Thermoelectric Micro / Nano Generators, Volume 2 E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 409

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023

Beschreibung

This book explores a key technology regarding the importance of connections via an Internet of Things network and how this helps us to easily communicate with others and gather information. Namely, what would happen if this suddenly became unavailable due to a shortage of power or electricity? Using thermoelectric generators is a viable solution as they use the heat around us to generate the much-needed electricity for our technological needs. This second volume on the challenges and prospects of thermoelectric generators covers the reliability and durability of thermoelectric materials and devices, the effect of microstructures on the understanding of electronic properties of complex materials, thermoelectric nanowires, the impact of chemical doping or magnetism, thermoelectric generation using the anomalous Nernst effect, phonon engineering, the current state and future prospects of thermoelectric technologies, transition metal silicides, and past, present and future applications of thermoelectrics.

Leseprobe

SCIENCES

Energy, Field Directors – Alain Dollet and Pascal Brault

Energy Recovery, Subject Head – Gustavo Ardila

Thermoelectric Micro/Nano Generators 2

Challenges and Prospects

Coordinated by

Hiroyuki Akinaga

Atsuko Kosuga

Takao Mori

Gustavo Ardila

First published 2023 in Great Britain and the United States by ISTE Ltd and John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Apart from any fair dealing for the purposes of research or private study, or criticism or review, as permitted under the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, this publication may only be reproduced, stored or transmitted, in any form or by any means, with the prior permission in writing of the publishers, or in the case of reprographic reproduction in accordance with the terms and licenses issued by the CLA. Enquiries concerning reproduction outside these terms should be sent to the publishers at the undermentioned address:

ISTE Ltd27-37 St George’s RoadLondon SW19 4EUUK

www.iste.co.uk

John Wiley & Sons, Inc.111 River StreetHoboken, NJ 07030USA

www.wiley.com

© ISTE Ltd 2023The rights of Hiroyuki Akinaga, Atsuko Kosuga, Takao Mori and Gustavo Ardila to be identified as the authors of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s), contributor(s) or editor(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of ISTE Group.

Library of Congress Control Number: 2023942071

British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA CIP record for this book is available from the British LibraryISBN 978-1-78945-145-0

ERC code:PE8 Products and Processes Engineering PE8_6 Energy processes engineering

Preface

Hiroyuki AKINAGA1, Atsuko KOSUGA2 and Takao MORI3,4

1National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Device Technology Research Institute, Japan

2Osaka Metropolitan University, Department of Physical Science, Graduate School of Science, Japan

3National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS), WPI-MANA, Tsukuba, Japan

4Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Japan

Thermoelectric materials can be utilized in solid state devices (i.e. thermoelectric generators) to convert heat to electricity. They therefore are of high potential interest, in usages for conversion of waste heat to save energy, and as convenient and maintenance-free sources to power the huge number of Internet of Things (IoT) sensors. With this background in mind, the two volume edition of Thermoelectric Micro/Nano Generators has been brought together, to serve as an important, comprehensive set of books encompassing the fundamental principles, state of the art advancements, and outlooks for this topic, as also noted in the Preface of Thermoelectric Micro/Nano Generators 1. Volume 1 mainly dealt with the fundamental physics, materials and measurements of thermoelectrics.

In this volume, Volume 2, we will mainly deal with the challenges and prospects, especially in relation to thermoelectric devices and applications, while also introducing some non-conventional attempts. As presented in Volume 1, the performance of thermoelectric materials has greatly advanced in recent years, as has the development of sustainable, abundant elemental materials. There are still various aspects that must be addressed in order to bring thermoelectric materials to viable energy conversion applications, such as various applicative considerations related to devices, e.g. durability, processing, design, and identification of suitable applications. These are covered in this volume. After a brief introduction on the landscape of thermoelectric generators in energy harvesting technologies by several of the editors, a comprehensive chapter titled “Reliability and Durability of Thermoelectric Materials and Devices: Present Status and Strategies for Improvement” (Chapter 1) is given by Congcong Xu, Hongjing Shang, Zhongxin Liang, Fazhu Ding, and Zhifeng Ren. They present in detail several key issues to bridge the gap between fundamental thermoelectric research and the succesful implementation to thermoelectric applications. Firstly, they overview the thermal stability of several prominent, sustainable, high performance, new generation thermoelectric materials, i.e. Mg3(Sb.Bi)2-type, Zn4Sb3, skutterudites, copper chalcogenides, and also GeTe, which can be the lead-free replacement to PbTe. They analyze any thermal or material stability issues and give routes for improvement of stability. Secondly, as the main part, they give a detailed analysis of thermal device design, since it is critically important to construct devices that are thermally and mechanically reliable. They consider thermal stress, such as from thermal cycling and shock, interface issues, such as contact, barrier layers and joining technologies, etc. and importantly, they give comprehensive guidelines for particular designs and strategies to address these issues. Finally, they give several illustrative detailed thermoelectric module case studies.

