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- Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
This book deals with applications in several areas of science and technology that make use of light which carries orbital angular momentum. In most practical scenarios, the angular momentum can be decomposed into two independent contributions: the spin angular momentum and the orbital angular momentum. The orbital contribution affords a fundamentally new degree of freedom, with fascinating and wide-spread applications. Unlike spin angular momentum, which is associated with the polarization of light, the orbital angular momentum arises as a consequence of the spatial distribution of the intensity and phase of an optical field, even down to the single photon limit. Researchers have begun to appreciate its implications for our understanding of the ways in which light and matter can interact, and its practical potential in different areas of science and technology.
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Seitenzahl: 516
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011
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Table of Contents
Related Titles
Title Page
Copyright
Preface
What is the Orbital Angular Momentum of Light?
What can be done with the Orbital Angular Momentum of Light?
List of Contributors
Color Plates
Chapter 1: The Orbital Angular Momentum of Light: An Introduction
1.1 Introduction
1.2 The Phenomenology of Orbital Angular Momentum
Chapter 2: Vortex Flow of Light: “Spin” and “Orbital” Flows in a Circularly Polarized Paraxial Beam
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Spin and Orbital Flows: General Concepts
2.3 Transverse Energy Flows in Circularly Polarized Paraxial Beams
2.4 Orbital Rotation without Orbital Angular Momentum
2.5 Conclusion
Chapter 3: Helically Phased Beams, and Analogies with Polarization
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Representation of Helically Phased Beams
3.3 Exploiting the Analogous Representations of Spin and Orbital Angular Momentum
3.4 Conclusions
Chapter 4: Trapping and Rotation of Particles in Light Fields with Embedded Optical Vortices
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Laguerre–Gaussian Light Beams
4.3 Origin of Optical Torques and Forces
4.4 Optical Vortex Fields for the Rotation of Trapped Particles
4.5 Optical Vortex Fields for Advanced Optical Manipulation
4.6 Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Chapter 5: Optical Torques in Liquid Crystals
5.1 The Optical Reorientation and the Photon Angular Momentum Flux
5.2 Dynamical Effects Induced in Liquid Crystals by Photon SAM and OAM Transfer
5.3 Conclusions
Chapter 6: Driving Optical Micromachines with Orbital Angular Momentum
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Symmetry, Scattering, and Optically Driven Micromachines
6.3 Experimental Demonstration
6.4 Computational Optimization of Design
6.5 Conclusion
Chapter 7: Rotational Optical Micromanipulation with Specific Shapes Built by Photopolymerization
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Microfabrication by Photopolymerization
7.3 Light-Driven Rotors, Micromachines
7.4 Integrated Optical Motor
7.5 Angular Trapping of Flat Objects in Optical Tweezers Formed by Linearly Polarized Light
7.6 Torsional Manipulation of DNA
7.7 Conclusion
Acknowledgment
Chapter 8: Spiral Phase Contrast Microscopy
8.1 Phase Contrast Methods in Light Microscopy
8.2 Fourier Filtering in Optical Imaging
8.3 Spiral Phase Fourier Filtering
8.4 Implementation and Performance
8.5 Conclusions
Chapter 9: Applications of Electromagnetic OAM in Astrophysics and Space Physics Studies
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Ubiquitous Astronomical POAM
9.3 Applications of POAM in Astronomy
9.4 Applications of POAM in Space Physics
9.5 Appendix: Theoretical Foundations
Chapter 10: Optical Vortex Cat States and their Utility for Creating Macroscopic Superpositions of Persistent Flows
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Optical Vortex Cat States
10.3 Macroscopic Superposition of Persistent Flows
10.4 Summary and Conclusions
Chapter 11: Experimental Control of the Orbital Angular Momentum of Single and Entangled Photons
11.1 Introduction to the Photon OAM
11.2 Control of the OAM State of a Single Photon
11.3 Control of the OAM State of Multiple Photons
11.4 Applications in Quantum Information
11.5 Discussion
11.6 Conclusion
Chapter 12: Rotating Atoms with Light
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Orbital Angular Momentum of Light
12.3 The Mechanical Effects of Light
12.4 Rotating Bose–Einstein Condensates
12.5 Measuring the Rotational Motion of the Atoms
12.6 Generating Other Rotational States of Atoms
12.7 Supercurrents
12.8 Conclusion
Acknowledgments
Index
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The Editors
Prof. Juan P. Torres
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences
Mediterranean Technology Park
Av Canal Olimpic s/n
08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona)
Spain
Prof. Lluis Torner
Universitat Politecnica de Catalunya
ICFO-The Institute of Photonic Sciences
Mediterranean Technology Park
Av Canal Olimpic s/n
08860 Castelldefels (Barcelona)
Spain
Cover
All books published by Wiley-VCH are carefully produced. Nevertheless, authors, editors, and publisher do not warrant the information contained in these books, including this book, to be free of errors. Readers are advised to keep in mind that statements, data, illustrations, procedural details or other items may inadvertently be inaccurate.
