Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials Based Polymer Nanocomposites E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1656

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024

Beschreibung

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

This book presents an extensive discussion on fundamental chemistry, classifications, structure, unique properties, and applications of various 2D nanomaterials.

The advent of graphene in 2004 has brought tremendous attention to two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Lately, this has prompted researchers to explore new 2D nanomaterials for cutting-edge research in diverse fields. Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) represent a fascinating group of novel materials that exhibit intriguing properties. The unique combination of polymer and nanomaterial not only overcomes the limitations of polymer matrices, but also changes their structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties thereby broadening their application potential.

The book, comprising 22 chapters, provides a unique and detailed study of the process involved in the synthesis of 2D nanomaterials, modification strategies of 2D nanomaterials, and numerous applications of 2D nanomaterials-based polymer nanocomposites. The book also emphasizes the existing challenges in the functionalization and exfoliation of 2D nanomaterials as well as the chemical, structural, electrical, thermal, mechanical, and biological properties of 2D nanomaterials-based polymer nanocomposites.

The key features of this book are:

• Provides fundamental information and a clear understanding of synthesis, processing methods, structure and physicochemical properties of 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites;
• Presents a comprehensive review of several recent accomplishments and key scientific and technological challenges in developing 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites;
• Explores various processing and fabrication methods and emerging applications of 2D materials-based polymer nanocomposites.

Audience

Engineers and polymer scientists in the electrical, coatings, and biomedical industries will find this book very useful. Advanced students in materials science and polymer science will find it a fount of information.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Part 1: CLASSIFICATIONS, SYNTHESIS METHODS AND SURFACE MODIFICATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS

1 Introduction to Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Discovery, Types and Classifications, Structure, Unique Properties, and Applications

1.1 Introduction

1.2 Types of Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials or Particles

1.3 Examples of Two-Dimensional (2D) Nanomaterials

1.4 Structural Modifications in 2D Nanomaterials

1.5 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials

1.6 Applications of 2D Nanomaterials

1.7 Conclusion

References

2 Synthesis Approaches, Designs, and Processing Methods of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Descriptions of Terms Associated with Nanomaterials

2.3 2D Nanomaterial Assembly and Nanostructure

2.4 Approaches for the Synthesis of 2-Dimensional Nanomaterials

2.5 Perspective and Conclusions

References

3 Enhancing 2D Nanomaterials via Surface Modifications

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Chemical Modifications

3.3 Physical Modifications

3.4 Plasma Technique

3.5 Challenges and Future Trends

3.6 Conclusions

References

Part 2: PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERIZATIONS OF TWO DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS

4 Spectroscopic and Microscopic Investigations of 2D Nanomaterials

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Spectroscopic Investigation of 2D Nanomaterials

4.3 Microscopic Investigation of 2D Nanomaterials

4.4 Conclusion

References

5 Structural, Optical, and Electronic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Classification of 2D Materials

5.3 Properties of 2D Nanomaterials

5.4 Future Prospects

5.5 Conclusion

Acknowledgments

References

6 Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

6.1 Introduction

6.2 Structures of 2D NMs

6.3 Synthesis and Design of 2D NMs

6.4 Characteristics of 2D NMs

6.5 Role of Electrical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of 2D NMs for Various Applications

Conclusion

References

Part 3: PROCESSING METHODS AND PROPERTIES OF TWO DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS-BASED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

7 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites: Processing Methods, Properties, and Applications

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Synthesis and Processing Methods of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Composites

7.3 Properties of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

7.4 Applications of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

7.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

8 Structural, Morphological, and Electrical Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Polymer Nanocomposites

8.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

8.4 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

8.5 Conclusion

References

9 Thermal, Mechanical, and Viscoelastic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Thermal Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

9.3 Mechanical Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

9.4 Viscoelastic Properties of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

9.5 Conclusion and Outlook

References

Part 4: APPLICATIONS OF TWO DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS-BASED POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES

10 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Synthesis of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials/Polymer Nanocomposites

10.3 Different Types of 2D Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

10.4 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Supercapacitor Applications

10.5 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

10.6 Acknowledgment

References

11 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterial-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Rechargeable Lithium-Ion Batteries

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Basic Concept of LIBs

11.3 Cell Voltage

11.4 Polymer-Based Flexible Electrodes

11.5 Factors Affecting the Performance of Flexible Electrodes

11.6 Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials

11.7 Two-Dimensional (2D) Materials for LIBs

11.8 Conclusions

References

12 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Solar Energy Applications

12.1 Introduction

12.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs

12.3 Conclusion and Future Perspectives

References

13 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Fuel Cell Applications

13.1 Introduction to Fuel Cell Technology

13.2 Polymer Electrolyte Membrane Fuel Cell (PEMFC)

13.3 Nanocomposite PEMs Based on 2D Nanofillers

13.4 Membrane Preparation Techniques

13.5 Characterization Techniques

13.6 Conclusions and Outlooks

References

14 High-k Dielectrics Based on Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Filled Polymer Nanocomposites

14.1 Introduction

14.2 2D Dielectric Nanomaterials

14.3 Factors Affecting the Properties of High-k Polymer Nanocomposites with 2D Fillers

14.4 Application of High-k Dielectric Polymer Nanocomposites

14.5 Dielectric Performance of Various 2D Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

References

15 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Catalytic and Photocatalytic Applications

15.1 Introduction

15.2 Characteristics of 2D Nanomaterials

15.3 Synthesis and Fabrication of 2D Materials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

15.4 Catalysis and/or Photocatalysis of 2D Materials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

15.5 Conclusion and Future Prospective

References

16 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications

16.1 Introduction

16.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs

16.3 Biomedical Applications of 2D Nanomaterials-Based PNCs

16.4 Conclusions

Acknowledgements

References

17 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering Applications

Abbreviations

17.1 Introduction

17.2 2D Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Tissue Engineering Applications

17.3 Conclusions and Future Perspectives

References

18 Antibacterial and Drug Delivery Applications of Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

18.1 Introduction

18.2 Graphene-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.3 Graphene Nanosheet-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.4 MXene-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.5 Nanoclay-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.6 LDH-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.7 Black Phosphorus-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.8 Boron Nitride-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.9 g-C

3

N

4

-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.10 TMD-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.11 MOF-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.12 COF-Based Polymer Nanocomposite

18.13 Concluding Remarks

Acknowledgement

References

19 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes for Liquid and Gas Separation

19.1 Introduction

19.2 2D Nanomaterials

19.3 Classification of 2D Nanomaterial

19.4 Development of Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes

19.5 Applications of Polymer Nanocomposite Membranes

19.6 Future Directions

19.7 Conclusion

Acknowledgement

References

20 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Gas and Volatile Organic Compound Sensing

20.1 Introduction

20.2 Preparation of Polymer Composite Films for Sensing

20.3 Principles of Gas Sensing

20.4 Evaluation of Gas Sensing Devices

20.5 Development of Polymer-Based VOCs/Gas Sensors

20.6 Conclusions

References

21 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites for Protective Anticorrosive Coatings

21.1 Introduction

21.2 Polymeric Coatings: Concepts and Formulation

21.3 Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials

21.4 Industrial Applications

21.5 Conclusion and Future Trends

References

Index

End User License Agreement

List of Tables

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 MXenes surface modification with macromolecules [34].

