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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
URBAN ENERGY SYSTEMS With climate change and energy issues infiltrating seemingly every aspect of our lives, it is more important than ever to continue the march toward sustainability. It is not just about switching to a gasoline-free car or installing solar panels. Many countries, including our own, are dealing with these very difficult problems by converting to "smart cities" and other "green energy" projects. This is perhaps one of the most important issues facing our world today. Urban energy systems play a critical role in the sustainability and resilience of smart cities. As cities continue to grow and face increasing energy demands, it becomes essential to develop efficient and sustainable energy solutions. Modelling and simulation techniques provide valuable insights into the design, operation, and optimization of urban energy systems, supporting the transition towards more sustainable and smart cities. This perspective highlights the importance of modelling and simulation in achieving sustainable urban energy systems and their role in shaping smart cities. Modelling and simulation play a crucial role in achieving sustainable urban energy systems and shaping smart cities. By integrating diverse energy systems, optimizing renewable energy integration, enabling demand-side management, supporting microgrid and storage system design, enhancing resilience, and facilitating policy evaluation, these tools empower decision-makers to develop and implement sustainable energy solutions. Embracing a modelling and simulation perspective in urban energy planning supports the transition towards more sustainable, efficient, and resilient smart cities that meet the energy needs of present and future generations. This book uncovers the latest research in the field of urban energy sustainability and climate management. Urban energy sustainability and climate management have been employed successfully for various purposes like human-computer interaction, decision-making, recommender systems, and so on. Data analytics have supported these applications through various efficient and effective methods. Covering all of these topics, this is a "one-stop shop" for engineers, students, policymakers, scientists, and other industry professionals working with smart cities and urban energy systems. It is a must have for any library.
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Seitenzahl: 377
Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Table of Contents
Cover
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Chapters and Affiliations
1 Emerging Trends of Urban Energy Systems and Management
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Research Motivation
1.3 Stand-Alone and Minigrid-Connected Solar Energy Systems
1.4 Conclusion
References
2 Transitions in the Urban Energy Scenario and Approaches
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Recent Transformation in Energy Sectors
2.3 Research Progressions
2.4 Breaking the Cycle
2.5 Conclusion
2.6 Future Implications
References
3 Urban Renewable Energy Resource Optimization Systems
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Literature Review
3.3 Conclusion
References
4 Approaches for District-Scale Urban Energy Quantification and Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Energy Potential Assessment
4.1 Introduction
4.2 District-Scale Urban Energy Modelling
4.3 Evaluation of Energy Performance – The Case in Chennai
4.4 Discussions and Conclusions
4.5 Conclusions
References
5 Energy Consumption in Urban India: Usage and Ignorance
5.1 Background
5.2 Introduction
5.3 Energy Outlook for India
5.4 Power Demand and Resources in India
5.5 Energy and Environment
5.6 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for Indian Electricity Sector
5.7 Results
5.8 Conclusions
References
6 Solar Energy from the Urban Areas: A New Direction Towards Indian Power Sector
6.1 Introduction
6.2 Renewable Energy Chain in India
6.3 Development of Solar Photovoltaic and Solar Thermal Plants
6.4 Solar Photovoltaic Market in India
6.5 Need for Solar Energy
6.6 Government Initiatives
6.7 Challenges for Solar Thermal Systems
6.8 Benefits of Solar PV
6.9 Causes of Delay in Solar PV Implementation and Ways to Quicken the Rate of Installation
6.10 Future Trends of Solar PV
6.11 Conclusion
References
Other Works Consulted
7 Energy Management Strategies of a Microgrid: Review, Challenges, Opportunities, Future Scope
7.1 Introduction
7.2 Methodology
7.3 Preliminary
7.4 Challenges of Energy Management in Microgrids
7.5 Opportunities
7.6 Future Research Direction
7.7 Conclusion
References
8 Urban Solid Waste Management for Energy Generation
8.1 Introduction
8.2 Literature Review
8.3 Methodology
8.4 Case Study
8.5 Research Findings: Challenges of Waste-to-Energy Conversion
8.6 Recommendations
8.7 Conclusions and Discussion
Acknowledgements
References
9 Energy from Urban Waste: A Mysterious Opportunity for Energy Generation Potential
9.1 Introduction
9.2 Scenario of Solid Waste Management of Various Countries Around the World
9.3 Waste-to-Energy Processes
9.4 Challenges to Waste-to-Energy Generation
9.5 Conclusion
References
10 Sustainable Urban Planning and Sprawl Assessment Using Shannon’s Entropy Model for Energy Management
10.1 Introduction
10.2 Study Area
10.3 Materials and Methodology
10.4 Results and Discussion
10.5 Conclusion
Acknowledgements
References
11 Sustainable Natural Spaces for Microclimate Mitigation to Meet Future Urban Energy Challenges
11.1 Introduction
11.2 Nature and Human Connection
11.3 Urban Gardening
11.4 Urban Greening and Energy Benefits
11.5 Nurturing a Connection to Nature in Early Years
11.6 Conclusion
11.7 Future Implication
References
12 Synthesis and Future Perspective
12.1 Introduction
12.2 Synthesis of the Research
12.3 Future Urban Energy Policies, and Initiatives
12.4 The Challenge Ahead
12.5 Strategies for Improvement
References
About the Editor
Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Floor-wise area statement of the study area, 2013.
