Tough Choices or Tough Times E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Bildung
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 523

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2015

Beschreibung

Tough Choices or Tough Times, the report of the New Commission on the Skills of the American Workforce, shows how the dynamics of the global economy will lead to a steady decline in the American standard of living if this country does not undertake the first thorough overhaul of its education system in a century. This new revised and expanded version of Tough Choices or Tough Times includes: * An updated Introduction * A summary of the Commission's proposals * Commentaries on the proposals by Denis Doyle, Lawrence Mishel, Michael Petrilli, Diane Ravitch, and Richard Rothstein, with responses from members of the Commission. Tough Choices or Tough Times provides a well-researched analysis of the issues and a compelling set of proposals for changing our system of education.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title

Copyright

INTRODUCTION TO THE REVISED EDITION

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PREFACE

PROLOGUE

Part I : THE NATURE OF THE CHALLENGE NOW

THE CHALLENGE FROM CHINA AND INDIA: HIGH SKILLS AND LOW WAGES!

QUANTITY MATTERS: THE ISSUE OF EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT

QUALITY MATTERS — A LOT!

THE GLOBAL HIGH-SKILLS WORKFORCE IS ONLY A CLICK AWAY: THE ADVENT OF DIGITIZED WORK

OUTSOURCING AS THE NEW STANDARD PRACTICE: THE MODULARIZATION OF INDUSTRY

ROUTINE WORK DISAPPEARS AS IT IS INCREASINGLY AUTOMATED

TECHNOLOGICAL CHANGE AS THE UNIVERSAL DRIVER

THE CHALLENGE IN A NUTSHELL

WHAT IT WILL TAKE TO HANG ON TO OUR STANDARD OF LIVING:

A SUCCESSFUL AMERICAN ECONOMY: THE “PICTURE”

HOW VULNERABLE ARE AMERICAN WORKERS TO OFFSHORING AND AUTOMATION?

WHAT WILL IT TAKE TO SUCCEED IN THIS NEW ENVIRONMENT?

SQUARING THE CIRCLE: WHY REDESIGNING THE EDUCATION AND TRAINING SYSTEM IS THE ONLY ALTERNATIVE

THE END OF AN ERA: WHY WE MUST HAVE BOTH EQUITY AND QUALITY

AND …WHAT ABOUT THE ADULT WORKER?

WHAT WILL ADULT WORKERS NEED TO KNOW AND BE ABLE TO DO?

THE ADULT EDUCATION AND JOB TRAINING SYSTEM WE HAVE NOW

ADULT EDUCATION, PUBLIC JOB TRAINING AND ECONOMIC GROWTH

GIVING OUR WORKERS ACCESS TO THE RESOURCES THEY NEED TO ADAPT TO THE CHANGING ECONOMY

THE CHALLENGE AHEAD

Part II : THE SCENARIO: THE RECOMMENDATIONS AS THEY MIGHT LOOK FROM THE VANTAGE POINT OF AN OBSERVER IN 2021

The Scenario

1. A PERFORMANCE-BASED SYSTEM

2. GETTING AND KEEPING WORLD-CLASS TEACHERS

3. CREATING HIGH-PERFORMANCE SCHOOLS AND DISTRICTS EVERYWHERE

4. EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION

5. STRONG SUPPORT FOR THE STUDENTS WHO NEED IT THE MOST

6. GETTING THE STANDARDS, CURRICULUM, AND ASSESSMENTS RIGHT

7. WORKFORCE SKILLS FOR WORKERS OF ALL AGES

SUMMING UP

COMMENTS

Background Papers

Background Paper One: ESTIMATES OF THE ADDITIONAL EXPENSE AND SAVINGS ASSOCIATED WITH THE COMMISSION’S PROPOSED REFORMS IN ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION

INTRODUCTION

THE OVERVIEW

TEACHER COMPENSATION AND RETIREMENT

EARLY LEARNING

MEETING THE NEEDS OF STUDENTS AT RISK

COST OF REMEDIATION

ENDNOTES

Background Paper Two: TEACHERS AND TEACHING POLICY

Background Paper Three: EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION

