Transportation Electrification E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 938

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2022

Beschreibung

Transportation Electrification Dive deep into the latest breakthroughs in electrified modes of transport In Transportation Electrification, an accomplished team of researchers and industry experts delivers a unique synthesis of detailed analyses of recent breakthroughs in several modes of electric transportation and a holistic overview of how those advances can or cannot be applied to other modes of transportation. The editors include resources that examine electric aircraft, rolling stock, watercraft, and vehicle transportation types and comparatively determine their stages of development, distinctive and common barriers to advancement, challenges, gaps in technology, and possible solutions to developmental problems. This book offers readers a breadth of foundational knowledge combined with a deep understanding of the issues afflicting each mode of transportation. It acts as a roadmap and policy framework for transportation companies to guide the electrification of transportation vessels. Readers will benefit from an overview of key standards and regulations in the electrified transportation industry, as well as: * A thorough introduction to the various modes of electric transportation, including recent advances in each mode, and the technological and policy challenges posed by them * An exploration of different vehicle systems, including recent advanced in hybrid and EV powertrain architectures and advanced energy management strategies * Discussions of electrified aircraft, including advanced technologies and architecture optimizations for cargo air vehicle, passenger air vehicles, and heavy lift vertical take-off and landing craft * In-depth examinations of rolling stock and watercraft-type vehicles, and special vehicles, including various system architectures and energy storage systems relevant to each Perfect for practicing professionals in the electric transport industry, Transportation Electrification is also a must-read resource for standardization body members, regulators, officials, policy makers, and undergraduate students in electrical and electronics engineering.

Leseprobe

IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854

IEEE Press Editorial BoardSarah Spurgeon, Editor in Chief

Jón Atli Benediktsson  

Andreas Molisch  

Diomidis Spinellis  

Anjan Bose  

Saeid Nahavandi  

Ahmet Murat Tekalp  

Adam Drobot  

Jeffrey Reed  

Peter (Yong) Lian  

Thomas Robertazzi  

Transportation Electrification

Breakthroughs in Electrified Vehicles, Aircraft, Rolling Stock, and Watercraft

Edited by

Ahmed A. Mohamed

City University of New York

NY, USA

Ahmad Arshan Khan

CNH Industrial

MI, USA

Ahmed T. Elsayed

Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS)

AL, USA

Mohamed A. Elshaer

Ford Motor Company

MI, USA

Copyright © 2023 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc. All rights reserved.

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.Published simultaneously in Canada.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataNames: Mohamed, Ahmed A., editor. | Khan, Ahmad Arshan, editor. | Elsayed, Ahmed T., editor. | Elshaer, Mohamed A., editor.Title: Transportation electrification : breakthroughs in electrified vehicles, aircraft, rolling stock, and watercraft / edited by Ahmed A. Mohamed, Ahmad Arshan Khan, Ahmed T. Elsayed, Mohamed A. Elshaer.Description: Hoboken, New Jersey : Wiley, [2023] | Series: IEEE press series on power and energy systems | Includes bibliographical references and index.Identifiers: LCCN 2022046752 (print) | LCCN 2022046753 (ebook) | ISBN 9781119812326 (cloth) | ISBN 9781119812333 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781119812340 (epub)Subjects: LCSH: Electric vehicles. | Electric airplanes. | Electric boats.Classification: LCC TL220 .T66 2023 (print) | LCC TL220 (ebook) | DDC 629.22/93–dc23/eng/20221013LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022046752LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2022046753

Cover Design: WileyCover Image: © RomanBabakin/Getty Images

About the Editors

Ahmed A. Mohamed (El‐Tallawy) is an associate professor of Electrical Engineering (EE) at the City College of the City University of New York (CUNY). He is the EE PhD program advisor and the director of the CUNY Smart Grid Interdependencies Laboratory. Prof. Mohamed’s research interests include critical infrastructure interdependencies, transportation electrification, and microgrids. He has numerous publications in these fields as book chapters and articles in premier journals and conference proceedings. Prof. Mohamed is the recipient of the 2019 NSF CAREER Award, among several other honors and awards. Several of Prof. Mohamed’s publications received best‐paper awards.