Table 4.2 Archetype building energy quantification.
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Various energy demands projected for 2035.
Chapter 10
Table 10.1 Area distribution of LULC for 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020.
Table 10.2 Increase in the urban area (km
2
) of Gandhinagar City, Gujarat.
Table 10.3 Population data of the study area.
List of Illustrations
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Kannadasan Nagar, Chennai - case area location map (Source: Prepare...
Figure 4.2 The footprint of the study area along with building uses.
Figure 4.3 Indicative representations of archetypes.
Figure 4.4 3D urban energy map of the case area.
Figure 4.5 PV potential of the case is in 3D.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 Taxonomy of the paper.
Figure 7.2 Literature review diagram.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 BBMP organizational chart.
Figure 8.2 Waste composition in Bangalore.
Figure 8.3 Methodology.
Figure 8.4 Non-segregated waste managing plant at Jabalpur.
Figure 8.5 Waste to power plant turns to dump yard in Pune.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 Diagrammatic concept representation of integrated sustainable solid...
Figure 9.2 Growth in GDP and corresponding growth in MSW generation for differ...
Figure 9.3 Regional waste generation around the world (short-term and long-ter...
Figure 9.4 Waste-to-energy processes can be divided widely into three categori...
Figure 9.5 Setup of an incineration plant [12].
Figure 9.6 Diagrammatic view of the gasification process [14].
Figure 9.7 Schematic of pyrolysis process to yield various products.
Figure 9.8 Diagrammatic view of anaerobic digestion of MSW [16].
Figure 9.9 Percentage composition of typical landfill gas [18].
Chapter 10
Figure 10.1 Location map for the present study.
Figure 10.2 Methodology flow chart for the study.
Figure 10.3 LULC maps of 1990, 2000, 20210, and 2020.
Figure 10.4 LULC change detection maps of Gandhinagar City, Gujarat.
Figure 10.5 Urban growth for Gandhinagar between 1990 and 2020 based on Shanno...
Guide
Cover Page
Series Page
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Acknowledgements
List of Chapters and Affiliations
Table of Contents
Begin Reading
About the Editor
Index
Also of Interest
WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT
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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
Urban Energy Systems
Modeling and Simulation for Smart Cities
Edited by
Deepak Kumar
This edition first published 2023 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2023 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 9781119847441
Cover image: Networking Metropolis, AICANDY | Dreamstime.comCover design by Kris Hackerott
Preface
Urban Energy Systems refer to the systems that supply energy to urban areas for various purposes, such as electricity generation, heating, cooling, and transportation. These systems are becoming increasingly important due to the growth of urbanization and the need to reduce carbon emissions and increase energy efficiency. Some examples of urban energy systems include:
Energy systems:
Aims to develop efficient and sustainable heating and cooling systems for urban areas. This includes research on the use of renewable energy sources including geothermal, solar thermal, and waste heat recovery.
Energy-efficient buildings:
Focuses on developing building technologies and systems to reduce energy consumption and improve indoor air quality. It includes research on building envelope design, lighting systems, HVAC systems, and building automation.
Electricity generation and distribution systems:
Includes power plants, transmission lines, and distribution networks to provide electricity to homes, businesses, and public facilities.
Heating and cooling systems:
Includes heating and cooling networks which use central heating and cooling plants to supply energy to multiple buildings in a neighbourhood or region.