Background Paper Four: THE ADULT WORKFORCE

SKILLS OF THE ACTIVE WORKFORCE

ENABLING EVERY MEMBER OF THE ADULT WORKFORCE TO GET THE NEW LITERACY SKILLS

CREATING PERSONAL COMPETITIVENESS ACCOUNTS—THE GI BILL FOR OUR TIMES

CREATING REGIONAL COMPETITIVENESS AUTHORITIES THAT BLEND REGIONAL ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT WITH REGIONAL WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT TO MAKE AMERICA COMPETITIVE

COST ESTIMATES

COMMENTARY ON THE REPORT

Commentary: “TOUGH CHOICES”: CHANGE THE SYSTEM, OR SUFFER THE CONSEQUENCES

Commentary: “TOUGH CHOICES”: RADICAL IDEAS, MISGUIDED ASSUMPTIONS

Commentary: EDUCATION’S “GRAND DEPARTURE”

Commentary: MAKING TOUGH CHOICES

Commentary: THE NEW COMMISSION ON THE SKILLS OF THE AMERICAN WORKFORCE

Commentary: BIG CHALLENGES, BOLD IDEAS

Commentary: FALSE ALARM

NOTES

Commentary: THE ECONOMIC CASE FOR EDUCATION REFORM

Commentary: IMPROPER DIAGNOSIS, RECKLESS TREATMENT

NOTES

RECKLESS AND WILDLY EXAGGERATED? WE DON’T THINK SO!

IN SUM

Appendixes

THE STUDY

ECONOMICS AND LABOR MARKET STUDY

INDUSTRY STUDIES

EDUCATION SYSTEMS STUDIES

STAFF PAPERS

COMMISSIONED PAPERS

WORKFORCE DEVELOPMENT SYSTEMS STUDIES

EXPERT INTERVIEWS AND FOCUS GROUPS

EXPERT INTERVIEWS

TRUSTEES OF THE NATIONAL CENTER ON EDUCATION AND THE ECONOMY

BIOGRAPHIES OF THE MEMBERS OF THE COMMISSION

COMMISSION STAFF AND ASSOCIATES

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Part I : The Nature of the Challenge Now

AMERICA HAS BEEN DIVIDED INTO COLLEGE HAVES AND HAVE-NOTS

COST OF SCHOOLING SPIRALS UPWARD, BUT ACHIEVEMENT DOES NOT

AVERAGE WEEKLY EARNINGS

from 1969 to 2005 (in 1982 dollars)

DISPERSAL OF THE MIDDLE CLASS

by Level of Education

THE U.S. ATTAINMENT LEAD DISAPPEARS

ECONOMIC GROWTH DRIVEN MORE BY EDUCATION QUALITY THAN QUANTITY

PROTOTYPICAL U.S. INDUSTRY

in 10 years if all goes well

AMERICA’S LEAKY EDUCATION PIPELINE

The Scenario

SCHEMA FOR STUDENT PROGRESSION THROUGH THE SYSTEM

False Alarm

FIGURE 1: The Productivity-Pay Gap: Hourly Productivity and Real Average Wage Growth, 1990–2006

List of Tables

Estimates of the Additional Expense and Savings Associated with the Commission’s Proposed Reforms in Elementary and Secondary Education

TABLE 1: Overall Scorecard on the Fiscal Impact of Proposed Reforms, Fiscal 2002–03

TABLE 2: National Average Teacher Salaries by Years of Service and Career Ladder Tier

TABLE 3: Distribution of Teachers by Years of Service and Experience Prior to Hiring (in %)

TABLE 4: Proposed National Average Salary Structure Versus Existing Salaries, 2002–2003, and Possible Responses in High- and Low- Salary States, 2002–2003

TABLE 5: Teacher Compensation and Retirement Cost Estimates for School Year 2002–2003 in 2003 Dollars

TABLE 6: Commission Early Learning Cost Estimate for 2002–2003

TABLE 7: Meeting the Needs of Students-at-Risk: Cost Estimates for School Year 2002–2003 in 2003 Dollars