Table 3.2 The most significant advantages obtained by employing 2D nanomateria...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 Raman spectroscopy shear (breathing) effect force.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Comparison of nanocomposite fabrication approaches.

Table 7.2 Past literatures on 2D nanocomposite mechanical enhancement in relat...

Table 7.3 Thermal conductivities of 2D nanomaterial-based polymer nanocomposit...

Table 7.4 Summary of the bandgap and carrier lifetime of 2D materials.

Table 7.5 Summary of passive pulsed laser based on 2D nanocomposites.

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Bandgap energy and electrical characteristic of some 2D nanomaterial...

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Intrinsic properties of 2D materials [35]. Copyright 2021.Reproduced...

Table 9.2 Mechanical characteristics of selected 2D nanomaterials.

Table 9.3 Effect of some 2D nanomaterials on the tensile strength of some typi...

Chapter 10

Table 10.1 Supercapacitor performance of graphene-based hybrid-based polymer n...

Table 10.2 Supercapacitor performance of TMD and TMD hybrid-based polymer nano...

Table 10.3 Supercapacitor performance of MOF-based polymer nanocomposites.

Chapter 12

Table 12.1 Various 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs for solar energy applications.

Chapter 13

Table 13.1 Some essential aspects of various fuel cell types.

Table 13.2 Chemical structure of non-fluorinated ionomer.

Table 13.3 Proton conductivity of PVA based nanocomposites with GO and SGO nan...

Chapter 14

Table 14.1 Polymer matrix with two-dimensional fillers having improved dielect...

Chapter 16

Table 16.1 Different g-C

3

N

4

-based PNCs with their fabrication techniques, prop...

Chapter 17

Table 17.1 Various types of polymers in combination with graphene and GO.

Table 17.2 Overview of investigation NC performance in TE applications.

Chapter 19

Table 19.1 2D nanomaterial-based membranes and their important findings.

Chapter 21

Table 21.1 Two-dimensional nanomaterials.

Table 21.2 Protection of metallic substrate by graphene derivatives against co...

Table 21.3 Summary of research about TMDs anti-corrosion performance.

Table 21.4 g-C

3

N

4

nanocomposites with the aim to enhance corrosion resistance.

Table 21.5 Summary of h-BN coatings/nanocomposite on enhancing corrosion prote...

Table 21.6 Published works about ZrP corrosion protection performance.

Table 21.7 HA nanocomposites/coatings anti-corrosion performance.

Table 21.8 Reported LDHs’ anti-corrosion properties in different applications ...

Table 21.9 Application of metal oxide composites in corrosion protection of st...

Table 21.10 Summary of the published works about COF’s nanocomposite to enhanc...

Table 21.11 Reported MXene composites and their application in the corrosion f...

Table 21.12 The UV-protective application of the graphene nanocomposites.

Table 21.13 Published works about BN UV shielding performance.

Table 21.14 Summary of HA nanocomposite on enhancing the UV protection propert...

Table 21.15 LDH nanocomposites with the aim to enhance UV blocking.

Table 21.16 Protection of the metallic substrate by metal oxides against the U...

Table 21.17 Reported MXenes’ UV resistance performance.

Table 21.18 Summary of the binary hybrid nanomaterials composites with their U...

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1 2D nanomaterials.

Figure 1.2 Types of 2D nanomaterials.

Figure 1.3 Structure of graphene [this figure is adapted from [17] and is used...

Figure 1.4 Structure of hexagonal boron nitride [this figure is adapted from [...

Figure 1.5 Structure of transition metal dichalcogenides [this figure is adapt...

Figure 1.6 Structure of black phosphorus [this figure is adapted from [38] and...

Figure 1.7 Structure of MXenes [this figure is adapted from [49] and is used u...

Figure 1.8 Structure of silicene [this figure is adapted from [53] and is used...

Figure 1.9 Structure of metal–organic frameworks (MOFs) [this figure is adapte...

Figure 1.10 Structure and composition of COF-5 [this figure is adapted from [5...

Figure 1.11 Schematic representation of layered double hydroxide structure [th...

Figure 1.12 Layered nanoclay structures [this figure is adapted from [60] and ...

Figure 1.13 Structural modifications in 2D nano-materials.

Figure 1.14 Various properties of 2D nanomaterials.

Figure 1.15 Negatively correlated electrical and thermal conductivity [this fi...

Figure 1.16 SEM pictures of deposited nanoparticles [this figure is adapted fr...

Figure 1.17 TEM pictures of deposited nanoparticles [this figure is adapted fr...

Figure 1.18 Numerous applications of 2D nanomaterials [this figure is adapted ...

Figure 1.19 Several applications of 2D MXenes [this figure is adapted from [12...

Figure 1.20 Schematic representation of graphene as a carrier for target deliv...

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Various terms associated with nanomaterials.

Figure 2.2 Attractive area of nanomaterials. Adapted from Ref. [6]. Copyright ...

Figure 2.3 Classification of graphene and graphene-based derivative. Adapted f...

Figure 2.4 The nanomaterials synthetization by top-down and bottom-up approach...

Figure 2.5 Two routes for mechanical exfoliation for micromechanical cleavage ...

Figure 2.6 A model that is representative of the exfoliation of bulk graphite ...

Figure 2.7 Schematic of the homemade microwave plasma-enhanced CVD setup and t...

Figure 2.8 Bright-field conventional transmission electron microscopy image of...

Figure 2.9 DGEBA-based epoxy resin reaction shown schematically with incorpora...

Figure 2.10 The steps for exfoliation of graphite-derived GO through chemical ...

Figure 2.11 (a) Synthetic route of the GNPs from graphite flakes, (b) SEM imag...

Figure 2.12 The process of creating graphene nanosheets using humic acid is il...

Figure 2.13 (a) Schematic representation of the reduced pressure CVD setup for...

Figure 2.14 Create LDHs with various divalent metals for methyl orange dye ads...

Figure 2.15 The different structures of (a) graphene-encapsulated NPs, (b) gra...

Figure 2.16 (a) Metal–organic framework 5 (MOF-5) is produced by combining ter...

Figure 2.17 Synthesis route of COF-LZU1 (a). Proposed structures of COF-LZU1 (...

Figure 2.18 Approaches for TMDs growth types. (a) On SiO

2

/Si or sapphire subst...

