The Wiley-Blackwell Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1679

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2013

Beschreibung

THE WILEY-BLACKWELL HANDBOOK OF Transpersonal Psychology

"The new Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology is a necessity today. Many transpersonal psychologists and psychotherapists have been waiting for such a comprehensive work. Congratulations to Harris Friedman and Glenn Hartelius. May this book contribute to an increasingly adventurous, creative, and vibrant universe."
—Ingo B. Jahrsetz, President, The European Transpersonal Association

"The Handbook of Transpersonal Psychology is an outstanding, comprehensive overview of the field. It is a valuable resource for professional transpersonal practitioners, and an excellent introduction for those who are new to this wide-ranging discipline."
—Frances Vaughan, PhD. Psychologist, author of Shadows of the Sacred: Seeing Through Spiritual Illusions

"Finally, the vast literature on transpersonal psychology has been collected in what is clearly the essential handbook for psychologists and others who have either too apologetically endorsed or too critically rejected what undoubtedly will define psychology in the future. If you are not a transpersonal psychologist now, you will be after exploring this handbook. No longer can one dismiss the range of topics confronted by transpersonal psychologists nor demand methodological restraints that refuse to confront the realities transpersonal psychologists explore. This is a marvelous handbook—critical, expansive, and like much of what transpersonal psychologists study, sublime."
—Ralph W. Hood Jr., University of Tennessee, Chattanooga

With contributions from more than fifty scholars, this is the most inclusive resource yet published on transpersonal psychology, which advocates a rounded approach to human well-being, integrating ancient beliefs and modern knowledge. Proponents view the field as encompassing Jungian principles, psychotherapeutic techniques such as Holotropic Breathwork, and the meditative practices found in Hinduism and Buddhism.

Alongside the core commentary on transpersonal theories—including holotropic states; science, with chapters on neurobiology and psychometrics; and relevance to feminism or concepts of social justice—the volume includes sections describing transpersonal experiences, accounts of differing approaches to healing, wellness, and personal development, and material addressing the emerging field of transpersonal studies. Chapters on shamanism and psychedelic therapies evoke the multifarious interests of the transpersonal psychology community. The result is a richly flavored distillation of the underlying principles and active ingredients in the field.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Notes on Contributors

Foreword

Acknowledgments

Editors' Introduction

Part I: Introduction to Transpersonal Psychology

Chapter 1: A Brand from the Burning

Defining the Field

Rebranding Transpersonal Psychology

Trends within Transpersonal Psychology

Conclusion

Note

References

Chapter 2: Traditional Roots, History, and Evolution of the Transpersonal Perspective

The Transpersonal and Transpersonal Psychology

Origins of Transpersonal Psychology

Developments in Transpersonal Psychology

Perspectives in Transpersonal Psychology: An Historical Analysis

Three Vectors of Transpersonal Development

Towards an Integral Perspective

Challenges for Transpersonal Psychology

Notes

References

Chapter 3: The Calling to a Spiritual Psychology

The Intertwining of Transpersonal Psychology and Spirituality

What is a Spiritual Psychology?

The Value Added by the Term Transpersonal

Conclusion

References

Chapter 4: Criticisms of Transpersonal Psychology and Beyond—The Future of Transpersonal Psychology

A Historical Approach

Spiritual Positivism of Transpersonal Psychology and the Problem of Epistemology

The Transpersonal Answer to the Challenge So Far

Four Roads into the Future

Towards a Science and a Culture of Consciousness

References

Part II: Transpersonal Theory

Chapter 5: Revision and Re-Enchantment of Psychology

1 The Nature of Consciousness and Its Relationship to Matter

2 Cartography of the Human Psyche

3 The Nature, Function, and Architecture of Emotional and Psychosomatic Disorders

4 Effective Therapeutic Mechanisms

5 Strategy of Psychotherapy and Self-Exploration

6 The Role of Spirituality in Human Life

7 The Importance of Archetypal Psychology and Transit Astrology

References

Chapter 6: Altered States of Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychology

Defining Key Terms

Altered States throughout History

Altered States of Consciousness in 20th Century Psychology

Altered States Come of Age

Conclusion

References

Chapter 7: Jung, Analytical Psychology, and Transpersonal Psychology

Jung's Transpersonal Roots

Analytical Psychology: Jung's Theory of Personality

Jung and Transpersonal Psychology

Washburn's Approach to Transpersonal Psychology

Conclusion

References

Chapter 8: Integral Psychology

References

Chapter 9: Transcend and Include

Wilber-1: The Romantic Period (1975-1979)

Wilber-2: Lifespan Evolution, the Pre-Trans Fallacy, and the Historical Evolution of Consciousness (1980-1982)

Wilber-3: Lines of Development, the Spectrum of Pathology, and the Beginnings of a New Paradigm (1983-1993)

Wilber-4, -5, and Beyond: All Quadrants, All Levels (1995—the present)

Summing Up: Wilber's Legacy to Transpersonal Psychology

Notes

References

Chapter 10: Transpersonal Philosophy

Philosophies and Theoretical Orientations

Perennial Philosophy

Integral Philosophy: A Viable Alternative?