Library of Congress Card No.: applied for
British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.
Bibliographic information published by the Deutsche Nationalbibliothek
The Deutsche Nationalbibliothek lists this publication in the Deutsche Nationalbibliografie; detailed bibliographic data are available on the Internet at <http://dnb.d-nb.de>.
© 2011 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany
All rights reserved (including those of translation into other languages). No part of this book may be reproduced in any form – by photoprinting, microfilm, or any other means – nor transmitted or translated into a machine language without written permission from the publishers. Registered names, trademarks, etc. used in this book, even when not specifically marked as such, are not to be considered unprotected by law.
ISBN: 978-3-527-40907-5
ePDF: 978-3-527-63538-2
ePub: 978-3-527-63537-5
Mobi: 978-3-527-63539-9
Preface
The book Twisted Photons: Applications of the Orbital Angular Momentum of Light that we are honored to edit contains 12 salient contributions that focus on new applications that use one of the properties that characterizes electromagnetic waves in general, and light beams, in particular: the topology of their spatial shape. This is an important degree of freedom that adds up to the toolkit constituted by the other properties that characterize a light beam, namely, polarization, energy, and spectrum, thus putting forward a powerful enabling tool with widespread applications in several areas of science and technology where its use allows the exploration of unchartered territories, both in the realm of the very small and delicate (e.g., single atoms, in vivo cells, and micromachines) and in the realm of the very big (e.g., astronomy).
The topic has been extensively studied during the last two decades and many of the corresponding techniques are well understood, and conceptually and experimentally mastered. The goal of this book is to present the topic to a broad audience, and to illustrate its potential by examining examples of its use in different areas of application.
What is the Orbital Angular Momentum of Light?
Light carries energy and both, linear and angular momenta. The total angular momentum can contain a spin contribution associated with polarization, and an orbital contribution associated with the spatial profile of the light intensity and phase. By and large, a beam of light with a single intensity peak and smooth wave front, that is, a Gaussian-like shape that propagates in free space, shows no azimuthal phase variations, and the propagation of the energy flow follows a straight path along the direction of propagation of the beam.
Light with orbital angular momentum exhibits drastic differences, as illustrated in the images that appear in the cover of this book (see also L. Allen and M. J. Padgett, The orbital angular momentum of light: an introduction). The picture shows the simplest kind of light beams that carry orbital angular momentum. The intensity of the light beam, as depicted in the two figures on the left, presents a central dark area (the beam axis) with no intensity. Such light beams exhibit a corkscrew-like spiraling of the phase around the beam axis with no energy (top and right), that is, an optical vortex. This spiraling, which represents a fundamentally new extra degree of freedom that researchers are exploring for a variety of novel natural phenomena, can be made visible with the help of an auxiliary plane wave, that is made to interfere with the optical vortex at a small angle, resulting in an interference pattern whose transverse shape depends on the concrete spiraling of the phase (bottom and right).
A beam carrying a single optical vortex represents one of the simplest cases of light beams carrying orbital angular momentum. However, one may engineer the properties of optical vortex beams to form a variety of complex transverse patterns (see M. Padgett, Helically Phased Beams, and analogies with Polarization), a property that might be a powerful asset in certain applications.