Figure 2.19 Liquid exfoliation method of BP synthesis. Reproduced with permiss...

Figure 2.20 Silicene growth processes (a) Epitaxial silicene through depositio...

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Nanosheet surface modification common techniques.

Figure 3.2 Graphite and graphene oxide preparation techniques. Reused with per...

Figure 3.3 Sheet resistance and carrier density of a sample before and after c...

Figure 3.4 SEM image of graphene oxide (GO) and esterified graphene oxide (FGO...

Figure 3.5 Schematic figure of synthesis and sensing mechanism of COOH-MoS

2

-ba...

Figure 3.6 Schematics of MXene carboxylation mechanism. Reused with permission...

Figure 3.7 Schematic illustration of acid-treated MMT silylation and compoundi...

Figure 3.8 Schematic process of MXene Ti

3

C

2

functionalization with diazonium i...

Figure 3.9 Schematic representation of the immobilization of papain onto MXene...

Figure 3.10 pH stability (a), temperature stability (b), storage stability (c)...

Figure 3.11 SEM and TEM images of various 2D nanostructures. a, c

,

and e are t...

Figure 3.12 TEM images of (a) GO-C

3

N

4

hybrid structure and (b) functionalized ...

Figure 3.13 Schematic illustration of the reaction between the GO and g-C3N4 a...

Figure 3.14 Polar graphs of graphene oxide-based gas sensors in the presence o...

Figure 3.15 The modification process on the surface of polysaccharide nanoshee...

Figure 3.16 (a) Optical image of a periodical MoS

2

heterostructure using Ar pl...

Figure 3.17 (a) TEM image of the untreated WS

2

sample and (b) the same sample ...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1

1

H NMR spectra of GO in deuterated DMSO and proposed structure (ins...

Figure 4.2 Solid-state

13

C (MAS) NMR spectra of carboxylated GNS. Reproduced w...

Figure 4.3

13

C (MAS) NMR spectra of (a) graphite oxide (b) GNS. Reproduced wit...

Figure 4.4 Solid-state NMR on boron nitrides. (a)

10

B MAS NMR spectrum of cBN....

Figure 4.5

31

P MAS NMR spectrum for HNbMoO

6

adsorbed with trimethylphosphine o...

Figure 4.6 NMR spectra recorded with and without the addition of MoS

2

and Ni@1...

Figure 4.7

1

HNMR spectrum of BP nanosheets and chemically treated nanosheets. ...

Figure 4.8 (a)

13

C NMR spectra of Ti

3

AlC

2

and synthesized Ti

3

C

2

X

2

in both meth...

Figure 4.9 FTIR spectra of (a) GO nanosheets (b) phenylisocyanate functionaliz...

Figure 4.10 FTIR of (a) GO and (b) reduced GO. Adapted from Ref. [48]. Copyrig...

Figure 4.11 Vacuum FTIR spectra of (a) pristine graphite, (b) exfoliated graph...

Figure 4.12 FTIR spectrum of the h-BN nano-platelets. Reproduced with permissi...

Figure 4.13 FTIR spectra of (a) non-modified hBN nanoparticles and perfluorooc...

Figure 4.14 FTIR spectrum of black phosphorus nanosheets. Adapted from Ref. [5...

Figure 4.15 FTIR spectra of MXenes and adsorbed Cr(VI) and methyl orange. Repr...

Figure 4.16 (a) FTIR spectrum of MoS

2

QDs. (b) FTIR spectrum of WS

2

QDs. Adapted...

Figure 4.17 Comparative XRD curves of graphite, GO, and GNS. Adapted from Ref....

Figure 4.18 XRD patterns of GO-chitosan aerogels. Adapted from Ref. [57]. Copy...

Figure 4.19 XRD of aluminum matrix composite that contains 0.1 wt. % graphene ...

Figure 4.20 UV–Vis spectra of aqueous solution of GO nanosheets at different c...

Figure 4.21 UV–Vis spectra of graphene and GO (inset). Reproduced with permiss...

Figure 4.22 Comparative UV–Vis absorption spectra of the h-BN, CAT, and the CA...

Figure 4.23 UV–Vis absorbance spectra of a solution of CONs (blue) and LCO pow...

Figure 4.24 UV–Vis spectra of MoS

2

, MoSe

2

, WS

2

, and TiS

2

dispersed in NMP. Ada...

Figure 4.25 UV–Vis spectra of BPNS at different concentrations dispersed in NM...

Figure 4.26 Resonance enhancement of solution UV–Vis spectrum of etched MXenes...

Figure 4.27 Fluorescence of GO in non-polar solvent (pentane) and polar solven...

Figure 4.28 Fluorescence spectra of GNs and CDs. Reproduced with permission fr...

Figure 4.29 Fluorescence spectra of hBN powder recorded at different excitatio...

Figure 4.30 Comparative XPS survey spectra of (a) graphite, (b) GO-I, (c) GO-I...

Figure 4.31 XPS spectra for the selected SnO

2

-graphene peaks assigned to (a) c...

Figure 4.32 Comparative XPS spectra of the pristine GO with rGO-TEPA1 and rGO-...

Figure 4.33 High-resolution XPS analysis of N1s peak observed in (a) rGO-TEPA1...

Figure 4.34 Raman spectrum of GO showing G and D band. Adapted from Ref. [101]...

Figure 4.35 Raman spectra of GNs and pristine graphite powder (inset). Reprodu...

Figure 4.36 Raman spectrum of flake type h-BN structure. Reproduced with permi...

Figure 4.37 Raman spectra for (a) WS

2

and (b) WSe

2

in original form (black lin...

Figure 4.38 Raman spectrum of exfoliated BP nanosheets. Reproduced with permis...

Figure 4.39 Raman spectra of (a) Ti

3

C

2

T

x

and (b) exfoliated Ti

3

C

2

T

x

(ex-Ti

3

C

2

T

Figure 4.40 SEM describing the path of electron beam. Reproduced with permissi...

Figure 4.41 SEM imaging of (a) GO and (b) rGO. Reproduced with permission from...

Figure 4.42 FE SEM images of glycopolymer. Adapted from Ref. [115]. Copyright ...

Figure 4.43 FESEM imaging of stigmas of

Cucurbita pepo

L. coated with GO (a) a...

Figure 4.44 FESEM micrographs of (a) PNDA, (b) PNDHXNG1, (c) PNDHXNG2, and (d)...

Figure 4.45 (a) Transmission electron microscope (TEM) describing the path of ...

Figure 4.46 TEM images of (a) the SnO

2

-decorated rGO synthesized by the tradit...

Figure 4.47 TEM images with different magnification (a–c) micrographite (MG) a...

Figure 4.48 TEM imaging from the pristine GO, rGO-TEPA1, and rGO-TEPA2. Adapte...