Ahmad Arshan Khan is director of Power Electronics and Electric Machines at CNH Industrial. He received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Florida International University and M.S. in Electrical Engineering from Illinois Institute of Technology. Since 2010, he has worked for Fiat Chrysler, Ford Motor Company, AVL, and Eaton Corporation. From 2016 to 2018, he worked as an adjunct faculty member at the University of Michigan, Dearborn. He published several technical papers and holds three US patents. In 2013, he received a prize‐paper award from IEEE IAS Electric Machines Committee and “Electrified Powertrain Engineering Innovation Award” from Ford Motor Company in 2017.

Ahmed T. Elsayed received his B.Sc. and M.Sc. degrees in Electrical Engineering from Shoubra Faculty of Engineering, Benha University, Egypt, in 2006 and 2010, respectively. In 2016, he received his PhD degree in Electrical and Computer Engineering from Florida International University, Miami, Florida. He is with the Boeing Company since 2017, where he worked on the development of multiple programs including the New Mid‐Market Airplane (NMA) and B‐52 modernization. Currently, Ahmed is a technical lead engineer (TLE) with Boeing Defense, Space and Security (BDS). He is leading the design and analysis for multiple proprietary and defense programs.

Mohamed A. Elshaer is a technical expert at Ford Motor Company. He received his PhD degree in Electrical Engineering from The Ohio State University. Stemming from his 11 years in the automotive industry, Dr. Elshaer's work on Pro Power Onboard for Ford's iconic F‐150 truck was recognized by TIMES as one of the top 100 inventions of the year in 2021. He is a recognized expert with deep knowledge and intuition about global market trends, end customers’ needs, and technological advancement. Dr. Elshaer is currently leading the engineering team at Ford in developing next‐generation core technologies in the power conversion space.

List of Contributors

Robert AbboudBeacon Power, LLCTyngsborough, MAUSA

Rohama AhmadCity University of New York, City CollegeDepartment of Electrical EngineeringNew York, NYUSA

Abir AlabaniThe University of ManchesterDepartment of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringManchesterUK

Luigi AlbertiUniversity of PadovaDepartment of Industrial EngineeringPadovaItaly

Brian BattleBeacon Power, LLCTyngsborough, MAUSA

Matteo BeligojUniversity of PadovaDepartment of Industrial EngineeringPadovaItaly

Sahil BhagatHitachi Rail STSTraction Power and EMCAbu DhabiUnited Arab Emirates

Giampaolo ButicchiUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaFaculty of Science and EngineeringNingbo, ZhejiangChina

Lujia ChenThe University of ManchesterDepartment of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringManchesterUK

Satish ChikkannanavarElectrified Systems Engineering, Ford Motor CompanyVehicle Powertrain Electrification CenterAllen Park, MIUSA

Ian CottonThe University of ManchesterDepartment of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringManchesterUK

Ayman M. EL‐RefaieMarquette UniversityElectrical and Computer Engineering DepartmentMilwaukee, WIUSA

Ahmed T. ElsayedBoeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS)Huntsville, ALUSA

Mohamed A. ElshaerFord Motor CompanyEnergy Storage SystemsDearborn, MIUSA

William FranksIPRE, Independent Power and Renewable Energy LLCWells, MEUSA

Pramod GhimireNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Department of Marine TechnologyTrondheim, TrøndelagNorwayKongsberg Digital (KDI), Maritime SimulationHorten, VestfoldNorway

Qinghua HanThe University of ManchesterDepartment of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringManchesterUK

Ali HosseinipourLehigh UniversityElectrical and Computer EngineeringBethlehem, PAUSA

Zhen HuangThe University of NottinghamFaculty of Engineering, University ParkNottinghamUK

Hasan IqbalAligarh Muslim UniversityDepartment of Electrical Engineering, ZHCETAligarh, Uttar PradeshIndia

Ahmad Arshan KhanCNH Industrial, Electrification System IntegrationLivonia, MIUSA

Javad KhazaeiLehigh UniversityElectrical and Computer EngineeringBethlehem, PAUSA

Mahdiyeh KhodaparastanEnBW North AmericaBostonUSA

Rajeev KumarIndian Institute of Technology MandiSchool of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringMandi, Himachal PradeshIndia

Gunho KwakFord Motor CompanyProduct Development, Ford Ion Park Romulus, MIUSA

Xiaoyu LangThe University of NottinghamFaculty of Engineering, University ParkNottinghamUK