On the other hand, in a general situation, the polarization and spatial degrees of freedom are coupled by Maxwell equations. However, in beams with sizes much larger than the wavelength, which thus propagate in the paraxial regime, both properties may be controlled separately. Notwithstanding, different applications make use of the combination of the spatial shape of the beam and its polarization (see A. Bekshaev and M. Vasnetsov, Vortex flow of light: “spin” and “orbital” flows in a circularly polarized paraxial beam).
What can be done with the Orbital Angular Momentum of Light?
We present a list of applications that, although in no way aims at being extensive, presents nonetheless an overview at what can be done with twisted light. For instance, the orbital angular momentum of light can be transferred to trapped suitable material particles causing them to rotate (see M. Mazilu and K. Dholakia, Trapping and rotation of particles in light fields with embedded optical vortices), a property with important applications in micromanipulation (see P. Galaja, L. Kelemen, L. Oroszi, P. Ormos, Rotational optical micromanipulation with specific shapes built by photopolymerization) and in the design and operation of micromachines (see also V. L. Y. Loke, T. Asavei, S. Parkin, N. R. Heckenberg, H. Rubinsztein Dunlop, and T. A. Nieminen, Driving optical micromachines with orbital angular momentum).
Light containing optical vortices might also be used in imaging and probing different sorts of physical and biological properties of matter (see C. Maurer, S. Bernet, and M. Ritsch-Marte Spiral Phase Contrast Microscopy), controlling technologically important materials (see E. Santamato and B. PiccirilloOptical torques in liquid crystals) and in astrophysics (B. Thidé, N. M. Elias II, F. Tamburini, S. M. Mohammadi and J. T. Mendonca, Applications of Electromagnetic OAM in Astrophysics and Space Physics Studies).
The concept also holds for single photons in the quantum world; thus, it can be used to encode quantum information that is carried by the corresponding photon states, to explore quantum features in higher-dimensional Hilbert spaces, as the observation of the violation of Bell inequalities in three–dimensional Hilbert spaces (see G. Molina-Terriza and A. Zeilinger, Experimental control of the Orbital Angular Momentum of single and entangled photons), to generate new quantum states (see E. M. Wright, Optical Vortex Cat States and their utility for creating Macroscopic Superpositions of Persistent Flows) or implement new tools to achieve full control of all degrees of freedom of atoms (see K. Helmerson and W. D. Phillips, Rotating Atoms with Light).
All these are illustrative examples of the wealth of possibilities afforded by the orbital momentum of light. Much more undoubtedly lay ahead. It is our intention that this book, contributed by some of the pioneers and world leading scientists in the different subareas and techniques, motivates further research into new ways by which “twisted light” is used to manipulate and to probe Nature.
We warmly thank Wiley for their timely vision to publish a book on this topic and all the authors for their generous time and efforts that were contributed to make it a reality. It is now the time for the readers to enjoy it and to multiply the uses of the orbital angular momentum of light for new applications.