Figure 4.49 TEM images of different nanocomposites. Adapted from Ref. [121]. C...

Figure 4.50 Diagrammatic presentation of atomic force microscope (AFM). Reprod...

Figure 4.51 AFM imaging of GO sheet as in (a) large field of view and (b) smal...

Figure 4.52 (a) Topographies of graphene before and after the AFM-induced self...

Figure 4.53 Schematic diagram of a confocal microscope for measuring surface t...

Figure 4.54 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) intensity of epitaxial g...

Figure 4.55 Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) imaging of chemical vapo...

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Examples for 2D materials and their structure [4]. Copyright 2023. ...

Figure 5.2 Applications of 2D nanomaterials.

Figure 5.3 Structure of GO and rGO [9]. Copyright 2019. Adapted from Dove Pres...

Figure 5.4 Different structures of MXenes [10]. Copyright 2022. Reproduced wit...

Figure 5.5 Crystal structure of silicone [33]. Copyright 2021. Adapted from Sp...

Figure 5.6 (a) Black phosphorus structure; (b and c) top and side view of BP, ...

Figure 5.7 Crystal structure of MOF [49]. Copyright 2010. Reproduced with perm...

Figure 5.8 (a) Side and top angle of h-BN. (b) The curve of phonon dispersion ...

Figure 5.9 (a) Real ε

1

(

ω

). (b) Imaginary ɛ2 (

ω

) parts of dielec...

Figure 5.10 (a) Absorption coefficient and

(

b) refractive index of h-BN [61]. ...

Figure 5.11 (a) Structure of electronic band. (b) TDOS and PDOS for h-BN [61]....

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Example of natural NMs. (a) A self-replicating hydrophobic effect c...

Figure 6.2 Different kinds of typical 2D NMs [7]. Copyright 2015. Adapted from...

Figure 6.3 Structures of (a) nanoplatelets, (b) graphene nanosheet, and (c) na...

Figure 6.4 (a) Graphene band structure. (b) Crystal structure of graphene with...

Figure 6.5 (a) Representation of TMD structure [13]. Copyright 2011. Reproduc...

Figure 6.6 Crystal structure of LDHs [16]. Copyright 2013. Adapted from Intech...

Figure 6.7 Structure of MAX phases and the analogous MXenes [17]. Copyright 20...

Figure 6.8 Atomic component of the h-BN structure [18]. Copyright 2020. Reprod...

Figure 6.9 The steps from (a) to (c) denote the Scotch tape exfoliation techni...

Figure 6.10 Intercalation of ions (a), interchange ion (b), sonication exfolia...

Figure 6.11 Electrochemical lithiation and exfoliation processes for the fabri...

Figure 6.12 (i) Pictures of a shear mixer. (ii) Diagrams of the shearing steps...

Figure 6.13 Properties and application of 2D NMs [23]. Copyright 2020. Adapted...

Figure 6.14 Schematic representation of important parameters and relevant elec...

Figure 6.15 Illustration of the Hall effect of an electron [24]. Copyright 202...

Figure 6.16 (a) Interface structure in high-k, MoS

2

, and SiO

2

. (b) Interface a...

Figure 6.17 Method of mechanical testing of 2D NMs [23]. Copyright 2020. Adapt...

Figure 6.18 Mechanical testing image by AFM topology. (a) GO image area in 20×...

Figure 6.19 Split photodiode and probe cantilever detector of laser alignment ...

Figure 6.20 Surface image of a Faraday plate by AFM method [23]. Copyright 202...

Figure 6.21 Micromanufacturing diagram of 2D NMs transfer mechanism [35]. Copy...

Figure 6.22 Phonon particle diagram [36]. Copyright 2023. Adapted from MDPI.

Figure 6.23 Output configurations of thermal stability with maximum bond lengt...

Figure 6.24 TGA–DSC curves of Ti

2

C nanosheets [46]. Copyright 2015. Reproduced...

Figure 6.25 TGA–DSC curves of h-BN powder [49]. Copyright 2015. Reproduced wit...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Morphological structures of nanocomposites: (a) phase separated, (b...

Figure 7.2 Schematic depiction of

in situ

polymerization of graphene-based nan...

Figure 7.3 SEM images of polymer products: (a) GO, (b) PAN, (c) PAN-GO nanocom...

Figure 7.4 Schematic depiction of melt-mixing method of graphene-based nanocom...

Figure 7.5 TEM micrographs of (a) Mt PP/PA12 and (b) Mt PP/PA6 nanocomposites ...

Figure 7.6 Schematic depiction of solution blending method of graphene-based n...

Figure 7.7 SEM images of ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (UHMWPE)-BN ...

Figure 7.8 Flexibility of (a) GO-PVA nanocomposite film and its (b) enhanced t...

Figure 7.9 Dependence of the elastic modulus (G’) of uncured natural rubber-si...

Figure 7.10 FESEM image of epoxy/nanoclay nanocomposite at 2% wt. nanoclay. Ad...

Figure 7.11 Breakdown strength vs. the concentration of natural clay in PP and...

Figure 7.12 Frequency-dependent dielectric constant and electrical conductivit...

Figure 7.13 Thermal conductivity enhancement of polymer-BNNS nanocomposites as...

Figure 7.14 Images of residues after CC test of (a1, b1, c1, d1) real picture ...

Figure 7.15 TGA curves of PS and PS/O-MXene nanocomposites with different weig...

Figure 7.16 DSC curves of neat epoxy and epoxy-MXene nanocomposites with diffe...

Figure 7.17 Linear variation of direct and indirect bandgap of PVA-GO nanocomp...

Figure 7.18 Evolution of absorbance at 3400 cm

-1

as a function of irradiation ...

Figure 7.19 Extinction coefficient of neat PLA and PLA-nanoclay nanocomposites...

Figure 7.20 Hysteresis loops of epoxy with graphene-Fe

2

O

3

of different loading...

Figure 7.21 Magnetic properties of PVA-GO@Fe

3

O

4

. (a) ZFC-FC curves at 100 Oe; ...

Figure 7.22 Biocompatibility of GO-cellulose nanocomposite in human EA.hy926 c...

Figure 7.23

In vitro

antibacterial activity. (a) Photographs of agar plates of...

Figure 7.24 Raman spectra of the residual char of functionalized GO-PS nanocom...

Figure 7.25 CV curves of PL-rGO at different scan rates. Reprinted with permis...

Figure 7.26 Mechanism of the adsorption on magnetic GO of (a) metal ions and (...

Figure 7.27 Experimental demonstration of GO-polyallylamine (PAA)-based struct...

Figure 7.28 (a) Electric displacement and (b) energy density against applied e...

Figure 7.29 Calculated reflection loss of Co NPs/ZIF67 nanocomposite samples w...