Transportation systems:
Includes public transportation networks like buses, trains, and subways to provide energy-efficient alternatives to personal vehicles. The research aims to develop energy-efficient and sustainable transportation options, such as electric vehicles and public transportation systems to reduce emissions and congestion in urban areas.
Renewable energy systems:
Include solar panels, wind turbines, and other renewable energy sources to be built an urban energy system to reduce reliance on fossil fuels towards a decrease in carbon emissions.
Smart grid technology:
Focuses on developing advanced technology and control systems for electricity generation, transmission, and distribution. Smart grids incorporate renewable energy sources, energy storage, and demand response mechanisms to increase the efficiency and reliability of the electricity grid.
Energy policy and planning:
Focuses on developing policies and strategies to promote sustainable and resilient urban energy systems, including incentives for renewable energy development, energy efficiency programs, and urban planning strategies to reduce energy consumption.
Research on urban energy systems is a rapidly evolving field, with a focus on developing sustainable and resilient energy systems for urban areas. Hence, the study on urban energy systems plays a critical role in ensuring the sustainability and resilience of urban areas, and there is increasing focus on developing innovative and efficient systems to link the energy needs of growing cities with developing sustainable and resilient cities with innovation and collaboration among researchers, industry, and policymakers to meet the energy requirements of urban areas.
The development of sustainable and smart cities requires the integration of various energy systems and technologies to meet the increasing demand for energy while minimizing environmental impacts. Modelling and simulation can provide valuable insights into the performance of urban energy systems and support decision-making for sustainable urban energy planning. A modelling and simulation perspective for sustainable smart cities involves developing models of energy systems and simulating their performance under different scenarios. These models can help urban planners and policymakers evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of various energy technologies and strategies. In general, a modelling and simulation approach can be used to evaluate the performance of renewable energy sources, such as solar and wind power, in an urban context. The model can consider factors such as the location, orientation, and capacity of the renewable energy system and simulate its performance under different weather conditions and energy demand scenarios. Likewise, models can be developed to simulate the performance of district heating and cooling systems, electric vehicle charging infrastructure, and smart grid technologies. These models can help evaluate the impact of different energy policies and incentives on the adoption of sustainable energy technologies and the overall performance of urban energy systems. Modelling and simulation can also be used to identify potential risks and vulnerabilities of urban energy systems, such as the impact of extreme weather events or cyber-attacks on the electricity grid. By simulating these scenarios, urban planners and policymakers can develop strategies to improve the resilience of urban energy systems and reduce the risk of disruptions to the energy supply.
In summary, a modelling and simulation perspective for sustainable smart cities can provide valuable insights into the performance and resilience of urban energy systems and support decision-making for sustainable urban energy planning. By integrating various energy systems and technologies, urban areas can achieve a more sustainable and resilient energy future. However, few studies have been reported using the harmonized approach of core science and research basics, as there are larger concerns about capacity building to use urban energy systems in achieving sustainable development goals. The book entitled “Urban Energy Systems with A Modelling and Simulation Perspective for Sustainable Smart Cities” contains chapters authored by reputed academicians, researchers, scientists, administrators, urban planners, professionals, policymakers, planners, and experts working in the field of urban planning and sustainable energy management. It will be useful for researchers, Post Graduate Students, Policy makers, Scientists, academicians, IoT researchers, professionals, data scientists, data analysts, practitioners, and people who are interested in the identification and development of methodologies, frameworks, tools, and applications through quantitative/qualitative results, and discussions.
Organization of the Book
The book is organized into twelve chapters. A brief description of each of the chapters follows:
Chapter 1 identifies the existing challenges in the management of urban energy resources in the new millennium. The chapter sets the section for discussions presented for the emerging trends of urban energy systems and management with a modelling and assessment perspective for sustainable smart cities. This incident catalogues the global orientation of energy and the related difficulties to identify the significance of forming energy policies, plans and frameworks. This chapter discusses Solar, hydro, bio-mass, geothermal, tidal, and wind as renewable energies to validate that renewable and low-carbon energy is clean energy. Energy models evaluate for an improved design, new policies, and related technologies for urban energy systems. There has been an explosion of models during the past few decades, covering a wide range of formulations, applications, periods, and geographic regions. This study is very useful for investigating the changes in energy scenarios due to human activity in an urban area.