TABLE 8: Postsecondary Education Remediation Cost Estimates for School Year 2002–2003 in 2003 dollars

TABLE 9: Redesigned Education System Cost Estimates for School Year 2002–2003 in 2003 dollars

False Alarm

TABLE 1: Share of Total Compensation, June 2006

Pages

cover

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IN PRAISE OF Tough Choices or Tough Times

“While Tough Choices or Tough Times does a tremendous job in identifying and articulating the challenges we face, what truly sets it apart is the specific and highly innovative policy prescriptions it advocates to reverse the ‘education deficit.’ I encourage every policymaker, at every level, to read this compelling and comprehensive report.” —WILLIAM E. KIRWAN, CHANCELLOR, UNIVERSITY SYSTEM OF MARYLAND

“Tough Choices or Tough Times is must reading for policymakers, educators, businesspeople, and citizens who want America to be prosperous and competitive in the 21st century. The report pulls no punches about the economic threats facing our country. The Commission advances thought-provoking recommendations that should stimulate debate and then galvanize every sector of society to muster the will to ensure that America’s workforce is the best educated and prepared in the world.” —HUGH PRICE, SENIOR FELLOW, BROOKINGS INSTITUTION, AND FORMER PRESIDENT, NATIONAL URBAN LEAGUE

“Tough Choices or Tough Times provides a bold and specific road map for transforming all levels of education—preschool through postsecondary education—to meet the challenges of a rapidly changing global economy. It calls for massive fundamental change in education structure, curriculum, teacher compensation, and assessment, as well as in the roles of virtually all our education institutions.” —MIKE KIRST, PROFESSOR OF EDUCATION EMERITUS, STANFORD UNIVERSITY

“The steps proposed in Tough Choices or Tough Times will move us dramatically forward, fostering a 21st-century skills development pipeline that meets the needs of working adults, and enables them to engage in the lifelong learning necessary to meet the changing demands of the workplace.” —MARLENE SELTZER, PRESIDENT AND CEO, JOBS FOR THE FUTURE

“The Commission provides a 21st century formula for workforce development: think regional, eliminate structures that no longer serve our needs, and create universal access to quality education and training.” —JOSEPH CARBONE, PRESIDENT AND CEO, THE WORKPLACE, INC., SOUTHWESTERN CONNECTICUT’S WORKFORCE Developments Board

“Efforts at bringing together the three integral components of a successful workforce investment system—education, training, and economic development—have been haphazard at best. The recommendation to encourage the creation of high level jobs/skills/economic growth authorities with the ability to issue tax exempt bonds holds real promise for the development of a rational, sustainable, and politically supportable system.” —MARION PINES, DIRECTOR, SAR LEVITAN CENTER, JOHNS HOPKINS UNIVERSITY

“Anyone who hopes to hold a job in the next several decades should read—if not memorize—this extraordinary report. Hopefully the report will motivate our nation’s leaders to promptly take the steps needed to assure that our nation’s citizenry can enjoy a decent quality of life in the years ahead.” —NORMAN R. AUGUSTINE, RETIRED CHAIRMAN AND CEO, LOCKHEED MARTIN CORPORATION, AND CHAIRMAN, THE NATIONAL ACADEMIES’ COMMITTEE ON PROSPERING IN THE GLOBAL ECONOMY OF THE 21ST CENTURY

“Tough Choices or Tough Times is an exciting vision of a reformed and revitalized American education system. It has many important ideas that should generate considerable debate and are worthy of serious consideration.” —SUSAN FUHRMAN, PRESIDENT, TEACHERS ColleGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY

“Tough Choices or Tough Times calls into question whether we are willing to invest in the future of America’s workforce.” —BOB GILOTH, DIRECTOR, FAMILY ECONOMIC SUCCESS, ANNIE E. CASEY FOUNDATION