Figure 7.30 Schematic illustration of biological drug-loaded GO. (a) Plasmid D...

Figure 7.31 SEM micrographs of (a) PCL fiber, (b) PCL MMT clay fiber nanocompo...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 Flow chart showing the outline of the chapter.

Figure 8.2 Schematic showing various polymer nanocomposites based on the dimen...

Figure 8.3 Representative 2D materials like graphene, transition metal dichalc...

Figure 8.4 Control of nanofiller dispersion in the polymer matrix starting fro...

Figure 8.5 Wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) spectra of (a) iPP and (b) PEO ...

Figure 8.6 Raman spectra of (a) iPP, graphene (G), and iPP crystallized on gra...

Figure 8.7 Raman spectra of (a) graphene (G), iPP crystallized on graphene (G-...

Figure 8.8 (a) ATR–FTIR spectra of UiO-66-NH

2

, PIM-g-MOF, and PIM-PI-1;

1

H NMR...

Figure 8.9 SEM images of fractured surfaces for (a and b) pure PVA films and (...

Figure 8.10 TEM image of the PVA/MoS

2

-MTS (1.0 wt%) hybrid film. Reproduced wi...

Figure 8.11 AFM images showing the surface top view of (a) Pebax and (b) PIM-g...

Figure 8.12 Variation in electrical conductivity as a function of temperature ...

Figure 8.13 The variation in electrical conductivity of PVA/rGO composite film...

Figure 8.14 Variation in dielectric permittivity with the variation in (a) GO ...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Damping properties of (a) epoxy/graphene platelets and (b) epoxy/su...

Figure 9.2 Thermal conduction in various composites dependent on different fac...

Figure 9.3 Experimental TC factors of diamond, graphite (in-plane), CNT, suspe...

Figure 9.4 (a) TC of graphene-layer composite with 1.0 vol% and 5.0% vs. size ...

Figure 9.5 (a) Simulation outcome illustrating the influences of number (

n

) of...

Figure 9.6 TC of composites of neat epoxy, GO, and Al(OH)

3

-FG [61]. Copyright ...

Figure 9.7 Influences of the graphene content (vol %) of the GNPs in different...

Figure 9.8 Comparing TC of TCA-rGO/PA and rGO/PA [76]. Copyright 2016. Reprodu...

Figure 9.9 TC of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs)/epoxy, graphene/epoxy,...

Figure 9.10 Vacancy arrangements in 2D materials: (a) graphene, (b) MoS

2

(Mo p...

Figure 9.11 Atomic configuration of polymer nanocomposite reinforced with grap...

Figure 9.12 Tensile and flexural characteristics of cured RGO/epoxy composites...

Figure 9.13 Mechanical characteristics of polymers, which are pure, polymer co...

Figure 9.14 Load and stress transfer in PNCs [113]. Copyright 2021. Adapted fr...

Figure 9.15 (a, b) Storage modulus (Gʹ) and loss modulus (Gʹʹ) of WS

2

/EG nanof...

Figure 9.16 Storage and loss modulus versus strain amplitude at different nano...

Figure 9.17 Storage and loss modulus versus shear frequency at different nanos...

Figure 9.18 (a) Mean square end-to-end distance and radius of gyration versus ...

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1 Diagrammatic illustration of the comprehensive synthesis process o...

Figure 10.2 Diagrammatic representation of the synthesis of (a) binary nanocom...

Figure 10.3 TEM images of prepared PMMA/GO nanocomposite [42]. Reproduced with...

Figure 10.4 Preparative route to PEG/WS

2

nanocomposites [54]. Reproduced with ...

Figure 10.5 Specific capacitance and cycling stability studies. (a) Areal capa...

Figure 10.6 SEM images of (a) GO and (b) RGO [67]. Reproduced with permission ...

Figure 10.7 Pictorial illustration of the composite PL-rGO film [69]. Reproduc...

Figure 10.8 Diagrammatical illustration of the PANI interaction to CNT and BN,...

Figure 10.9 The cyclic voltammetric plots of (a) MoS

2

, (b) PPy, and (c) MoS

2

/P...

Figure 10.10 (a) HRTEM and SAED images of the exfoliated MoS

2;

(b) SEM of MoS

2

Figure 10.11 (a) Plots of GCD of Co-MOF. (b) PANI. (c) Co-MOF/PANI at various ...

Figure 10.12 Diagrammatic representation of synthesizing sandwich structure of...

Figure 10.13 Electrochemical plots of Nb

2

CT

x

/CNT electrodes with different loa...

Figure 10.14 Synthetic procedure of CSC and CSC@Ti3C2Tx electrode. Reproduced ...

Figure 10.15 SEM and STEM images of (a, b) pure BP NFs; (c, d) PANI@BP nanocom...

Figure 10.16 Specific capacitance of samples [104]. Reproduced with permission...

Figure 10.17 SEM and FESEM images of (a and c) GNP and (b and d) GPN [104]. Re...

Figure 10.18 Synthetic route of the CoMn LDH/PPy composite material [105]. Rep...

Chapter 11

Figure 11.1 List of materials used as electrodes and electrolytes in LIBs.

Figure 11.2 (a) Schematic representation for movement of ions throughout the c...

Figure 11.3 Comparison studies of Li

+

-ion capacity and potential w.r.t ...

Figure 11.4 (a) Charging/discharging curves of the 1st and 2nd cycle, (b) CV p...

Figure 11.5 (a, b) SEM and (c, d) TEM micrograph of G@PI composites, (e–g) SEM...

Figure 11.6 SEM image of PVdF-HFP membrane with and without GNs: (a) PVdF-HFP ...

Figure 11.7 (a) Nyquist curves of Pure PI, Celgard, and TiO

2

@PI separators, (b...

Figure 11.8 SEM image of (a) MoS

2

, (b) MoS

2

/P composites, (c) TEM micrograph o...

Figure 11.9 Electrochemical performance. (a) CV plots of the MoS2-PPY-rGO elec...

Figure 11.10 (a) Cyclic voltammetry and (b) charge/discharge plots of OMPDA/Ti

Figure 11.11 Structural top view of synthesis. (a) TThPP (thiophene marked as ...

Figure 11.12 (a) Synthesis of carbon-coated hBN PVDF polymer composites, (b) s...

Figure 11.13 Electrochemical performance of porous hBN and the PP/PE/PP separa...

Figure 11.14 (a to c) SEM and an inserted image in (a) was the optical image o...

Figure 11.15 Charging/discharging plots of LiFePO

4

/Li cells. (a) SPE and (b) C...

Figure 11.16 CV plots of (a) BP/CNTs@PPy and (b) BP/CNT electrode at 0.1 mV/s,...

Chapter 12

Figure 12.1 (a) Preparation of the PANI nanocomposite, (b) image layer of prep...