Chapter 2 produces the need for transitions in the urban energy scenario and approaches for the development of policy. The chapter contends that transitions in excess renewable energy are the subject of research and can be used even in countries that don’t have access to the advances in technology. Due to rising prices and dwindling oil supplies, energy efficiency measures are becoming more desirable. Hence, such resources have a major proposition in the whole energy portfolio as many of them are focusing on thrusting nature-friendly authority.
Chapter 3 takes logical alignment about the rights and wrongs in the necessity for a renewable energy source that won’t harm the environment is growing. The creation of renewable energy comes from various sources like long-term sustainable Solar PV generation, optimization, solar resources, wind energy, hybrid solar-wind power generation, solar thermoelectric hybrid systems and microgrid systems. Several techniques are employed in various systems by diverse researchers in renewable sources of energy. The author examines some challenges in energy resources. The purpose of this chapter is to consider issues about approaches to thinking over various concerns.
Chapter 4 reviews the elements of energy usage that could be encouraged in methods for district-scale urban energy quantification and rooftop solar photovoltaic energy potential assessment. The authors argue that for energy-efficient urban design and planning, understanding the energy demand and consumption at the city scale is essential. This chapter uses a simplified methodology for the quantification of consumption and a possible supply of energy demands of an urban district by classifying them into archetypes, a bottom-up urban energy modelling technique. A study is conducted for detailed the weighted average net energy demands of the archetypes are then scaled to the selected study area using GIS. A district-scale 3D urban energy map and solar PV potential map of the case area is generated for simplified interpretations. The present study will be helpful for sustainable water resource management and agricultural applications.
Chapter 5 reviews the energy consumption in urban India about usage and its ignorance. Energy consumption and human-triggered carbon dioxide emissions rank India as the world’s third-highest emitter. The current pattern of energy usage (particularly based on fossil-based fuels) raises severe concerns. There is no comprehensive baseline urban energy-use dataset for all urban districts in India that is comparable to national totals and that integrates social, economic, and infrastructure factors. This chapter focuses on urban energy, namely renewable and sustainable options.
Chapter 6 presents an analysis of issues related to solar energy from urban areas as a new direction towards the Indian power sector. It articulates that solar energy systems are now widely available for business and household usage and require very little maintenance. Solar power is increasingly popular in wealthier countries. This study is about the micro-level planning and development of energy resources available. The basic objectives of the study will be very useful for decision-makers and planners to prepare for global climate change.
Chapter 7 addresses the issue related to energy management strategies of a microgrid as a review, of the challenges, opportunities, and future scope. This chapter attempts to analyze some research papers to acquire about the limitations of microgrid energy management systems and discover energy in a microgrid in a much smarter way. This part provides essential background for our ongoing efforts to report the approaches for controlling the power in microgrids. The techniques employed in this study deliver valuable information to study some formulations for scheduling models through some intellect approaches to investigate some diverse models.
Chapter 8 analyses and compares recent approaches for development in waste management systems. The author systematically addresses the theoretical assumptions for urban solid waste management for energy generation. This paper explores the authoritative knowledge of existing waste management practices and policies in Bangalore, India. The aim is to relate two critical issues: managing waste in large cities and converting it into energy once managed. The methodology allows a thorough literature review investigating the existing data and with the help of surveys and non-structured interviews with experts, identifying challenges of managing waste and transforming it into energy. The findings wind up in three scales, namely, city, neighbourhood, and household scales. The analyzed data, shaped by an understanding of the challenges at these scales and drawn from the interviews and surveys’ conclusions, is categorized into four themes: environmental, technological, social, and economic aspects. The results recommend policies to abate these challenges, promote growth, and foster a better transition towards more sustainable development.
Chapter 9 reviews issues related to the energy from the urban waste concept as a mysterious opportunity for energy generation potential. The authors argue that One of the most practical concepts for dealing with this waste is the consumption for gaining energy. Various advanced technologies such as methane capture technology, plasma-pyrolysis, gasification, incineration, bio-methanation, etc., can extract useful energy from this legacy waste. All these processes work on different components of municipal solid waste. This chapter talks about how the global, as well as local scenario of municipal solid waste management, has altered over time. Also, there is a discussion about the various processes and technologies which can yield energy from waste. In the last portion of the chapter, various gaps in the implementation of these process technologies have been discussed. It can be concluded that efficient solid waste management can be achieved by the application of “waste-to-energy” and “circular economy” concepts.