Participatory Philosophy

Conclusion

References

Chapter 11: Transpersonal Self-Expansiveness as a Scientific Construct

Self-Expansiveness as a Scientific Construct

The Self-Expansiveness Level Form

Concerns with Identification in the Construct and Measure of Self-Expansiveness

Concluding Thoughts

References

Chapter 12: Neuroscience and the Transpersonal

Fundamentals: On Explanatory and Methodological Pluralism

Neural and Cognitive Correlates of Spiritual Practice

Models of Mind in Neuroscience and Mysticism: Potential for Integration

Note

References

Part III: Transpersonal Methodologies

Chapter 13: Transpersonal Research and Future Directions

Overview of Research Methods Used in Transpersonal Research

Transpersonal Approaches to Research

Intuitive Inquiry

Integral Inquiry

Organic Inquiry

Future Directions for Transpersonal Research

Note

References

Chapter 14: Neurophenomenology

Consciousness and Phenomenology

Neurophenomenology: Origin and Meaning of the Concept

Neurophenomenologies

Cultural Neurophenomenology

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 15: Quantitative Assessment of Transpersonal and Spiritual Constructs

Arguments Supporting the Quantitative Assessment of Spiritual and Transpersonal Concepts

Scientific Knowledge Derived Through Spiritual and Transpersonal Measures

Research Trends in the Literature

Recommendations for Future Research

Conclusion

Note

References

Chapter 16: The Role of Science in Transpersonal Psychology

Theory and Science

Concepts and Constructs

Why Transpersonal Psychology Should Be Scientific

What Is Left for Transpersonal Psychology to Study?

Conclusion

References

Chapter 17: Philosophical Underpinnings of Transpersonal Psychology as a Science

A Brief Overview of Conventional Science

Science is a Philosophy and More

Science and Transpersonal Psychology

Considerations for Furthering Transpersonal Science

Conclusion

References

Part IV: Transpersonal Experiences

Chapter 18: Exploring the Nature of Exceptional Human Experiences

Background

EHEs Narratives

Theoretical Issues

Relevant Research Findings

Practical nature of EHEs

References

Chapter 19: Psychedelic-Induced Experiences

Dimension of Psychedelic Experience

Theories of Psychedelic Action

Summary and Conclusions

Future Directions for Psychedelic Research

Notes

References

Chapter 20: Near-Death Experiences and Transpersonal Psychology

Incidence: How Common are NDEs?

Demographics

Cross-Cultural Research

NDE Aftereffects

Mental Health Studies

Therapeutic Challenges

Psychotherapeutic Strategies

Conclusion

References

Chapter 21: Transpersonal Sexual Experiences

Untangling the Myths and History of Spirituality and Sex

Sacred Sex Today

The Effects of Transpersonal Sexual Experiences

Conclusion

References

Chapter 22: Parapsychology

Categories of Psi

Psi-conducive Stimulus Conditions

Models of Psi

The Psychology of Belief in Psi

Parapsychology and Transpersonal Psychology

Conclusion

Notes

References

Part V: Transpersonal Approaches to Transformation, Healing and Wellness

Chapter 23: Transpersonal Perspectives on Mental Health and Mental Illness

Pathologizing Spirituality

Transcending Egoic Boundaries

Diversity Issues

Transpersonal Perspectives on Mental Health

Spiritual Emergency

Differential Diagnosis

Treatment

Conclusion

References

Chapter 24: Meditation

Meditation Defined

What Does the Research Tell Us about the Effects of Meditation?

How and Why? Theories of Meditation

Conclusions and Directions for Future Research

References

Chapter 25: Psychedelic Induced Transpersonal Experiences, Therapies, and Their Implications for Transpersonal Psychology

Introduction

Psychedelic, Entheogenic, and Transpersonal Experiences

The Partnership of Transpersonal Psychology and Psychedelics

The Psychobiology of Psychedelics

“A Vaster Panoply of Human Experience”: Transpersonal Psychology and Psychedelics