Figure 12.2 (a) SEM image and (b) TEM images of the GR/Fe

3

O

4

@PANI nanocomposi...

Figure 12.3 (a) Image of self-charging power cell, (b) SEM micrograph of GO an...

Figure 12.4 (a) A diagram illustrating the mechanisms by which PANI-ES and GO ...

Figure 12.5 (a) A diagram showing the ultraviolet photoelectron spectra (UPS) ...

Figure 12.6 (a) Schematic presentation of the prepared PNCs film: PANI/GO and ...

Figure 12.7 (a) Schematic preparation of FGNP electrolyte layers, (b) SEM micr...

Figure 12.8 SEM images of MXene Ti

2

CT

x

, with different magnifications [71]. Co...

Figure 12.9 (a) Schematic preparation of [Mo

1.33

C(MXene)/PEDOT:PSS] composite ...

Figure 12.10 Structure and preparation scheme for Car-ETTA, and TFPPy-ETTA COF...

Figure 12.11 Morphologies of: (a) PI-COF particles, (b) PI-COF particles (TEM ...

Figure 12.12 (a) SEM of (BiOI), (b) SEM of (5-F-BP/BiOI), (c) EDX mapping of (...

Figure 12.13 Diagram of the preparation of PAMPy-dendron on talc surface [96]....

Figure 12.14 (a) II, IV and V are the PAMPy dendron on phyllosilicate plane, a...

Figure 12.15 (a) The operating mechanism of the DSSC before and after addition...

Figure 12.16 (a) The schematic preparation of ZrO

2

-C from native ZrO

2

, and (b)...

Figure 12.17 TEM image of (a) ZrO

2

, (b) ZrO

2

-g-POEM, (c) ZrO

2

-C, (d) magnified...

Figure 12.18 (a) J-V curves, (b) EIS Nyquist plots, (c) IMVS, and (d) IPCE of ...

Figure 12.19 (a) Schematic illustration of sonochemical method at 300°C, (b) s...

Chapter 13

Figure 13.1 PFSA chemical structure (for Nafion: X=1, Y=2) [19]. Copyright 201...

Figure 13.2 Classification of membrane used in PEMs.

Figure 13.3 Chemical structure of chitosan.

Figure 13.4 Graphene and other 2D nanomaterials.

Figure 13.5 The structure and properties of graphene and its analogous materia...

Figure 13.6 Methods for producing graphene.

Figure 13.7 An illustration of SGO.

Figure 13.8 Performances of the fuel cell at 70°C and 100% RH with (◾) plain r...

Figure 13.9 Mechanical characteristics of (a) SPAES/PFPE-GO and (b) Nafion/PFP...

Figure 13.10 Tensile stress and elongation at break at different RH for membra...

Figure 13.11 Types of the surface functional group of clay.

Figure 13.12 General structure of montmorillonite [79]. Copyright 2010. Adapte...

Figure 13.13 General chemical structure of LDH (left) and details of the octah...

Figure 13.14 LAP nanocrystal geometry and general chemical structure of laponi...

Figure 13.15 The structure of g-C

3

N

4

.

Figure 13.16 Chemical structure of hexagonal boron nitride [96]. Copyright 201...

Figure 13.17 Diagram showing left (a) and front (b) view of the structure of T...

Figure 13.18 Perspective views of monolayer AB

2

[107]. Copyright 2019. Adapted...

Figure 13.19 Structure of a hexagonal TMO monolayer of Mn

2

O

3

. Mn atoms are in ...

Figure 13.20 Obstruction of methanol molecules by nanofillers alignment.

Figure 13.21 The SAXS/WAXS patterns for Nafion 117 in three forms, taken at 25...

Chapter 14

Figure 14.1 Dielectric effects of the rGO/PDMS nanoparticle. The dynamic respo...

Figure 14.2 At 25°C, the dielectric characteristics of PVDF sheets loaded with...

Figure 14.3 Dielectric constant (a) and loss (b) of the composite films of rG-...

Figure 14.4 The dielectric constant’s frequency dependence. Reprinted with per...

Figure 14.5 Stability of the dielectrics. (a) The dielectric constant’s temper...

Figure 14.6 Temperature dependency of dielectric constant and loss factor in n...

Figure 14.7 Strength of dielectric relaxation Δε

β

for the β-relaxation ...

Figure 14.8 Dielectric constant (a) and dielectric loss (b) of as-prepared sam...

Figure 14.9 ε’ of (a) MoS2-Bulk/wax and (c) MoS2-NS/wax with different loading...

Figure 14.10 Upper edge (a) and cross-section SEM images of clean PI (b), and ...

Figure 14.11 The dielectric constant of BP nanoflakes in the composites in dep...

Figure 14.12 (a) TEM image of the sheet. (b) ED pattern recorded along the [0,...

Figure 14.13 (a) Dielectric constant and (b) loss vs frequency for the as-prep...

Figure 14.14 (a) Composite dielectric constant, ɛ

c

, determined at ambient temp...

Figure 14.15 (a) Permittivity and dielectric loss of MXene/P(VDF-TrFE-CFE) as ...

Figure 14.16 The interpretation and analysis of dielectric constant as functio...

Figure 14.17 Dielectric constants of d-Ti

3

C

2

T

x

/PDMS & HPSi-d-Ti

3

C

2

T

x

/PDMS comp...

Figure 14.18 The relationship between the dielectric constant and frequency is...

Figure 14.19 Frequency dependence, (a) dielectric permittivity, loss, (b) AC c...

Figure 14.20 The real and imaginary components of the complex permittivity in ...

Chapter 15

Figure 15.1 Schematic representation for various classes of 2D materials, e.g....

Figure 15.2 Structural representation of parent MAX phases and their correspon...

Figure 15.3 Schematic representation of graphene-polymer nanocomposite formati...

Figure 15.4 Schematic representation for fabrication method of graphene web-ep...

Figure 15.5 Fabrication process for graphene-polymer nanocomposites by stackin...

Figure 15.6 Auto perforation process for fabrication of 2D materials based mic...

Figure 15.7 A schematic representation of semiconductor nanocrystals undergoin...

Figure 15.8 (a) Dome-shaped 2D TiO

2

film and their morphology: (a) SEM picture...

Figure 15.9 (A) The kinetics of UV-vis irradiated dye degradation study: (a) C...

Figure 15.10 Synthesis of AgNPs/PSMF/GO nanocomposite catalyst [56]. Copyright...

Figure 15.11 (a) Graphical diagram showing the fabrication of Au NPs@GFDP hybr...

Figure 15.12 Thermoresponsive switching effect using nanocomposite of AuNPs/PN...

Figure 15.13 (a) Schematic illustration of the synthesis of composite nanofibe...

Figure 15.14 (a) The UV-Vis studies of 4-nitrophenol reduction and (b) their r...