“This penetrating, scary analysis and astute, far-reaching recommendations amount to A Nation at Risk for the next generation, a brave, clear call for top-to-bottom reforms in U.S. education. While overturning plenty of creaky applecarts, Tough Choices sketches a bold and efficient new vehicle for equipping 21st century Americans with the skills and knowledge they will need—and that the nation needs.” —CHESTER E. FINN JR., SENIOR FELLOW, HOOVER INSTITUTION, STANFORD UNIVERSITY, AND PRESIDENT, THOMAS B. FORDHAM FOUNDATION

“The Commission’s report joins a chorus of voices warning us of the looming consequences facing our nation because of the poor level of preparation of students and members of the workforce. What is different is that this report recommends bold steps for action. To do any less will result only in more half-measures that over time have had too little effect and have left us vulnerable as we face growing competition in a changed world economy.” —G. WAYNE CLOUGH, PRESIDENT, GEORGIA TECH, AND VICE CHAIRMAN, U.S. COUNCIL ON COMPETITIVENESS

“This is a remarkably bold and refreshing report. It is time for us to stop tinkering at the edges of the educational enterprise. What I find most appealing about the Commission’s recommendations is that it represents a total overhaul of how we do the business of education. The Commission is telling us that we need to stop rearranging the deck chairs on the Titanic, reinvest the resources we have, and turn the ship in a new direction.” —JAMES W. PelleGRINO, DISTINGUISHED PROFESSOR OF COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY AND EDUCATION, UNIVERSITY OF IlliNOIS AT CHICAGO

“The current public education system at the K-12 level is broken. Can it be fixed? This report says no, it has to be replaced. This is more than a wake-up call. It is a call to arms. The reasons to be alarmed are clearly and persuasively documented. Out-of-the-box, stretch recommendations are offered.” —ALBERT J. SIMONE, PRESIDENT, ROCHESTER INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

FROM THE COMMISSIONERS

“The question this report raises is whether our country has the kind of education system that is needed to maintain America’s standard of living for our children, our grandchildren, and future generations. I very much hope that it will spark the kind of tough, honest debate on that topic that it so richly deserves.” —RICHARD W. RILEY, FORMER SECRETARY OF EDUCATION, CLINTON ADMINISTRATION

“Bold, inventive, analytic, and piercing, the report’s recommendations stand to make a huge difference in how America thinks about and enacts its educational enterprise for all—including its youngest—students.” —SHARON LYNN KAGAN, VIRGINIA & LEONARD MARX PROFESSOR OF EARLY CHILDHOOD AND FAMILY POLICY, TEACHERS ColleGE, COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY, AND CODIRECTOR, THE NATIONAL CENTER FOR CHILDREN AND FAMILIES

“This report deals with the critical issue of training and educating the current workforce to meet the competitive challenges of the future and indicates the depth of the changes our nation needs to make to change our culture to one of life-long learning.” —MORTON BAHR, PRESIDENT EMERITUS, COMMUNICATIONS WORKERS OF AMERICA

“This report offers a radical new blueprint for making America’s K-12 educational experience more meaningful and effective. It’s a fascinating and thought-provoking read that is sure to get the American educational establishment talking.” —CHARLES B. REED, ChancelloR, CALIFORNIA STATE UNIVERSITY SYSTEM

“This report shows how states and professional educators can create efficient, high-performance school systems to educate all students to high standards.” —RAY Marshall, FORMER SECRETARY OF LABOR, CARTER ADMINISTRATION

“A thorough, thoughtful, and timely study. Most important, it goes far beyond the normal conclusions. The recommendations are sweeping and controversial but must be considered seriously as they flow directly from the logic of the study. If not these, what then?” —HENRY B. SCHACHT, MANAGING DIRECTOR, WARBURG PINCUS LLC

“Piecemeal reform of public education in America is insufficient to deliver on the promise that every child will receive an education that leads to a good job, productive life, and responsible citizenship. The New Commission Report is a coherent, comprehensive, systemic plan for how to enable public education in America to be the best in the world.” —THOMAS W. PAYZANT, FORMER SUPERINTENDENT, BOSTON PUBLIC SCHOOLS