Psychedelic Psychotherapies

Wider Intellectual Prospects

Conclusions

Internet and General Periodical Resources

References

Chapter 26: Transpersonal Dimensions of Somatic Therapies

The Territory

Somatic Transpersonal Dimensions

The Intertwinings: With Others and the World

Notes

References

Chapter 27: Hypnosis and Transpersonal Psychology

A Transpersonal History of Hypnosis

A Transpersonal Look at the Current Landscape of Clinical Hypnosis

The Ericksonian Tradition of Clinical Hypnosis

The Socio-Cognitive Tradition of Hypnosis

The Medical/Health Tradition of Hypnosis

A Transpersonal Look at the Future of Hypnosis

Conclusion: Answer the Calling

References

Chapter 28: Dreaming and Transpersonal Psychology

The Paradox of Dreaming as a State of Consciousness

Self-Organization, Self-Reference, and Developmental Flourishing

Dream Experience, Dream Consciousness

Purposes & Functions of Dreaming in the Light of Transpersonal Experiences

Phenomenological Research: Transpersonal Dream Practice and Self-Inquiry

Dream Understanding and Dream Practices

Conclusion

Notes

References

Chapter 29: Expressive and Creative Arts Therapies

Expressive and Creative Arts Therapies Distinction

The Transpersonal Psychology Approach in Arts Therapies

History of Expressive and Creative Arts Therapies

Benefits of and Supportive Research on Expressive and Creative Arts Therapies

Epistemological Perspectives

Creative Arts Therapies

Dance/Movement Therapy

Summary

References

Chapter 30: Psychospiritual Integrative Practices

Review of Psychospiritual Integrative Practices

Psychospiritual Integrative Therapy: An Integrative Transformative Practice

Future Directions

References

Chapter 31: The Diamond Approach

History and Development

Methods of the Diamond Approach

Central Concepts

Assessment

Notes

References

Chapter 32: Transpersonal Psychotherapies

The Essential Role of Consciousness

A Special Role for Spirituality

A Framework Explaining the Process of Transpersonal Psychotherapy

Identity and Development

Relevant Research and Future Trends

References

Part VI: Transpersonal Studies

Chapter 33: Ecopsychology and Transpersonal Psychology

Roots and History

Core Themes

Practices

Transpersonal Dimensions of Ecopsychology

Conclusion

References

Chapter 34: Feminist and Cultural Contributions to Transpersonal Psychology

References

Chapter 35: Widening Circles

Defining and Situating Transpersonal Social Engagement

The Rationale and Need for Transpersonal Social Engagement

Roots of Transpersonal Social Engagement

Some Main Approaches to Transpersonal Social Engagement

Research Findings Regarding Transpersonal Social Engagement

Critical Questions Concerning Transpersonal Social Engagement

Conclusion

References

Chapter 36: Modern Miracles from Ancient Medicine

Transpersonal Medicine/Transformation Pathway

Ethics and the Journey Beyond

References

Chapter 37: Transpersonal Experience and the Arts

Science, Language, and the Arts

Artists and the Experience of the Transpersonal

What is the world coming to?

Regaining Everyday Experience of Art and the Transpersonal

References

Chapter 38: Transpersonal Education

The Nature of Transpersonal Education

The Process and Practice of Transpersonal Education

Future Directions

Notes

References

Appendix

Transpersonal Resources

Transpersonal Journals

Doctoral-Granting Schools Offering Transpersonal Programs

Transpersonal Organizations

Index

This edition first published 2013 © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

The Wiley-Blackwell handbook of transpersonal psychology / [edited by] Harris L. Friedman, Glenn Hartelius. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-119-96755-2 (cloth) 1. Transpersonal psychology-Handbooks, manuals, etc. I. Friedman, Harris L. editor of compilation. II. Hartelius, Glenn editor of compilation. BF204.7.W55 2013 150.19′87–dc23

2013012018

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Cover image: © Getty Images / Raul Touzon Cover design by Cyan Design

Notes on Contributors

Rosemarie Anderson, PhD, is Professor of Psychology at Sofia University. She has written extensively on Intuitive Inquiry, Embodied Writing, the Body Insight Scale, and psychospiritual development. Her current interests focus on feminine mysteries as reflected in mythology and sacred geography. She, along with William Braud, co-authored two books on transpersonal research methods.

Julie Beischel, PhD, Co-Founder and Director of Research at the Windbridge Institute, served as Co-Director of the VERITAS Research Program at the University of Arizona. Her research has been published in peer-reviewed journals including Journal of Parapsychology, Journal of Scientific Exploration, Transpersonal Psychology Review, Australian Journal of Parapsychology, and Explore: The Journal of Science and Healing.

Kim A. Bella, PhD, is currently adjunct professor of psychology and sociology at Bristol Community College in southeastern Massachusetts. Dr. Bella's research interests and expertise include the exploration and intersection of creativity, nutrition, and mental health. Dr. Bella also maintains a clinical practice specializing in transpersonally oriented expressive arts and other therapeutic techniques.

William Braud, PhD, was Professor Emeritus at Sofia University and died in May, 2012. He wrote extensively in transpersonal psychology, parapsychology, exceptional human experience, and consciousness studies. His website, http://inclusivepsychology.com, includes an archive of many of his publications. Along with Rosemarie Anderson, he co-authored two books on transpersonal research methods.

Christine Brooks, PhD, is Associate Professor and Chair of the Residential MA and PhD programs in Transpersonal Psychology at Sofia University. She is a member of the Advisory Board of the Center for the Sacred Feminine and the Chair of the Diversity Action Team at Sofia. Her scholarship focuses on issues of diversity in transpersonal psychology and related fields and exploring the potential for social transformation and social justice from a transpersonal perspective.

Jeanine M. Canty, PhD, is Associate Professor at Naropa University in Boulder, CO. Her teaching intersects the natural world, justice, contemplative practice, and transformative learning. Teaching in the Environmental Studies and Environmental Leadership programs, her courses include Ecopsychology, Deep Ecology, Multicultural Perspectives for Environmental Leaders, and an 8-day Wilderness solo.