Figure 15.15 (a-d) Graphical representation to demonstrate the bottom-up LBL a...

Figure 15.16 Visible light-induced photocatalytic HER activity of P.RGO-MoS

2

n...

Figure 15.17 (a) The band positions PPy and MoS

2

are shown graphically. (b) Ph...

Figure 15.18 The schematic representation to demonstrate the possible mechanis...

Figure 15.19 Graphical illustration showing the mechanism of photocatalytic dy...

Figure 15.20 (a) Schematic showing the oxidation of styrene. (b) Styrene oxida...

Figure 15.21 Catalytic degradation of methyl paraoxon and comparison of cataly...

Figure 15.22 (a) Graphical representation to show the photothermal catalysis t...

Chapter 16

Figure 16.1 Two-dimensional nanomaterials.

Figure 16.2 Preparation of 2D nanomaterial-based PNCs.

Figure 16.3 (a) Bar graph showing publication of research articles within ten ...

Figure 16.4 Structure of LDH [21]. Copyright 2011. Reproduced with permission ...

Figure 16.5 Drug loading capacity of exfoliated Mt layers [37]. Copyright 2013...

Figure 16.6 Bactericidal activity of (a)

E. coli

and (b)

S. aureus

, (c, d) SEM...

Figure 16.7 Schematic representation of preparation and bactericidal activity ...

Figure 16.8 Preparation of DNA-incorporated TMD nanosheet and TEM image of mor...

Figure 16.9 Biomedical applications of functionalized BP [81]. Copyright 2019....

Figure 16.10 Biomedical applications of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs.

Figure 16.11 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs for drug delivery application [101]. ...

Figure 16.12 Evaluation of bactericidal action of MSN-PEG, MSN-PEG/BP, MSN-PEG...

Figure 16.13 Various sensing analytes of PNC-based biosensors.

Figure 16.14 Graphene-based PNCs for glucose sensing [132]. Copyright 2022. Re...

Chapter 17

Figure 17.1 Applications of different types of 2D nanomaterials in TE [1]. Cop...

Figure 17.2 Schematic representation of engineered alginate hydrogel films con...

Figure 17.3 Fabricated structures of electrospun mats, 3D scaffolds, hydrogels...

Figure 17.4 (a) Schematic representation of multi-biofunctional composites of ...

Figure 17.5 The morphological and phenotypic alterations in hMSCs cultured on ...

Figure 17.6 Schematic representation of 3D printed scaffolds of PVA/h-BN/bacte...

Figure 17.7 (a) Interactions of NC with polymers [63]. Copyright 2017. Reprodu...

Figure 17.8 Schematic illustration of the process of 3D scaffold preparation f...

Figure 17.9 Fabrication of bilayer 3D nanofiber grafts loaded with layered dou...

Figure 17.10 Synergistic imaging and therapeutic use of TMO for UCL. (a) Decom...

Figure 17.11 The reciprocal relation between MOFs and polymers in their hybrid...

Figure 17.12 Biomedical applications of COFs. (a) Schematic representation of ...

Figure 17.13 WS

2

-IO–MS-PEG synthesis and characterization. (a) The preparation...

Figure 17.14 Cyan–BPNS production and photosynthesis-enhanced PDT scheme. (a) ...

Figure 17.15 Bacterial cellulose/MXene composite hydrogel. (a) Schematic of rB...

Chapter 18

Figure 18.1 Properties of 2D nanomaterial-based PNC.

Figure 18.2 Examples of 2D nanomaterials.

Figure 18.3 Antibacterial activities of graphene-based PNC.

Figure 18.4 Antibacterial activities of GNS [42]. Copyright 2012. Reproduced w...

Figure 18.5 Antibacterial action of MXene [49]. Copyright 2018. Reproduced wit...

Figure 18.6 Characteristic properties of smectite clay. Adapted from reference...

Figure 18.7 Antibacterial effect of chitosan based MMT/Cuo nanocomposite [63]....

Figure 18.8 Applications of LDH.

Figure 18.9 Schematic representation of drug loading in LDH nanoparticles by i...

Figure 18.10 Advantages and characteristic related to drug administration, and...

Figure 18.11 Schematic illustrations of preparation of CMC-SPI-BNNS and adsorp...

Figure 18.12 Possible photoctalytic mechanism of the antibacterial activity of...

Figure 18.13 TEM images of

E. coli

bacteria exposed to TMDs (CdS, MoS

2

, and WS

Figure 18.14 Antibacterial action of MOF [133]. Copyright 2016. Reproduced wit...

Figure 18.15 Colonies of

E. coli

and

S. aureus

under the effect of various dev...

Chapter 19

Figure 19.1 The various 2D nanomaterials and diagrammatic representation of th...

Figure 19.2 Two different postulated structures of the g-C

3

N

4

[60]. Copyright ...

Figure 19.3 Diagram representing the family of graphene. (a) Normal graphene, ...

Figure 19.4 Some Xene nanomaterials: (a) structure of borophene, (b) structure...

Figure 19.5 Some structures of chalcogenides: (a) 2H-MX

2

(red represents M, bl...

Figure 19.6 The structure of 2D oxides: (a) MnO

2

(pink represents Mn, red repr...

Figure 19.7 Schematic of interfacial polymerization via catalysis diffusion-co...

Figure 19.8 (a, b) TFC membrane’s (c, d) TFN membrane’s cross-section images a...

Figure 19.9 Diagram showing the development of TpPa/PSF membranes through inte...

Figure 19.10 SEM images of PGO/PES cross-sections [101]. Copyright 2020. Repro...

Figure 19.11 Diagram of preparing GO/PEI (polyethyleneimine) NF membrane in an...

Figure 19.12 Diagrammatic representation of preparing Polyamide/MXene membrane...

Chapter 20

Figure 20.1 The sensors based on 2D-nanolayer reinforced polymer composites an...

Figure 20.2 Represents the steps involved in the fabrication of TiO

2

-reinforce...

Figure 20.3 Various steps for fabricating α-MoO

3

nanorod-reinforced PANI films...

Figure 20.4 Deposition of MOF film on a polymer substrate with graphitic elect...

Figure 20.5 (a) MOF-based sensor device on patterned electrodes and (b) graphi...

Figure 20.6 (a) The schematic of the sensory mechanism of Au/PPy composites an...

Figure 20.7 (a) Interfacial region of the polymeric matrix the nanofiller, (b)...

Figure 20.8 Scheme representing the humidity sensing mechanism of 2D nanolayer...

Figure 20.9 (a) Construction and (b) sensitivity towards methanol of P3HT/rGO-...

Figure 20.10 (a) Scheme displaying the various stages of developing epoxy/Au/M...

Figure 20.11 The sensing performance of PANI/Ti

3

C

2

T

x

- flexible sensors. (a) C...