“It is my hope that the report will be heeded at the highest policy levels in every local community. What is at stake for our nation and every citizen is nothing less than the prospect of a plummeting standard of living for our children and American generations to come if we fail to act.” —PAUL A. ELSNER, FORMER PRESIDENT, MARICOPA COMMUNITY ColleGE SYSTEM

“This may be a policy report, but it should be read by every practitioner. Brutally honest, it shows why money alone cannot get all our students ready for college and lays out bold and imaginative solutions to the problems that educators deal with every day, solutions that will take courage to implement, but that are at the same time realistic and practical.” —JUDY B. CODDING, PRESIDENT, AMERICA’S CHOICE, INC.

“I become more concerned each day that our students are falling further behind and the people of this nation do not seem to be alarmed. This report lays out the kind of drastic change to the system that is crucial if we are to remain a viable economic and political leader in the world.” —DAVID P. DRISCOLL, COMMISSIONER OF EDUCATION, MASSACHUSETTS

“This proposal is radical? Yes. Hard to achieve? Of course. Essential? Absolutely. Our nation’s schools are failing to educate our children, and that has to stop—else we condemn our own kids to ever lower incomes. We must act—now!” —WilliAM E. BROCK, FORMER SECRETARY OF LABOR, REAGAN ADMINISTRATION

“Being a member of this Commission was exciting and enlightening. I emerged convinced that there is an urgent need for precisely the kind of national discussion—probing and thoughtful—that we had and that this report is intended to provoke. It is essential that these recommendations get a full and fair hearing.” —BEVERLY O’NEILL, FORMER MAYOR, LONG BEACH, CALIFORNIA

“This provocative report challenges all of us to act now. Entire nations are working harder and studying longer in order to enjoy what many Americans have come to take for granted. The question is: Are there states or communities with the confidence and the courage to act before it is too late? In 1983, we were A Nation at Risk. Twenty-three years later, in 2006, the risk is even greater. It is getting late. For the sake of our children and our future, read this report and get to work.” —JOHN ENGLER, PRESIDENT, NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF MANUFACTURERS

“I commend the Commission for a report that presents bold and promising proposals to deal with the issues that our nation and its workforce will face in the 21st century.” —JOEL I. KLEIN, CHANCELLOR, NEW YORK CITY PUBLIC SCHOOLS

TOUGH CHOICES OR TOUGH TIMES

THE REPORT OF THE new COMMISSION ON THE SKILLS OF THE AMERICAN WORKFORCE, REVISED AND EXPANDED

Copyright © 2008 by the National Center on Education and the Economy. All rights reserved.

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Credits appear on p. 171

ISBN: 978-0-470-26756-1

Library of Congress Catologing-in-Publication data has been applied for.

NATIONAL CENTER ON EDUCATION AND THE ECONOMY

The National Center on Education and the Economy is a nonprofit organization created to develop proposals for building the world-class education and training system that the United States must have if it is to continue to be a world-class economy. The National Center engages in policy analysis and development and works collaboratively with others at the local, state, and national levels to advance its proposals in the policy arena.

National Center on Education and the Economy555 13th Street NWSuite 500 WestWashington, DC 20004(202) 783-3668www.ncee.orgwww.skillscommission.org

THE NEW COMMISSION ON THE SKILLS OF THE AMERICAN WORKFORCE

CHARLES B. KNAPP CHAIRMANDirector of Education DevelopmentCF FoundationPresident EmeritusUniversity of Georgia

MARC S. TUCKER VICE CHAIRMAN AND STAFF DIRECTORPresidentNational Center on Education and the Economy

MORTON BAHRPresident EmeritusCommunications Workers of America

WILLIAM E. BROCKFormer U.S. Congressman, TennesseeFormer U.S. Senator, TennesseeU.S. Trade Representative, Reagan AdministrationSecretary of Labor, Reagan Administration

JUDY B. CODDINGPresident and CEO America’s Choice, Inc.

MICHAEL DOLANExecutive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer ViacomFormer Chairman and CEOYoung and Rubicam

DAVID P. DRISCOLL