Katherine E. Coder, PhD, is a community and transpersonal psychologist who counsels, consults, teaches, writes, and builds communities of healing and transformation. She serves as an adjunct faculty member at the University of Miami. Her research interests include mystic activism, holistic wellbeing interventions, and innovative models of social change.

Allan Combs, PhD, is a transpersonal psychologist, consciousness researcher, neuropsychologist, and systems theorist. He holds appointments at the California Institute of Integral Studies where he is the Director of the Center for the Study of Consciousness, and at Saybrook University. He is author of over 200 publications on transpersonal psychology and consciousness.

Brant Cortright, PhD, is a professor at the California Institute of Integral Studies. He is the author of Integral Psychology: Yoga, Growth and Opening the Heart and Psychotherapy and Spirit: Theory and Practice in Transpersonal Psychotherapy (SUNY Press). He is a licensed clinical psychologist with a private practice in San Francisco.

Michael Daniels, PhD, is Editor of Transpersonal Psychology Review. He was formerly program leader for the MSc in Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychology at Liverpool John Moores University. His numerous publications in transpersonal psychology include two books: Self-Discovery the Jungian Way (Routledge, 1992), and Shadow, Self, Spirit (Imprint Academic, 2005).

John V. Davis, PhD, is a professor at Naropa University and author of The Diamond Approach: An Introduction to the Teachings of A.H. Almaas (Shambhala). He is an ordained Diamond Approach teacher and a staff member of the School of Lost Borders, where he trains wilderness rites of passage guides.

Daniel Deslauriers, PhD, is professor in the Transformative Studies Doctorate at the California Institute of Integral Studies. He is co-author of Integral Dreaming (SUNY Press) and co-founder of the Montreal Center for the Study of Dreams.

James Fadiman, (BA, Harvard, PhD, Stanford) has taught at Brandeis, San Francisco State, and Stanford, and co-founded the Institute for Transpersonal Psyhcology, now Sofia University. His most recent book is The Psychedelic Explorer's Guide: Safe, Therapeutic and Sacred Journeys. He has been a management consultant, Director of Noetics, and president of two natural resource companies.

Jorge N. Ferrer, PhD, is professor of East-West Psychology at the California Institute of Integral Studies, San Francisco. He is the author of Revisioning Transpersonal Theory: A Participatory Vision of Human Spirituality (SUNY Press, 2002) and coeditor of The Participatory Turn: Spirituality, Mysticism, Religious Studies (SUNY Press, 2008).

Eric FitzMedrud, PhD, is Core Faculty in the PsyD in Clinical Psychology residential program at Sofia University. He also serves and the Clinical Director of Sofia University's Community Center for Health & Wellness and in private practice in Palo Alto, California.

Kendra Ford, MA, is a doctoral candidate in Transpersonal Psychology and adjunct faculty at Sofia University in Palo Alto, California. She has a background in mental health casework and advocacy and is currently devoted to raising awareness of feminist issues through transpersonal psychology, spiritualized social justice, research, education, and art.

Cheryl Fracasso, PhD, is pursuing licensure as a marriage and family therapist at Antioch University Seattle. She holds a PhD in psychology from Saybrook University, and serves as faculty at University of Phoenix. She works as an Advisory Board Member for the NeuroQuantology journal and the American Center for the Integration of Spiritually Transformative Experiences (ACISTE).

Harris L. Friedman, Ph.D. is Research Professor of Psychology (Retired, University of Florida), Professor Emeritus (Saybrook University), and a clinical and organizational psychologist. He serves as Senior Editor of the International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, Associate Editor of The Humanistic Psychologist, and has published extensively in transpersonal psychology.

Albert P. Garcia-Romeu is a postdoctoral fellow at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, where he is currently researching the effects of psychedelic compounds in human subjects, with a focus on psilocybin as a potential treatment for addiction. He received his doctorate at the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology where he studied the measurement and experience of self-transcendence in healthy adults.

Bruce Greyson, MD, is the Chester Carlson Professor of Psychiatry and Neurobehavioral Sciences and Director of the Division of Perceptual Studies at the University of Virginia School of Medicine. He is a Distinguished Life Fellow of the American Psychiatric Association, and former editor of the Journal of Near-Death Studies.

Stanislav Grof, MD, is one of the founders and chief theoreticians of transpersonal psychology, and the founding president of the International Transpersonal Association, with over fifty years experience in research involving psychotherapy and non-ordinary states of consciousness. He was formerly Chief of Psychiatric Research at the Maryland Psychiatric Research Center, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, and scholar-in-residence at Esalen Institute. He is the author of numerous books on transpersonal topics.

Glenn Hartelius, PhD, serves on core faculty at Sofia University in Palo Alto, CA. He is editor of the International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, and Secretary of the International Transpersonal Association. He teaches meditation and attentional training skills internationally, and has published in the fields of transpersonal psychology and consciousness studies.

Arthur Hastings, PhD, is executive professor and Director of the William James Center for Consciousness Studies at Sofia University, Palo Alto, CA, in the Transpersonal Psychology Program. His specialties are states of consciousness, exceptional human experiences, and theory. He is also known for his work with healing bereavement.

