Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
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• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1381

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

A comprehensive overview of the synthesis of high-quality MXenes In Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook: Synthesis, Processing, Properties and Applications, a team of esteemed researchers provides an expert review encompassing the fundamentals of precursor selection, MXene synthesis, characterizations, properties, processing, and applications. You'll find detailed discussions of the selection of MXene members for specific applications, as along with summaries of the physical and chemical properties of MXenes, including electrical, mechanical, optical, electromechanical, electrochemical, and electromagnetic properties. The authors delve into both successful and unsuccessful synthesis examples, offering detailed explanations of various failures to facilitates a comprehensive understanding of the reasons behind unsuccessful syntheses. Additionally, they provide detailed examinations on the characterizations of MXenes, empowering readers to develop a sophisticated understanding of how to achieve optimal quality, flake size, oxidation states, and more. You'll also find: * A thorough review of common applications of MXenes, including electrochemical applications, electromagnetic interference shielding, communications devices, and more * Comprehensive explorations of solution and non-solution processing of MXenes * Practical discussions of the synthesis of high-quality MXene powders, colloidal solutions and flakes, including information about MXene precursors * Fulsome treatments of MXene precursor selection and their impact on MXene quality Tailored to meet the needs of graduate students, researchers, and scientists in the areas of materials science, inorganic chemistry, and physical chemistry, the Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook will also benefit biochemists and professionals working in drug delivery.

Leseprobe

Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook

Synthesis, Processing, Properties and Applications

Edited by

Chuanfang Zhang

Sichuan University

Chengdu, China

Michael Naguib

Tulane University

New Orleans, LA, US

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Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging‐in‐Publication DataNames: Zhang, Chuanfang, author. | Naguib, Michael, author.Title: Transition metal carbides and nitrides (MXenes) handbook : synthesis, processing, properties and applications / Chuanfang Zhang, Michael Naguib.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2024] | Includes index.Identifiers: LCCN 2024007590 (print) | LCCN 2024007591 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119869498 (hardback) | ISBN 9781119869504 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119869511 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: MXenes.Classification: LCC QD172.T6 Z46 2024 (print) | LCC QD172.T6 (ebook) | DDC 546/.3–dc23/eng/20240324LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024007590LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2024007591

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List of Contributors

Sina AbdolhosseinzadehDepartment of Advanced Materials and Surfaces, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), ETH Domain, Dübendorf, Switzerland

Husam N. AlshareefMaterials Science and Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Babak AnasoriSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University‐Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA; School of Mechanical Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA

Michel W. BarsoumDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Annabelle BedfordSchool of Materials Engineering, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, USA; Department of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University‐Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Majid BeidaghiDepartment of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA; Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ, USA

Zhuoqi CenZhejiang Key Laboratory of Data‐Driven High‐Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Qianwan Institute of CNITECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

Qunfeng ChengSchool of Chemistry, Key Laboratory of Bio‐inspired Smart Interfacial Science and Technology of Ministry of Education, Beihang University, Beijing, China

Grace CooksleyCentre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices (CRMD), Centre for Life long Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, UK

Martin DahlqvistMaterials Design division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Virginia A. DavisDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

Majid FarahmandjouCentre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Yury GogotsiDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Xin GuoCentre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Joseph HalimMaterials Design division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Kanit HantanasirisakulDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Dylan HeghInstitute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

Jakob HeierDepartment of Advanced Materials and Surfaces, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), ETH Domain, Dübendorf, Switzerland

Wyatt J. HighlandDepartment of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University‐Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Qing HuangZhejiang Key Laboratory of Data‐Driven High‐Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Qianwan Institute of CNITECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

Shuohan HuangState Key Laboratory for Modification of Chemical Fibers and Polymer Materials, College of Materials Science and Engineering, Donghua University, Shanghai, China

Zefu HuangCentre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Stephan IrleComputational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Mohammad JafarpourDepartment of Advanced Materials and Surfaces, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), ETH Domain, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland

Elnaz JamshidiDepartment of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

Bijay JanardhananCentre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Jonah JordanDepartment of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University‐Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Paul R. C. KentComputational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Rabi KhanalComputational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Seon Joon KimMaterials Architecturing Research Center, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul, Republic of Korea