Chapter 10 discusses generic concepts of sustainable urban planning and sprawl assessment using Shannon’s entropy model for energy management. In the current study, temporal remote sensing datasets of the years 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2020, along with secondary data, are used for detecting LULC changes in Gandhinagar district, India. The area under investigation saw an increase in built-up land at the expense of loss in the vegetated surface. The present study highlights the cost of using remote sensing approaches to examine the type and level of ongoing changes. The study area saw a quick increase in the number of buildings at the expense of the natural cover. This work also emphasizes the use of remote sensing pictures in creating efficient master plans and management for regulated urban expansion at both the regional and local levels.
Chapter 11 presents the idea of sustainable natural spaces for microclimate mitigation to meet future urban energy challenges and the role agent technology can play in security management. This research examines the literature on urban areas to draw links between humans and the environment, as well as the distance between them and strategies to bridge them. Urban greening can reestablish this link and reduce carbon footprint and energy use. Urban regeneration and urban planning continue to prioritize tools to stimulate expansion within pre-The chapter narrates about existing structures that are subject to climate change issues. existing urban districts, despite opposing demands.
Chapter 12 concludes with ideologies necessary for the synthesis of the research, future urban energy policies, and initiatives as a future perspective in the new millenniumThe study talks about the lack of available space for renewable energy installations as a major obstacle in urban areas. The equilibrium between city energy demand and renewable energy density serves as the basis for our analytical methodology for decarbonized urban environments. The energy requirements of modern cities while also lowering their carbon footprint, and widespread adoption of renewable energy sources are essential with Improvements in efficiency, usability, cost-effectiveness, accessibility, and sustainability.
Waves of innovation in the energy sector could come from a variety of sources in the future. These sources include solar electricity generated in space, nuclear power facilities that can be disassembled and reused, and deep geothermal systems. Greenhouse gas emissions and the demand for clean water and air may be reduced if these strategies are implemented. The current edited book entitled “Urban Energy Systems” comprises chapters written by prominent researchers and experts. The key focus of this edited book focuses on a modelling and simulation perspective for sustainable smart cities to replenish the available resources by integrating the concepts, theories, and experiences of experts and professionals in this field.
Dr. Deepak Kumar
State University of New York at Albany,
New York, Albany, USA
Acknowledgements
“When you want something, the entire Universe conspires in helping you to achieve it.”
—Paulo Coelho
The journey of the research is a unique experience of my life. It was my first time to be so focused on one topic to achieve so much from it. Since childhood, I was curious about the subject of science and have always been eager to learn things. After the completion of PhD study, I have realized that the joy of exploration comes only from the varieties of challenged topics rather than routine research.
I would like to express our sincere thanks to all the contributors who generously shared their knowledge and expertise for this book. Without their hard work and dedication, this work would not have been possible. I am also grateful to my publishing team for their invaluable assistance in bringing this project to fruition. Their meticulous attention to detail and tireless efforts have ensured that the content is accurate, accessible, and engaging.
Dr. Sulochana Shekhar has been an astounding mentor and I am truly grateful for her time and patience. I would like to also thank her to inspire me in choosing research and teaching as my career options. She always extended her immense support, and guidance along with sharing scientific knowledge. She trained me to think in the most critical & independent ways and to gain confidence in various aspects of life. It was an honor to work with her and will remain a role model for me. Her strong sense of practicality and critical thinking helped me, particularly at times of “brain-freezing” events. She cared for me like her son. I enjoyed and will always remember the parental care and attention from Dr Shekhar (that’s why I use to call her ‘Mummy Ji’). I owe many thanks to her for the inspiration and motivation to move forward. I always look forward to working with her in future endeavors. Moreover, I had been fortunate to receive guidance from Prof. Syed Ashfaq Ahmed for introducing me to the world of remote sensing and GIS and giving me a real interest in science and technology. I am very grateful to him for his continuous support and encouragement. I am also indebted to Dr. R. Nijgunappa for motivating me to enter the world of research and to undertake the PhD research. He will be one of the best faculty members in memory forever.