Lisa Herman is Director Creative Expression and Executive Core Faculty at Sofia University, Core Faculty at Meridian University and Adjunct Faculty at ISIS-Canada. She is a Registered Expressive Arts Therapist and a licensed Marriage and Family Therapist and Clinical Supervisor, as well as a novelist and performance artist.

Anne Huffman, PhD, is a faculty member at Sofia University. Her research interests include spirituality, transpersonal studies, LGBT issues, diversity, and generational research. She maintains a private practice in spiritual guidance. She worked closely with Dr. Robert Frager to create and develop the MA in Spiritual Guidance program at Sofia University.

Harvey J. Irwin, PhD, has an international reputation in parapsychological research. His publications include over a hundred papers in academic journals and four books, including the highly praised and widely used text An Introduction to Parapsychology. He is Honorary Research Fellow at the School of Psychology in the University of New England, Australia, where he taught for over 30 years.

Zvi Ish-Shalom, PhD, is Assistant Professor of Religious Studies at Naropa University in Boulder, CO. His areas of research and teaching include kabbalah, hasidism, comparative mysticism, psychology of religious experience, and embodied forms of spiritual practice. He is also an ordained rabbi, a certified Rolfer and a student of the Diamond Approach.

Don Hanlon Johnson, PhD, is a professor of Somatics in the School of Professional Psychology and Health at California Institute of Integral Studies, and founder of the first graduate degree program in the field of somatic psychotherapy. He is author of four books, four collections, and several articles focused on the role of investigations and practical cultivation of direct bodily experience in the organization of the personal world and the social order.

Jacob Kaminker, PhD, is Core Faculty in the Holistic Counseling Program at John F. Kennedy University. He is Associate Managing Editor for the International Journal of Transpersonal Studies and sits on the Board of the International Expressive Arts Therapy Association. His work is in the areas of spiritual diversity issues in clinical practice, mysticism, parapsychology, dreams, and imagination.

Andrew Kornfeld is recent graduate of the University of California at Santa Cruz, Andrew Kornfeld obtained dual degrees in Neuroscience and Psychology. While at school, Andrew co-founded the Brain, Mind, and Consciousness Society, which explores the connections between the physical, biological, and social sciences.

B. Les Lancaster, PhD, is Emeritus Professor of Transpersonal Psychology at Liverpool John Moores University, UK, Honorary Research Fellow in the Centre for Jewish Studies at Manchester University, and Dean (Transpersonal Psychology), Professional Development Foundation/Middlesex University. He is currently Chair of the Transpersonal Psychology Section of the British Psychological Society.

Charles D. Laughlin, PhD, is an emeritus professor, Department of Anthropology, Carleton University, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. He is co-author of Brain, Symbol and Experience: Toward a Neurophenomenology of Human Consciousness, The Spectrum of Ritual, and the author of Communing with the Gods: Consciousness, Culture and the Dreaming Brain. He is a mature contemplative who was a Tibetan Buddhist monk for six years, and a practitioner of Husserlian transcendental phenomenology.

G. Frank Lawlis, PhD, has focused upon clinical and research methods of the spirit-mind-body, since he received his doctorate in psychology from Texas Tech University. He is a Fellow of the American Psychological Association. He is oversight adviser of the Dr. Phil Show and Director of Testing, American Mensa.

David Lukoff, PhD, is a Professor of Psychology at Sofia University in Palo Alto, CA, Co-president of the Association for Transpersonal Psychology, and a licensed psychologist in California. His work focuses on spiritual issues and mental health. He is author of 80 articles and chapters, and is co-author of the Diagnotic and Statistical Manual -IV's category, Religious or Spiritual Problem.

Douglas A. MacDonald, PhD, is an Associate Professor of Psychology at the University of Detroit Mercy and part-time faculty at Saybrook University. He has been doing research in the area of spirituality for the past 20 years with primary emphasis on measurement and assessment. He is involved in an editorial capacity with a number of scholarly journals.

Fabrice Nye, PhD, graduated from the Institute of Transpersonal Psychology, and practices clinical psychology as a postdoctoral fellow at the Community Center for Health and Wellness, in Palo Alto, California. He did his doctoral research on stress reduction.

Genie Palmer, PhD, is an associate professor and executive core faculty member at Sofia University where she teaches courses in transpersonal research skills and methods. Her areas of research and writing include impacts of exceptional human experiences and exploration of various states of consciousness (epiphany, peak, and mystical experiences).

James D. Pappas, PhD, is a registered clinical psychologist. He practices East-West therapeutic approaches that include mindfulness, compassion, acceptance, cognitive-behavioural, and somatic experiencing. Dr. Pappas has taught numerous university courses, conducted research in transpersonal assessment as well as on primary and secondary trauma. He is developing Philotimo Publishing for mindfulness and compassion based literature.