Michele MattettiUniversity of BolognaDepartment of Agricultural and Food SciencesBolognaItaly

Nabeel MehdiNorth Carolina State UniversityDepartment of Industrial and Systems EngineeringRaleigh, NCUSA

Hamid MetwallyZagazig UniversityElectrical Power and Machines Department Faculty of EngineeringZagazigEgypt

Ahmed A. MohamedCity University of New York, City CollegeDepartment of Electrical EngineeringNew York, NYUSA

Ahmed A. S. MohamedEaton Research Laboratory, Eaton CorporationGolden, COUSAZagazig UniversityElectrical Power and Machines Department Faculty of EngineeringZagazigEgypt

Rajesh Manjibhai PindoriyaThapar Institute of Engineering and Technology PatialaDepartment of Electrical and Instrumentation EngineeringPatiala, PunjabIndia

Bharat Singh RajpurohitIndian Institute of Technology MandiSchool of Computing and Electrical EngineeringMandi, Himachal PradeshIndia

Prem RanjanThe University of ManchesterDepartment of Electrical and Electronic EngineeringManchesterUK

Amir RanjbarCanooPower Electronics DepartmentTorrance, CAUSA

Haroon RehmanAligarh Muslim UniversityDepartment of Electrical Engineering, ZHCETAligarh, Uttar PradeshIndia

Deepak RonankiIndian Institute of Technology DelhiDepartment of Energy Science and EngineeringNew Delhi, DelhiIndia

Adil SarwarAligarh Muslim UniversityDepartment of Electrical Engineering, ZHCETAligarh, Uttar PradeshIndia

Arif I. SarwatFlorida International UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Energy Power Sustainability & Intelligence (EPSi) LabMiami, FLUSA

Elia ScolaroUniversity of PadovaDepartment of Industrial EngineeringPadovaItaly

Ahmed A. ShaierZagazig UniversityElectrical Power and Machines Department Faculty of EngineeringZagazigEgypt

Jaskaran SinghCity University of New York, City CollegeDepartment of Electrical EngineeringNew York, NYUSA

Constantine SpanosConsolidated Edison Company of New YorkDistribution EngineeringNew York, NYUSA

Mohd TariqAligarh Muslim UniversityDepartment of Electrical Engineering, ZHCETAligarh, Uttar PradeshIndiaFlorida International UniversityDepartment of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Energy Power Sustainability & Intelligence (EPSi) LabMiami, FLUSA

Rishi Kant ThakurIndian Institute of Technology MandiSchool of Mechanical and Materials EngineeringMandi, Himachal PradeshIndia

Diego TronconCNH IndustrialElectrification System IntegrationModenaItaly

Behrooz VahidiAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)Department of Electrical EngineeringTehranIran

Jiajun YangUniversity of Nottingham Ningbo ChinaChina Beacons InstituteNingbo, ZhejiangChina

Tao YangThe University of NottinghamFaculty of Engineering, University ParkNottinghamUK

Aydin ZaboliAmirkabir University of Technology (Tehran Polytechnic)Department of Electrical EngineeringTehranIran

Mehdi ZadehNorwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)Department of Marine TechnologyTrondheim, TrøndelagNorway

Introduction

Ahmed A. Mohamed1, Ahmad Arshan Khan2, Ahmed T. Elsayed3, and Mohamed A. Elshaer4

1 City University of New York, City College, Department of Electrical Engineering, New York, NY 10031, USA

2 CNH Industrial, Electrification System Integration, Livonia, MI 48150, USA

3 Boeing Defense, Space & Security (BDS), Huntsville, AL 35808, USA

4 Ford Motor Company, Energy Storage Systems, Dearborn, MI 48124, USA

Background

The transportation sector has consistently produced the highest levels of CO2 emissions in the United States as compared with other sectors, including industrial, residential, and commercial. Electrifying the transportation sector has hence emerged as a key requisite to combating global warming. According to the Energy Information Administration, prior to 2020, the transportation sector was responsible for about 50% of CO2 emissions in the United States. This percentage dropped by about 15% in 2020 due to the global COVID‐19 pandemic; however, transportation remained the prime source of emissions. In 2021, the CO2 emissions related to transportation rose by about 11% from their 2020 levels. It is anticipated that emissions will continue increasing as societies gradually reopen.