ICFO, Barcelona, Spain
Juan P. Torres
Lluis Torner
List of Contributors
Les Allen
University of Strathclyde
Physics Department
Richmond Street
Glasgow G1 1XQ
Scotland
UK
University of Glasgow
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Kelvin Building
Glasgow G12 8QQ
Scotland
UK
Theodor Asavei
The University of Queensland
Quantum Science Laboratory
School of Mathematics and Physics
St. Lucia
Brisbane
Queensland 4072
Australia
Aleksandr Bekshaev
I.I. Mechnikov National University
Dvorianska 2
65082 Odessa
Ukraine
Stefan Bernet
Innsbruck Medical University
Division of Biomedical Physics
Müllerstr. 44
A-6020 Innsbruck
Austria
Kishan Dholakia
SUPA
University of St Andrews
School of Physics and Astronomy
North Haugh
Fife
Scotland KY16 9SS
UK
Nicholas M. Elias II
Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg
Königstuhl 12
D-69117 Heidelberg
Germany
EU
Péter Galaja
Institute of Biophysics
Biological Research Centre of
the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Temesvari krt. 62
6701 Szeged
Hungary
Norman R. Heckenberg
The University of Queensland
Quantum Science Laboratory
School of Mathematics and Physics
St. Lucia
Brisbane
Queensland 4072
Australia
Kristian Helmerson
Monash University
Faculty of Science
School of Physics
Wellington Road
Clayton
Victoria 3800
Australia
Joint Quantum Institute
National Institute of
Standards and Technology
Gaithersburg
100 Bureau Drive
Maryland 20899-8424
USA
Lóránd Kelemen
Institute of Biophysics
Biological Research Centre of
the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Temesvari krt. 62
6701 Szeged
Hungary
Vincent L. Y. Loke
The University of Queensland
Quantum Science Laboratory
School of Mathematics and Physics
St. Lucia
Brisbane
Queensland 4072
Australia
Christian Maurer
Innsbruck Medical University
Division of Biomedical Physics
Müllerstr. 44
A-6020 Innsbruck
Austria
Michael Mazilu
SUPA
University of St Andrews
School of Physics and Astronomy
North Haugh
Fife
Scotland KY16 9SS
UK
José T. Mendonça
IPFN and CFIF
Instituto Superior Técnico
AV. Rovisco Pais 1
PT-1049-001 Lisbon
Portugal
Siavoush M. Mohammadi
Swedish Institute of
Space Physics
Ångström Laboratory
P.O. Box 537
SE-75121 Uppsala
Sweden
EU
Gabriel Molina-Terriza
Macquarie University
QSciTech and Department of Physics & Astronomy
2109 New South Wales
Australia
Timo A. Nieminen
The University of Queensland
Quantum Science Laboratory
School of Mathematics and Physics
St. Lucia
Brisbane
Queensland 4072
Australia
Pál Ormos
Institute of Biophysics
Biological Research Centre of
the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Temesvari krt. 62
6701 Szeged
Hungary
László Oroszi
Institute of Biophysics
Biological Research Centre of
the Hungarian Academy of Sciences
Temesvari krt. 62
6701 Szeged
Hungary
Miles Padgett
University of Glasgow
Department of Physics and Astronomy
Kelvin Building
Glasgow G12 8QQ
Scotland
UK
Simon Parkin
The University of Queensland
Quantum Science Laboratory
School of Mathematics and Physics
St. Lucia
Brisbane
Queensland 4072
Australia
William D. Phillips
Joint Quantum Institute
National Institute of
Standards and Technology
100 Bureau Drive
Gaithersburg
Maryland 20899-8424
USA
Bruno Piccirillo
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”
Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche
Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo
via Cintia
80126 Naples
Italia
Monika Ritsch-Marte
Innsbruck Medical University
Division of Biomedical Physics
Müllerstr. 44
A-6020 Innsbruck
Austria
Halina Rubinsztein-Dunlop
The University of Queensland
Quantum Science Laboratory
School of Mathematics and Physics
St. Lucia
Brisbane
Queensland 4072
Australia
Enrico Santamato
Università degli Studi di Napoli “Federico II”
Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche
Complesso Universitario di Monte S. Angelo
via Cintia
80126 Naples
Italia
Fabrizio Tamburini
University of Padova
Department of Astronomy
vicolo dell'Osservatorio 2
IT-35122
Padova
Italy
EU
Bo Thidé
Swedish Institute of Space Physics
Ångström Laboratory
P.O. Box 537
SE-75121 Uppsala
Sweden
EU
Mikhail Vasnetsov
Institute of Physics of the
National Academy of
Sciences of Ukraine
Department of Optical and
Quantum Electronics
Prospect Nauki av. 46
03028 Kiev
Ukraine
Ewan M. Wright
University of Arizona
College of Optics and
Department of Physics
Tucson
AZ 85721
USA
Anton Zeilinger
Institute of Quantum Optics and
Quantum Information
Austrian Academy of Sciences
Boltzmanngasse 3
1090 Wien
Austria
Universität Wien
Fakultät für Physik
Boltzmanngasse 5
A-1090 Wien
Austria