Thomas B. Roberts, PhD, is an emeritus professor in the Honors Program at Northern Illinois University, Thomas Roberts has taught a course on psychedelics since 1981. His major publications are Psychedelic Medicine (2-vols. with Michael Winkelman), Spiritual Growth with Entheogens, and The Psychedelic Future of the Mind. He originated the celebration of Bicycle Day.

Adam J. Rock, PhD, holds posts at the International Transpersonal Association, the Australian Institute of Parapsychological Research (President), the International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, Anthropology of Consciousness, and the Australian Journal of Parapsychology. He has published dozens of academic journals articles as well as numerous books.

Vitor Rodrigues, PhD in Psychology, author of 12 books, and psychotherapist, was the President of the European Transpersonal Association (EUROTAS) 2005-2009. He taught at Portuguese universities during 17 years. He uses Regression Therapy, Hypnosis, Meditation, Guided Imagery, and Psychic Defence techniques, according to clients' needs. He delivers lectures, workshops and courses in Portugal and throughout Europe in the same areas.

Donald Rothberg, PhD, is on the Teachers Council at Spirit Rock Meditation Center in California and formerly taught at the University of Kentucky, Kenyon College, and Saybrook Graduate School. He writes and teaches on meditation, spirituality and psychology, and socially engaged spirituality. He is the author of The Engaged Spiritual Life and the co-editor of Ken Wilber in Dialogue.

Geffen Rothe, MA, holds a degree from Institute of Transpersonal Psychology (Sophia University). Owner and Director of Well-Defined Solutions, her company provides business consultation services internationally. Her passion is empowering individuals and companies to pursue profitable professional practices that honor the path of conscious, compassionate living, both individually and collectively.

Nancy Rowe, PhD, is an Associate Professor and Chair of the Master of Transpersonal Psychology program at Sofia University. She brings experience in expressive arts therapy, spiritual guidance, and teacher education to her teaching, professional contribution, retreat/seminar facilitation, curriculum development/program design, and writing. Her research focuses on transformative learning, earth-centered spirituality, and creativity.

Paul J. Roy, PhD, is Provost of Sofia University. Over the last 17 years, he has been director of the University's counseling center, clinical faculty director, and Dean of the On-Campus Programs. He is a licensed psychologist and spiritual guide. He has authored a book, and several book chapters, and articles in the areas of clinical psychology, peace psychology, and spirituality.

Ilene A. Serlin, PhD, BC-DMT, psychologist and registered dance/movement therapist in San Francisco and Marin, is past-president of the San Francisco Psychological Association, a Fellow of the American Psychological Association (APA), and past-president of the APA's Division of Humanistic Psychology. She has taught at Saybrook, Lesley University, University of California Los Angeles, the New York Gestalt Institute, the C.G. Jung Institute in Zurich, and is editor of Whole Person Healthcare (2007, 3 vol., Praeger).

Shauna L. Shapiro, PhD, is Associate Professor of Counseling Psychology at Santa Clara University and an internationally recognized expert in mindfulness. She has conducted extensive clinical research investigating the effects of mindfulness and published over 70 peer-reviewed journal articles in addition to co-authoring the critically acclaimed professional text, The Art and Science of Mindfulness.

Lance Storm, PhD, is the author of the books The Enigma of Numbers (2008) and A Parapsychological Investigation of the Theory of Psychopraxia (2010). He also has published numerous peer-reviewed journal articles, and edited/co-edited several scholarly volumes. He has been awarded the Parapsychological Association's Outstanding Research Contribution Award and the Frances P. Bolton Fellowship.

Charles T. Tart, PhD, is Executive Faculty at Sofia University and Professor Emeritus of Psychology at University of California Davis. Internationally known for research with altered states, transpersonal psychology, and parapsychology, his books include Altered States of Consciousness and Transpersonal Psychologies, while his latest is The End of Materialism: How Evidence of the Paranormal is Bringing Science and Spirit Together.

Theodore Usatynski, MA, is the author of Instinctual Intelligence and director of Instinctual Intelligence Consulting, LLC. He holds Graduate degrees from Harvard and Naropa universities. His professional training includes the Sensorimotor Psychotherapy Institute Treatment for Trauma Program and he is a student of the Diamond Approach.

Alan G. Vaughan, PhD, JD, is a member of the core faculty and director of the graduate psychology programs in Jungian studies at Saybrook University. He is in private practice as a clinical-consulting psychologist and Jungian analyst. He is on the International Editorial Board of the Jung Journal of Culture & Psyche.

Jenny Wade, PhD, is a transpersonal theorist and researcher specializing in consciousness studies and change. A professor at Sofia University and organization development expert, her research ranges from the esoteric, such as ancient northern European paganism, to proprietary intellectual property developed for clients, such as the predictors of outstanding organization performance.

Harald Walach, PhD, is Director of the Institute of Transcultural Health Sciences at the European University Viadrina in Frankfurt (Oder), Germany, where he also coordinates a postgraduate training program for doctors in complementary medicine and cultural studies. He holds a double Ph.D. in Clinical Psychology, and History and Theory of Science, and has authored more than 100 peer reviewed papers, several books and numerous book chapters.