Kun LiangZhejiang Key Laboratory of Data‐Driven High‐Safety Energy Materials and Applications, Ningbo Key Laboratory of Special Energy Materials and Chemistry, Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China; Qianwan Institute of CNITECH, Ningbo, Zhejiang, China

Zifeng LinCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China

Liyuan LiuCIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

Yu LongNanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Peter A. LynchInstitute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Manufacturing BU, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

Vadym N. MochalinDepartment of Chemistry, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA; Department of Materials Science & Engineering, Missouri University of Science & Technology, Rolla, MO, USA

Murali Gopal MuraleedharanComputational Sciences and Engineering Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN, USA

Michael NaguibDepartment of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

Varun NatuPhysical and Materials Chemistry Division, National Chemical Laboratory, Pune, Maharashtra, India

Srinivasa Kartik NemaniDepartment of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University‐Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Natalia NoriegaCentre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices (CRMD), Centre for Life long Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, UK

Frank NüeschDepartment of Advanced Materials and Surfaces, Laboratory for Functional Polymers, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (Empa), ETH Domain, Dübendorf, Switzerland; Institute of Materials Science and Engineering, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Lausanne (EPFL), Lausanne, Switzerland

Tochukwu OzulumbaCentre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices (CRMD), Centre for Life long Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, UK; Department of Chemistry, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA

Per O.Å. PerssonThin Film Physics Division, Department of Physics, Chemistry and Biology, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Kaitlyn PrengerDepartment of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

Krista K. PulleyDepartment of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University‐Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Joselito M. RazalInstitute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

Johanna RosenMaterials Design division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University Linköping, Sweden

A. M. RuhulCentre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Susan SandemanCentre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices (CRMD), Centre for Life long Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, UK

Miao ShenShanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Christopher E. ShuckDepartment of Chemistry and Chemical Biology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ, USA

Patrice SimonCIRIMAT UMR CNRS 5085, Université Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France

Alexander SinitskiiDepartment of Chemistry and Nebraska Center for Materials and Nanoscience, University of Nebraska‐Lincoln, Lincoln, NE, USA

Li SongNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Anika TabassumDepartment of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

Ying TaoNanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Changda WangNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Guoxiu WangCentre for Clean Energy Technology, School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Technology Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia

Jian‐Qiang WangShanghai Institute of Applied Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China

Jie WangCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, PR China

Emma J. WardCentre for Regenerative Medicine and Devices (CRMD), Centre for Life long Health, School of Applied Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, East Sussex, UK

Shiqiang WeiNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Mackenzie B. WoodsDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, USA

Zhenjun WuCollege of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, PR China

Zhitan WuNanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Brian C. WyattDepartment of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, and Integrated Nanosystems Development Institute (INDI), Indiana University‐Purdue University, Indianapolis, IN, USA

Xiuqiang XieCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, PR China

Xiangming XuMaterials Science and Engineering, Physical Science and Engineering Division, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Quan‐Hong YangNanoyang Group, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering, School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Tianjin University, Tianjin, China

Chuanfang ZhangCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Danzhen ZhangDepartment of Materials Science and Engineering, A. J. Drexel Nanomaterials Institute, Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA

Hao‐Bin ZhangState Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China

Jizhen ZhangInstitute for Frontier Materials, Deakin University, Geelong, Victoria, Australia; Manufacturing BU, Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO), Waurn Ponds, Geelong, Victoria, Australia

Nan ZhangCollege of Materials Science and Engineering, Hunan University Changsha, PR China

Pengjun ZhangNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Jie ZhouMaterials Design division, Department of Physics, Chemistry, and Biology (IFM), Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden

Xinfeng ZhouState Key Laboratory of Organic‐Inorganic Composites, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China

Kefu ZhuNational Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory, CAS Center for Excellence in Nanoscience, Key Laboratory of Precision and Intelligent Chemistry, School of Nuclear Science and Technology, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, China

Preface

In 2011 came the first report telling a story of the discovery of MXenes, a two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal carbide, Ti3C2Tx, obtained from selective removal of aluminum layers from a 3D‐layered Ti3AlC2 MAX phase. This discovery was within a year followed by the realization of more MXenes, including Ti2CTx, Ta4C3Tx, and Ti3CNTx, and since then, the family of 2D carbides and nitrides has been growing at an unprecedented rate. There are currently more than 50 MXenes reported, including those with out‐of‐plane and in‐plane ordering, solid solutions on both the M and X sites, and high‐entropy compositions. Considering the possibility of having both single (Cl, Br, S, etc.) and multiple (O, OH, F, etc.) terminations on these laminates, this family is by far the largest and most diverse family of 2D materials.