Figure 20.12 (a) Shows the MXene sheath/PU core fiber fabricated and its photo...

Figure 20.13 The synthesis method of G-PANI-PVDF sensor and (b) the schematic ...

Figure 20.14 Schematic representation of intercalated Cloisite 30B clay layers...

Chapter 21

Figure 21.1 XRD spectra of graphite and graphene oxide [94]. Copyright 2020. A...

Figure 21.2 HRTEM images of WS

2

thin films (a) monolayer WS

2

with triangular a...

Figure 21.3 Raman spectra of (a) chloride form samples and (b) nitrate form sa...

Figure 21.4 Schematic diagram of CVD system [110]. Copyright 2020. Adapted fro...

Figure 21.5 Solvothermal synthesis of MOF structures [113]. Copyright 2013. Re...

Figure 21.6 A fabrication process of MXenes via molten salt etching [117]. Cop...

Figure 21.7 (a) PEI@G preparation (b) R

p

, and (c) R

ct

values after immersion i...

Figure 21.8 Corrosion protection mechanism of (a) neat epoxy (b) the bulk g-C

3

Figure 21.9 PEI-BNNS synthesis mechanism [194]. Copyright 2020. Reproduced wit...

Figure 21.10 TEM images of (a) bulk h-BN, (b) and (c) PEI-BNNS [194]. Copyrigh...

Figure 21.11 SEM images of fractured surface of (a) neat epoxy, (b) h-BN/epoxy...

Figure 21.12 Self-healing mechanism of Zn-Al-LDH on Al substrate [224]. Copyri...

Figure 21.13 LDHs ion exchange mechanism in the concrete environment [225]. Co...

Figure 21.14 TEM images of (a) Ti

3

AlC

2

(b) Ti

3

C

2

, (c and d) anti-corrosion per...

Guide

Cover Page

Table of Contents

Series Page

Title Page

Copyright Page

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials-Based Polymer Nanocomposites

Processing, Properties and Applications

Edited by

Mayank Pandey

Department of Electronics, Kristu Jayanti College, Bangalore, India

Kalim Deshmukh

New Technologies-Research Centre, University of West Bohemia, Plzeň, Czech Republic

and

Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Department of Chemistry & Environmental Sciences, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey, USA

This edition first published 2024 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2024 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-90484-7

Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson

Preface

The advent of graphene in 2004 has brought tremendous attention to two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials. Lately, this has prompted researchers to explore new 2D nanomaterials for cutting-edge research in diverse fields. 2D nanomaterials exhibit ultrathin sheet-like structure, high surface area, abundant surface-active sites, excellent electron mobility, and electron transfer platform than zero-dimensional (0D) and one-dimensional (1D) counterparts. 2D nanomaterials such as layered silicates (nanoclays), transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDs), transition metal oxides (TMOs), layered double hydroxides (LDHs), metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), palladium, germanene, silicene, phosphorene, black phosphorous (BP), hexagonal boron nitrides (h-BN), and MXenes are of particular interest in diverse cutting-edge research fields because of their distinct characteristics and applications.

Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) represent a fascinating group of novel materials that exhibit intriguing properties such as lightweight, low cost, ease of processability, and the capability of tuning the properties of pristine polymers. The unique combination of polymer and nanomaterial not only overcomes the limitations of polymer matrices but also changes their structural, morphological, and physicochemical properties thereby broadening their application potential. The properties of PNCs can be targeted and their formulation and processing can be manipulated to achieve the desired properties depending on the end-use applications. 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs give tremendous opportunities to design multifaceted materials for innovative applications that originate from the outstanding properties of 2D nanofillers. Although 2D nanomaterials have similar geometries, they present substantially distinct electrical, thermal, optical, and electromagnetic properties, which provide an engrossing pathway to create PNCs with multifaceted properties. However, the key aspect is the systematic reinforcement of 2D nanofillers in the polymer matrix in order to translate their unique properties into the resulting PNCs. These novel PNCs can be potentially used in energy storage and conversion, EMI shielding, food packaging, biomedical and drug delivery, architecture, automotive, and environmental applications.

This book presents an extensive discussion on fundamental chemistry, classifications, structure, unique properties, and applications of various 2D nanomaterials. Moreover, this book provides a state-of-the-art discussion on fabrication and processing methods, characterizations, and numerous applications of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs. The book comprises 21 chapters covering various topics. Chapter 1 introduces 2D nanomaterials and discusses their discovery, classifications, structures, unique properties, and applications. Chapter 2 discusses different synthesis and processing methods of 2D nanomaterials. Chapter 3 provides a discussion on different spectroscopic and microscopic characterizations of numerous 2D nanomaterials.

Chapter 4 considers the structural, optical, and electronic properties of diverse types of 2D nanomaterials. Chapter 5 deals with the electrical, mechanical, and thermal properties of various 2D nanomaterials. Chapter 6 gives an overview of different functionalization and surface modification strategies of various 2D nanomaterials.

Chapter 7 reviews the processing and fabrication methods of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs. Chapter 8 examines the structural, morphological, and electrical properties of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs. Chapter 9 details the thermal, mechanical, and viscoelastic properties of PNCs based on 2D nanomaterials. Chapter 10 offers a comprehensive review of supercapacitor applications of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs.

Chapter 11 discusses applications of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs in rechargeable lithium-ion batteries. Chapter 12 gives information about solar energy applications of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs. Chapter 13 provides a critical discussion on the fuel cell applications of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs. Chapter 14 provides a discussion on the applications of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs as high-k dielectrics.

Chapter 15 explains catalytic and photocatalytic applications of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs. Chapters 16-18 provide a discussion on tissue engineering, antibacterial and drug delivery applications of various 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs. Chapter 19 gives a critical review of 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs for liquid and gas separation applications. Chapter 20 discusses the applications of gas and volatile compound sensing. Chapter 21 presents a detailed overview of anticorrosive coatings based on 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs.

Overall, this book is beneficial to researchers from academia and industry, helping them to identify and explore the emerging trends in 2D nanomaterials-based PNCs for diverse applications. We highly appreciate the excellent chapter contributions from all parts of the world. Our sincere appreciation also goes to Martin Scrivener and his entire team for their dedicated support during the book publication.

Dr. Mayank Pandey

Dr. Kalim Deshmukh

Prof. Chaudhery Mustansar Hussain

Part 1CLASSIFICATIONS, SYNTHESIS METHODS AND SURFACE MODIFICATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL NANOMATERIALS

1Introduction to Two-Dimensional Nanomaterials: Discovery, Types and Classifications, Structure, Unique Properties, and Applications

Ishrat Fatma1, Humira Assad1 and Ashish Kumar2*

1Department of Chemistry, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, India

2Nalanda College of Engineering, Bihar Engineering University, Department of Science, Technology and Technical Education, Government of Bihar, India

Abstract