Kathleen Wall, PhD, is Associate Professor at Sofia University Palo Alto, California and a contributor to The Spirituality and Health Institute, Santa Clara University, California. She is an author on several publications about spiritually integrated psychological practices. She co-developed Psycho-Spiritual Integrative Therapy (PSIT) and leads research and trainings on PSIT.

Roger Walsh, MD, PhD, DHL, is professor of psychiatry, philosophy, and anthropology at the University of California at Irvine. His publications include Essential Spirituality: The Seven Central Practices and The World of Shamanism. He has also coedited the books Paths Beyond Ego: The Transpersonal Vision, Higher Wisdom, and most recently The World's Great Wisdom.

Ian E. Wickramasekera II, PsyD, is a Professor of Clinical Psychology at the University of the Rockies in Colorado Springs, CO. He is a Past-President of the American Psychological Association's Society of Psychological Hypnosis (Division 30). He has a lifelong fascination with topics such as Affective Neuroscience, Bon-Buddhism, Empathy, Hypnosis, Integrative Medicine, and Lucid Dreaming.

Michael J. Winkelman, PhD, pioneered cross-cultural, biological and evolutionary models of shamanism (Shamans, Priests and Witches 1992; Shamanism a Biopsychosocial Paradigm of Consciousness and Healing 2010). He retired from the School of Human Evolution and Social Change at Arizona State University in 2009 and currently resides in central Brazil.

Foreword

Stanley Krippner

Frequently, I am asked to make recommendations for people wanting to become acquainted with the considerable literature in transpersonal psychology. However, there has been no contemporary singular source to which to refer them—the last effort to compile such a reference into one volume was the Textbook of Transpersonal Psychiatry and Psychology (Scotton, Chinen, & Battista, 1996), which is now nearly two decades old. Consequently, this handbook fills an important niche that will be useful for all who want an overview of the area, as it combines within one resource a variety of perspectives and topics that collectively serve to outline and define transpersonal psychology.

Many have attempted to define transpersonal psychology. In fact, few fields have exerted as much effort in defining itself. Hartelius, Caplan, and Rardin (2007) examined 160 definitions from the first 35 years of the field's existence, and found three major themes. First, transpersonal psychology is commonly defined as one that examines states of consciousness and stages of human development that go beyond the bounds of the self as normally defined, as well as the aspirations and paths of practice directed at transcending the conventional “I.” It is also defined as an integrative or holistic approach that considers not just the intellect, but the whole embodied person situated in local and global community, ecosystem, and cosmos. Additionally, it considers the dynamics of human transformation, both individually and collectively.

My approach to defining the transpersonal refers to experiences that lead to the impression of a more complete encounter with “reality” in which the sense of identity extends beyond ordinary limits to encompass broader, deeper, and wider aspects of life (Krippner, 2002), similar to Friedman's (1983) construct of self-expansiveness. I see this as dependent upon both the experients' consciousness and its cultural context. Transpersonal psychology, as one of several varieties of transpersonal study, is informed by science and provides a paradigm that integrates the entirety of human activity and experience, from the most pathological to the most sublime. In understanding transpersonal psychology as a science, I have found William James' (1912/1976) “radical empiricism” useful, which he defined as follows: “To be radical, an empiricism must neither admit into its constructions any element that is not directly experienced, nor exclude from them any element that is directly experienced” (p. 22). However, science is not the only approach to understanding the transpersonal, as there are many other epistemologies or “ways of knowing,” such as relying on the body, feelings, intuition, and transpersonal-anomalous experiences, which all can provide access to experiential realms that conventional science has not yet acknowledged, much less appreciated (e.g., Anderson & Braud, 2011). One area in which transpersonal psychology has a particular opportunity is in working to develop new connections between these ways of knowing and the tradition of science—as in, for example, attempting to operationalize Tart's (1972) suggestion that it may be possible to develop state-specific sciences.

The chapters in this handbook cover a wide range of viewpoints that together illuminate transpersonal psychology. Many in the founding generation of the field are approaching retirement; a few have retired or passed from the ranks. This work brings together the scholarship of many of the senior scholars still within the field and pairs it with the impulse and energy of emerging scholars—often within the same chapter. In this way it represents not only a distillation of the wisdom of those who formed the field, but also the sharing of the mantle with a new generation who will carry transpersonal psychology forward.

This important volume serves as a milestone for transpersonal psychology as a discipline coming of age. It reflects its many successes, as well as points to areas in which considerable work is still required. Within the ranks of those who consider themselves transpersonal psychologists is great diversity, as not all perspectives are in accord with each other, but collectively they address the whole gamut that makes for transpersonal psychology, which can be seen as they are brought together here. Transpersonal psychology owes appreciation to the efforts of Harris Friedman and Glenn Hartelius who, as editors of this handbook, have drawn together a rich collection of chapters, which can now serve as the starting place for those who want to become acquainted with its diversity. More than ever before, a transpersonal view that can integrate not only the field of psychology, but that can also provide an inspiring framework for understanding humanity's essential connection to the cosmos, is needed for human adaptation and flourishing. This handbook furthers that effort.