Since 2011, more than 20 000 papers have been published by groups from more than 100 countries all over the world (six continents), and the number of publications appearing every year continues to increase. By the most conservative count (Web of Science), more than 70 000 researchers have co‐authored MXene papers, following the initial discovery and exploring the enormously rich chemistry and large variety of MXene structures. The fast growth observed in the past five to six years is caused not only by an almost infinite number of new materials that can be synthesized but first and foremost by the unique properties of MXenes. Those include the very high electrical conductivity of Ti3C2Tx, a wide range of optical properties depending on the composition with absorption peaks from UV to IR wavelength ranges, etc. Biocompatibility and easy processability from aqueous colloids add another advantage. Over the past decade, a major progress has been achieved in increasing the environmental stability of MXenes, with M3C2 and M4C3 MXenes staying for a year or longer in aqueous solution without degradation, MXene supercapacitor electrodes lasting for 500 000 cycles in acidic electrolytes, and micron‐thin films maintaining their conductivity after several years of storage in the ambient environment.

We stand at the crossroads of discovery and applications. While new MXenes are reported regularly and their fundamental properties are being explored, they are also tested for a vast array of potential applications. More than 4200 patent applications were known to be published at the end of 2022, according to Patsnap. Taking into account the 18‐month gap between patent filing and publishing by patent offices, this number is much higher today. The initially explored area of application was energy storage, and the largest number of patents filed address energy, electrochemistry, and separation membranes. However, applications in optics and optoelectronics, as well as biomedical applications, are the fastest areas of growth nowadays. The area closest to commercialization may be electromagnetic interference shielding, where MXenes not only outperform all other materials in performance but also allow controlled reflection or absorption, depending on the choice of MXene and the film architecture, as well as modulation of shielding effectiveness. However, with many other applications being explored, it is difficult to predict where the first large commercial breakthrough will occur. What matters is that, due to their extreme properties, MXenes have already outperformed all known materials in a multitude of applications, from electromagnetic shielding to epidermal electronics and thermal management. By adding their simple processing from colloidal solution in water with no surfactant or additives needed, the chances are high for fast commercialization.

With properties outperforming many of those for currently applied materials, it is crucial to put extra emphasis on how the MXenes, and their precursors, are synthesized. This handbook contains 27 chapters covering synthesis and processing (14 chapters), properties (3 chapters), and applications (8 chapters). A clear emphasis is placed on the synthesis, chemistry, and processing of MXenes. In light of current challenges and demand for cost‐efficient, scalable, and not the least sustainable synthesis procedures, the topic of this book Transition Metal Carbides and Nitrides (MXenes) Handbook: Guidelines for the Synthesis, Processing, Properties, and Applications, is timely. A comprehensive book that summarizes the current state‐of‐the‐art of MAX and MXene synthesis, also providing details that may sometimes be overlooked in scientific publications, can provide a platform from which we develop MXene synthesis and processing further.

The potential of MXenes will be fully utilized once we have sustainable synthesis methods. While sustainability and materials are often discussed in terms of achieving desired material properties for specific energy and environmental applications, the technology to process the materials is sometimes overlooked. Sustainable MXene synthesis requires minimizing the environmental impact and consumption of resources. It entails principles such as reducing the use of hazardous chemicals (e.g. hydrofluoric acid), optimizing energy efficiency, and recycling raw materials and waste products (salt solutions). Moreover, this approach should also be used to manufacture MAX phases or other MXene precursors. By embracing this way of thinking and with more efforts invested in research on the processing of MXenes, they can play a key role in addressing pressing global challenges, from purification of water, air, and soil to clean energy and beyond.

