...

Figure 5.21. “Alfvén wings” model of the Io-Jupiter interaction

Figure 5.22. Jupiter’s UV aurorae (a) in the north and (b) in the south, as obse...

Figure 5.23. Schematic diagram of Saturn’s magnetosphere; the inserts illustrate...

Figure 5.24. Saturn’s UV aurorae, as measured with (a) Cassini and (b) the HST

Figure 5.25. (a) Temporal variation of radio/magnetic rotation periods, as measu...

Figure 5.26. Configuration of the magnetospheres of Uranus at solstice and Neptu...

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1. Orbital characteristics of the planets of the Solar System

Table 1.2. Physical characteristics of the planets of the Solar System

Table 1.3. The main natural satellites of the planets of the Solar System: a is ...

Table 1.4. Examples of mean motion resonances in the Solar System

Table 1.5. Abundances of the main elements measured in the solar photosphere (le...

Table 1.6. Planetary magnetic fields and magnetospheres (see also Table 3.1)

Chapter 2

Table 2.1. Properties of dwarf stars of different spectral types (the Roman nume...

Table 2.2. The different phases of the interstellar medium in the Galaxy. Note t...

Chapter 3

Table 3.1. Internal Schmidt coefficients of the main internal planetary magnetic...

Chapter 4

Table 4.1. Physical characteristics of telluric planets with an atmosphere

Table 4.2. Atmospheric composition of Venus, Earth and Mars; values refer to the...

Chapter 5

Table 5.1. Atmospheric composition of the giant planets, determined by spectrosc...

Table 5.2. Abundance of helium in the giant planets (in mass fraction Y) (source...

Table 5.3. The D/H ratio in the giant planets (source: from (Encrenaz et al. 200...

Table 5.4. The internal energy of giant planets. Φem/ Φsol is the ratio of the e...

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Begin Reading

Appendix Web links

Glossary

List of Authors

Index

End User License Agreement

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SCIENCES

Universe, Field Director – Fabienne Casoli

Solar System, Subject Head – Thérèse Encrenaz

The Solar System 1

Telluric and Giant Planets, Interplanetary Medium and Exoplanets

Coordinated by

Thérèse EncrenazJames Lequeux

First published 2021 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUKwww.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USAwww.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2021The rights of Thérèse Encrenaz and James Lequeux to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2021940349

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78945-033-0

ERC code:PE9 Universe SciencesPE9_1 Solar and interplanetary physicsPE9_4 Formation of stars and planets

Preface

Thérèse ENCRENAZ1 and James LEQUEUX2

1 LESIA, Paris Observatory, PSL University, Paris, France

2 LERMA, Paris Observatory, PSL University, Paris, France

The aim of this book is to present a global and synthetic vision of planetology to the reader, in other words, the study of the objects of the Solar System. This is an ambitious objective, because planetology has undergone considerable development over the last decades and, today, it presents interfaces with multiple disciplines. In our approach, we have chosen to prioritize the study of physico-chemical processes, in order to shed light on the mechanisms that are at the origin of the formation of the objects of the Solar System, or that are responsible for their evolution.

This work is a continuation of the book Le Système solaire (T. Encrenaz, J.-P. Bibring, M. Blanc, M.-A. Barucci, F. Roques, P. Zarka), published in 2003 by EDP-Sciences and CNRS Editions, in the “Savoirs Actuels” collection. This work was itself the third edition of Le Système solaire (T. Encrenaz, J.-P. Bibring, M. Blanc), first published in 1987 in co-edition with InterEditions and CNRS Editions. More than 30 years after this first edition, a complete revision of the work was essential: during this period, planetology has undergone several revolutions. The first ones, both realized thanks to ground-based telescopes, were the discovery of the first trans-Neptunian objects other than Pluto in 1992, and then, in 1995, the discovery of the first extrasolar planets around solar-type stars. The 1990, 2000 and 2010 decades saw the deep exploration of the planets Jupiter and Saturn and their system, with the Galileo and Cassini space missions. The beginning of the 21st century saw the resumption of the Mars exploration program with the launch of numerous probes, both in orbit and on the surface of the planet. Venus and Mercury were also visited by space probes, as well as several asteroids including Ceres and Vesta; lastly, the comet Churyumov-Gerasimenko was the subject of extended exploration thanks to the spectacular European Rosetta mission. Meanwhile, the first detections of exoplanets paved the way to a new field of research in full development, that of exoplanetology. The extraordinary variety of objects discovered around other stars, both in terms of their orbits and their physical parameters, has raised new questions about the formation scenarios of planetary systems; the discovery of the phenomenon of migration in these systems has encouraged new research on the origin and evolution of our own Solar System. The discovery of a large proportion of rocky exoplanets – the “super-Earths” – has also stimulated work in exobiology with the ultimate goal of finding life on one of these exoplanets. Over the last 30 years, planetary scientists have forged increasingly close links with other astronomers (who are at the origin of the discovery of exoplanets), but also with geophysicists, chemists and biologists interested in the problem of the emergence of life, on Earth or elsewhere.

The plan of the work follows the main course of the previous works. The first volume opens with three general chapters. Chapter 1 presents a general description of the Solar System. Chapter 2 describes the environment of the Solar System, the formation of stars and planets within the disks as well as the extrasolar planets. Chapter 3 deals with the interaction of the Solar System with the interplanetary medium. Chapters 4 and 5 present a description of telluric and giant planets. The second volume presents the satellites and rings of giant planets (Chapter 1), comets, asteroids and dwarf planets (Chapter 2), meteorites and cosmochemistry (Chapter 3), the formation and dynamics of the Solar System (Chapter 4), the origin of life and extraterrestrial life (Chapter 5), and lastly, the methods of study of the Solar System (Chapter 6). Almost all of these chapters are composed of original texts. In the few cases where we have relied on texts from the last edition of the Solar System (2003), we have explicitly mentioned it. We thank J.-P. Bibring, M. Blanc, M.-A. Barucci and P. Zarka for their contributions in the previous book.

This book is intended primarily for students of planetology, astrophysics and geophysics at the undergraduate and graduate level, but we hope that it can be read with benefit by all scientists, researchers and engineers wishing to deepen their knowledge of planetology.

June 2021