References

Anderson, R., & Braud, W. (2011). Transforming self and others through research: Transpersonal research methods and skills for the human sciences and humanities. Albany, NY: State University of New York Press.

Friedman, H. (1983). The Self-Expansiveness Level Form: A conceptualization and measurement of a transpersonal construct. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 15, 37-50.

Hartelius, G., Caplan, M., & Rardin, M.-A. (2007). Transpersonal psychology: Defining the past, divining the future. The Humanistic Psychologist, 35(2), 135-160.

James, W. (1976). Essays in radical empiricism. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. (Original work published 1912)

Krippner, S. (2002). Dancing with the trickster: Notes for a transpersonal autobiography. International Journal of Transpersonal Studies, 21, 1-18. Retrieved from http://www.stanleykrippner.com/papers/autobiogood.htm

Scotton, B., Chinen, A., & Battista, J. (Eds.). (1996). Textbook of transpersonal psychiatry and psychology. New York, NY: Basic Books.

Tart, C. T. (1972). States of consciousness and state-specific sciences. Science, 176, 1203-1210.

Acknowledgments

The editors wish to acknowledge the many transpersonal scholars who participated in the visioning and writing of this volume. Their generosity with time and effort is what made this work possible. In addition to a number of the authors who provided feedback on the scope of this Handbook, and to whom we are grateful for that service, we also wish to thank Søren Brier, Paul Cunningham, Jan Fisher, Harry Hunt, Akbar Husain, Ingo Jahrsetz, Charlotte Lewis (since passed), Olga Louchakova, Mark McCaslin, Sangeetha Menon, Ron Pilato, Stuart Sovatsky, and Frances Vaughan for their responses that helped to shape this volume. In addition, thanks go to Cheryl Fracasso for editorial and administrative assistance.

Special appreciation and acknowledgment are due to Anne Friedman and Michaela Aizer, the editors' partners. It is in some ways inconsiderate to acknowledge spouses only for their support, which evokes traditional patriarchal dynamics. However, our partners have been this and much more, contributing significantly to the shaping and balancing of how we each come to the concepts of this field. They deserve credit as well as appreciation.

Transpersonal psychology is an approach that emphasizes, among other things, the interconnectedness of individuals—the fact that in growth and transformation and creative expression, we do nothing alone. We have had the privilege to serve as editors, but without the participation of our colleagues and our partners, this volume could not have come to fruition.

Editors' Introduction

The Promise (and Some Perils) of Transpersonal Psychology

Harris L. Friedman and Glenn Hartelius

As a term, transpersonal psychology is a juxtaposition of three disparate ideas contained within its linguistic components: psychology, personal, and trans. As a psychology, it is focused on the scientific understanding of, and applications for working with, the individual, commonly seen as an isolated nexus of affect, cognition, and behavior embodied within a unitary biological encasement distinct from its environ (see Friedman, 2002). Clearly the notion of an individual, whose attributes can be mechanistically dissected should be exhumed for a more holistic understanding, as its components of affect, cognition, and behavior are no more separate in the individual than is its biological aspect separate from its many interconnected contexts. Humans isolated from their matrices of support, such as physical necessities like air and social necessities like succorance as a baby, would surely not survive. Further, that which differentiates an individual from other individuals, as well as that which lends some degree of continuity to an individual over time and across space, is the usual defining aspects of the individual, or the personality. Although the study of personality is a core subdiscipline of psychology, it lacks consensual understanding, despite that many competing perspectives have long attempted to construct unifying views of the person (John, Robins, & Pervin, 2008). These concerns engage with various tensions, such as understanding intrapersonal (including developmentally across time), interpersonal (including socially and culturally across space), and biological differences, which all serve as backdrop to that which is personal within humans. This is aptly reflected in the famous quote by Murray and Kluckhohn (1953), “EVERY is in certain respects. a. other , b. some other men, c. other ” (n.p.). Then, throwing the prefix , most often seen as meaning , into this mixture provides even further basis for confusion. This prefix, when attached to the personal, implies somewhat of a disqualifier, referencing that the personal is incomplete. It introduces an enigma, as in, exactly who is the person that might require going beyond and what is the beyond where the person might be going. In transpersonal psychology, this beyond has typically related to experiencing (or seeking to experience) so-called higher states of consciousness and possible spiritual realms, which both presumably go beyond the personal. In another meaning of the prefix, however, trans can also refer to a bridge, perhaps betwixt and between the person, that spans the boundaries dividing the person from the world of others and things, and even from transcendent possibilities that can be construed as super-personal or supernatural (as in the possible spirits implied by the term spirituality (Lindeman, Blomqvist, & Takada, 2012). Then there is the extreme possibility of that about which cannot be spoken cogently, the ultimate mysteries that can be described perhaps as God or non-duality, or in other ways that do not define but merely serve as a place marker for whatever might be ineffable. So, to coherently discuss transpersonal psychology when the notion of the individual as isolated within conventional understandings in psychology is obviously flawed, what constitutes the personality is ambiguous, and to what the prefix trans refers is inadequately specified together pose a triple conundrum.