Electrification of the transportation sector reduces CO2 emissions due to the direct elimination of exhaust gases. In addition, electrified transportation has significantly higher well‐to‐wheel energy efficiency – that is the consumed energy to input energy traced back to its original fuel source. Electrifying the transportation sector increases the demand for electricity from clean sources. Therefore, in countries and states with aggressive greenhouse gas emission reduction targets, transportation electrification and renewable energy deployment (e.g. solar, wind, and hydro) go hand in hand.

Fundamentally, electric transportation means of all kinds rely on electric machines and their drives for propulsion, and potentially energy storage to recapture regenerative braking energy, if any. While each of them has its own unique problems, their electric power systems often share common characteristics, challenges, and design targets. For instance, airplanes and shipboard power systems (SPSs) must satisfy the energy demanded for propulsion and heavily non‐linear loads (e.g. starting motors), while being isolated from the main grid. The energy efficiency of both electric vehicles (EVs) and subway systems partially depends on effective recuperation of regenerative braking energy.

Overview

Technological advances and lessons learned related to one of the transportation modes can greatly benefit other modes; however, the different industry sectors and research groups have mostly been working in silos. The overarching goal of this book is to attempt to bridge these silos and inform professionals and researchers working on a mode of transportation (e.g. electrification of passenger vehicles) about challenges and solutions adopted in other modes. The book covers recent technological breakthroughs pertinent to the electrification of vehicles, aircraft, rolling stock, and watercraft. The focus is on new technologies that are poised to lead to significant advances cutting across multiple modes of transportation. Examples of these technologies include applications of energy storage systems (ESSs), wide‐bandgap power electronic devices, wireless power transfer, and electric machines and controls.

Vehicles

The popularity of EVs is rapidly increasing due to their environmental benefits, energy savings, and acceleration performance. However, the adoption of EVs faces an uphill battle as it competes with fossil fuel vehicles. EVs are more expensive than internal combustion engine (ICE) vehicles, and range anxiety is still a significant consideration for pure EV users. For EVs to penetrate the market, improving charging technology and increasing the system’s power density and efficiency are necessary. Solutions to electricity grid distribution issues, data integrity, and user privacy are essential for shifting to electric mobility and clean energy.

Chapter 1 provides a detailed overview of the current state‐of‐the‐art electric machines used in traction/propulsion applications. It covers major global trends, challenges, and tradeoffs of various traction motor technologies. The impact of advanced materials and manufacturing and various approaches to reduce or eliminate rare‐earth materials in electrical machines are discussed in this chapter too. The main focus of this chapter is on light‐duty vehicles. However, locomotive, aerospace, ship propulsion, off‐highway vehicles are included to show similarities and differences in motor technologies in each mode of transportation.

Charging technologies hold the key to accelerating EV adoption. With significant demand to reduce the charge time, the need to charge the HV battery faster emerged. Long‐range EVs require a high‐rate charge combined with high‐rate discharge. Special consideration is needed to address degradation aspects on high‐energy‐density cathodes during high‐rate cycling. Chapter 2 provides an overview of energy storage and charging technologies for EVs – giving the reader a comprehensive understanding of critical technological challenges and a summary of future innovations. Challenges in achieving high‐energy density were discussed in detail, and key advancements in Cathode and Anode technologies were presented. Popular approaches for fast‐charging Lithium‐ion batteries and issues such as overcharging, thermal runaway, and cell degradation were included. The chapter also contains a comprehensive summary of the current development status for solid‐state batteries.

Increasing the battery capacity drives the need to increase the onboard charging power. While the number of public DC fast charge stations is growing rapidly, the time it takes to charge the battery is still a major inconvenience for most EV users. Charging at a high rate requires passing a high current in the charging cable wire. The charging wire used in 400 VDC fast charging stations can be considerably heavy once power exceeds 150 kW. Hence, moving to an 800 V‐battery architecture will enable charging the HV battery in less than 15 minutes.

Wide‐bandgap materials play a key role in advancing transportation electrification. These materials enable operation at higher voltage levels, lower switching loss, higher operating junction temperature, and higher thermal conductivity. Device‐level and application‐level challenges associated with SiC MOSFET and GaN HEMTs are discussed in Chapter 3.