Johanna RosenLinköping University, Sweden

Yury GogotsiDrexel University, USA(signed using Ti3C2TxMXene ink)

Part IThe Introduction

1Introduction to the MXene Handbook

Michael Naguib1 and Chuanfang Zhang2

1 Department of Physics and Engineering Physics, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA, USA

2 College of Materials Science and Engineering, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, China

Since their discovery in 2011 [1], two‐dimensional (2D) transition metal carbides, nitrides, and carbonitrides, collectively known as MXene,1 have evolved into one of the largest families of 2D materials. MXenes are characterized by the chemical composition Mn + 1XnTx, where M represents early transition metals (e.g., Ti, V, Nb, Mo, and Ta), X denotes carbon and/or nitrogen, n varies from 1 to 4, and Tx stands for surface terminations (e.g., O, OH, F, Cl, and Br) [2, 3]. Depending on the value of n, a single‐layer MXene may comprise one block, two blocks, three blocks, or four blocks of Mn + 1Xn octahedrons for n = 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively. Carbon and/or nitrogen fill the centers of these octahedrons, while surface moieties terminate the outermost transition metal atoms. In addition to single metal MXenes, double [4–8], triple [9], and even high‐entropy [10–12] transition metal MXenes have been reported. Double transition metal MXenes can exist as solid solutions [4,6–8] or ordered structures. In the latter case, they can be ordered out‐of‐plane (for n > 1, with one transition metal in the core and the other at the surface) [5] or in‐plane (for n = 1, with one column of transition metal every two columns of the other transition metal) [6]. To date, more than four dozen MXenes compositions have been synthesized, and this number continues to grow. The electronic structure of MXenes, as well as their properties and performance, depend on their composition and structure [13, 14]. Therefore, this vast compositional space makes MXenes highly attractive as a tunable materials platform for various applications.

Figure 1.1 Number of papers on MXenes published per year. The inset shows a pie chart for the contribution of the top 15 countries published on MXenes.

Source: The data plotted here were extracted from the web of science.

The interest in MXenes is evident from the significant number of publications, as shown in Figure 1.1. Furthermore, the simplicity of the synthesis process and the affordability of the necessary infrastructure for their processing have made them appealing to research groups worldwide, irrespective of their country's level of development or income (see inset Figure 1.1). With the continuous growth of interest in MXenes research, there is a need for a comprehensive handbook that provides detailed information on various aspects of MXenes, including synthesis, characterization, properties, and applications. Such a handbook should not only cover the current state of the art in MXenes research but, more importantly, provide guidance by the experts on best practices, common pitfalls to avoid, and tips for ensuring high‐quality, reproducible outcomes in MXenes research. In this introduction chapter, we walk the handbook readers through the different chapters of the book.

In addition to the Introduction (Part I) and Conclusion (Part V), this handbook consists of three other main parts. Part II (Chapters 2–15) is dedicated to guidelines for the synthesis, characterization, and processing of MXenes. Part III (Chapters 16–18) delves into MXenes' properties, while Part IV (Chapters 19–26) focuses on important applications of MXenes.

The success of MXene synthesis and the quality of the produced MXenes largely depend on their precursors [15, 16], which include MAX phases and other layered carbides/nitrides. This dependence is often overlooked, especially by researchers who are new to MXene synthesis. Such oversight can lead to frustration when researchers attempt to reproduce MXene synthesis using MAX phases prepared differently, resulting in variations in characteristics, such as particle size distribution. Therefore, it is crucial to exercise precise control over the synthesis of the MAX phases and other layered carbides/nitrides precursors. Furthermore, advancements in the synthesis of MAX phases and the introduction of new compositions of MAX phases and layered carbides/nitrides have paved the way for the creation of new MXenes (Chapter 9) [5, 17]. In Chapter 2, Rosen et al. discuss valuable tips and tricks for synthesizing MXene precursors.

MXene synthesis has undergone significant evolution since the initial reports on MXenes involving the use of hydrofluoric acid (HF)2 [1, 4]. The capability to utilize fluoride salts dissolved in acids as etchants, rather than employing HF directly [18], has enabled a larger number of researchers to conduct MXene synthesis at their institutions, particularly where the direct use of HF is prohibited. Additionally, the presence of cations from the fluoride salt, along with their intercalation, facilitates the delamination of MXenes [18]. So far, fluorine‐based synthesis methods for MXenes (whether through direct use of HF or in‐situ