Chapter 2, written by Chenguang Fu, Chaoliang Hu, Qi Zhang, Airan Li, and Tiejun Zhu, deals with “Effect of Microstructure in Understanding the Electronic Properties of Complex Materials”. As also reviewed in Volume 1, microstructuring has been demonstrated to be a very powerful method to selectively scatter phonons and enhance the figure of merit ZT. In this chapter, the authors focus on the detailed effects of such microstructuring on the electronic properties that are less well established. They demonstrate how to gain insight into this from experimental data of the Seebeck coefficient, electrical conductivity, mobility, and discuss strategies on how to minimize the detrimental effects on the electronic transport from point defects, grain boundaries texturing, etc., which are important for effective phonon scattering. The next three chapters cover developments of some novel systems/mechanisms. Olga Caballero-Calero and Marisol Martín-González review the developments in thermoelectric nanowires (Chapter 3). Nanowires are of interest for both thermoelectric and thermal conductivity aspects. The famous quantum confinement effect proposed by Hicks and Dresselhaus particularly targets nanowires, since it was proposed that in low dimensional nanostructures, the sharp features of the energy derivative of density of states could be utilized to enhance the Seebeck coefficient. Furthermore, the nanostructure could lower the thermal conductivity. Here the authors comprehensively present the fabrication methods, measurements and thermoelectric properties of nanowires regarding a wide variety of materials. They also cover nanowire-based devices and the outlook for these morphology materials and devices. Sylvie Hébert, Ramzy Daou, and Antoine Maignan cover the impact of chemical doping or magnetism in model thermoelectric sulfides (Chapter 4). They particularly focus on the intercalation stategy in the layered sulfide TiS2, and as a broad principle, the role that magnetism can play to enhance the Seebeck coefficient. Sulfides have followed oxides in being an interesting playground where magnetism can play a direct role in enhancing the entropy part of the Seebeck coefficient, for example. Such a mechanism is at least partly indicated for the CuCrTiS4 spinel, and doped CoS2 exhibits an interesting spin polarization dependence. Related to the magnetism and thermoelectricity theme, in Chapter 5, Akito Sakai and Satoru Nakatsuji review thermoelectric generation using the anomalous Nernst effect (ANE). While the anomalous Nernst effect is still much smaller than the Seebeck effect, recent advancements have shown a large increase in the effect from much smaller levels, and mechanisms such as dependence on the Berry curvature, Weyl points, etc. are becoming clearer. This chapter reviews such fundamental physics, and covers various topological magnets such as magnetic Weyl semimetal, Weyl magnet examples showing promising ANE features. In the final chapter of this section, Bin Xu, Harsh Chandra, and Junichiro Shiomi have written a useful counterpart to the previous chapter on the microstructure effects on the electrical transport with a comprehensive review of phonon engineering (Chapter 6). They review fundamentals in phonon transport, various methodology in measurements and computation, and phonon engineering such as via superlattices. One particular emphasis of the chapter is on discussing the breakdown and analysis of the anharmonic properties of phonons leading to low thermal conductivity.

The final three chapters deal with thermoelectric devices and applications. The first by Slavko Bernik kicks off this section by giving an introductory overview of the current state of thermoelectric technologies and applications with prospects (Chapter 7). Starting with the background of thermoelectric applications, the author gives a broad overview on the various materials classes and discussions on considerations for applicability, and also goes into detail regarding the basic structure and various requirements for devices, including fill factor, integration, packaging, etc., and also considerations for the different power ranges for applications. Sylvain Le Tonquesse, Mathieu Pasturel, Franck Gascoin, and David Berthebaud write a detailed and practical treatise entitled “Processing of Thermoelectric Transition Metal Silicides Towards Module Development” (Chapter 8). Transition metal silicides have attracted attention because their respectable, while not ground-breaking, thermoelectric performance is augmented largely by their being very abundant, inexpensive, materials with generally good mechanical properties. The authors particularly focus on synthesis and processing methods with a view to being compatible to industry, and present stage of development of contacts and devices. In the final chapter, Hirokuni Hachiuma gives a comprehensive and detailed review of the application of thermoelectrics in the past, the present, and the future (Chapter 9). He first covers the early development of the thermoelectric refrigerator and cooler, which have grown to various applications for thermoelectric cooling and present large growth of the market. The author then covers the thermoelectric power generation applications that are being developed, for categories such as energy harvesting, stand-alone power sources, and waste heat recovery.

This second volume on thermoelectric micro/nano generators comprehensively covers the fundamentals and state-of-the-art advances in thermoelectric device and material applicative requirements in particular, together with several novel directions. This volume should be especially useful to newcomers to the field, who have an interest in possible applications for example coming from industry, or have interest in the novel topics, as well as experts desiring guidelines for the advanced development of various materials’ electrical and thermal transport, and mastering various requirements and strategies for devices and applications. Coupled with the first volume, this two volume set covers the fundamentals to practical issues and the state-of-the-art thermoelectrics field, which should be of value to be studied and utilized by many readers.

July 2023

PART 1Material Challenges and Novel Effects