I would like to express my gratitude to my family, friends, and colleagues for their unwavering support and encouragement. Their love and encouragement have sustained me through the ups and downs of the writing and editing process. I would like to thank my whole family for all their love and encouragement to support me with significant persistence. My mother’s moral support has been indispensable for her emotional support. I wish to express my sincere gratitude to my beloved sister for supporting me to accept this editorial assignment.
I have no words to thank my concealed source of inspiration (Dr. Shiti), who always inspired me like a mountain whenever I had a difficult time. Special thanks to her for enlightening me with aspects of life and for being there in my good and bad times with eternal concern. Her continuous sustenance helped me to stay focused on my current assignment without any pain. I am lucky to have her on my journey and for listening to my words with patience and a smile.
This assignment could not have been completed without the great support and encouragement of a few people. Regrettably, I cannot acknowledge by name all my fantastic support, because the list would not fit in here, but I gratefully thank each one of them including my wonderful friends at Amity University Uttar Pradesh (India). It would be a long list to mention all the people that I am indebted to, but Dr. Maya Kumari, Dr. Sabyasachi Chattopadhyay, and Ms. Shampa Dhar are a special mention for helping me in every manner. I would like to apologize for any person I forget to mention.
I would like to thank all contributors for their outstanding contributions to this book. Their insights, feedback, and guidance have been invaluable throughout the editing process. Earnest appreciation is extended to the reviewers for their constructive comments to improve the quality of the chapters.
Finally, I pay my obeisance to the almighty for being so kind to me during this period of trials and tribulations, whose grace has sustained me to reach this level of life. It has been a long journey when many obstacles stood in the way; yet the almighty sort me through, turning every failure into successful and enjoyable moments.
Thank you all for your invaluable contributions to this book.
Deepak Kumar
State University of New York at Albany,
New York, Albany, USA
April 2023
List of Chapters and Affiliations
Emerging Trends of Urban Energy Systems and ManagementDeepak Kumar1,2*1Center of Excellence in Weather & Climate Analytics, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany (UAlbany), State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, New York, USA2Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Transitions in the Urban Energy Scenario and ApproachesDeepak Kumar1,2*1Center of Excellence in Weather & Climate Analytics, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany (UAlbany), State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, New York, USA2Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Urban Renewable Energy Resource Optimization SystemsKalpit Jain1* and Devendra Kumar Somwanshi2†1Department of Mechanical Engineering, Sangam University, Bhilwara, Rajasthan, India2Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering, Poornima College of Engineering, Jaipur, Rajasthan, India
Approaches for District-Scale Urban Energy Quantification and Rooftop SolarPhotovoltaic Energy Potential AssessmentFaiz Ahmed Chundeli1* and Adinarayanane Ramamurthy21Department of Architecture, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India2Department of Planning, School of Planning and Architecture, Vijayawada, Andhra Pradesh, India
Energy Consumption in Urban India: Usage and IgnoranceRajnish Ratna1* and Vikas Chaudhary2†1Gedu College of Business Studies, Royal University of Bhutan, Gedu, Bhutan2Manav Rachna University, Faridabad, India
Solar Energy from the Urban Areas: A New Direction Towards Indian Power SectorSonal Jain*School of Social, Financial and Human Sciences, Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology (KIIT) University, Bhubaneswar, India
Energy Management Strategies of a Microgrid: Review, Challenges, Opportunities, Future ScopeChiranjit Biswas, Somudeep Bhattacharjee, Uttara Das and Champa Nandi*Department of Electrical Engineering, Tripura University, Agartala, Tripura, India
Urban Solid Waste Management for Energy GenerationShikha Patel1* and Reshmi Manikoth Kollarath2†1Department of Architecture and Urban Planning, Qatar University, Doha, Qatar2BMS College of Architecture, Bangalore, India
Energy from Urban Waste: A Mysterious Opportunity for Energy Generation PotentialShivangini Sharma and Ashutosh Tripathi*Amity Institute of Environmental Sciences, Amity UniversityUttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sustainable Urban Planning and Sprawl Assessment Using Shannon’s EntropyModel for Energy ManagementPranaya Diwate1, Priyanka Patil2, Pranali Kathe2 and Varun Narayan Mishra3*1University Department of Basic and Applied Sciences, MGM University, Aurangabad, India2Centre for Climate Change and Water Research, Suresh Gyan Vihar University, Jaipur, India3Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Sustainable Natural Spaces for Microclimate Mitigation to Meet Future Urban Energy ChallengesRicha Manocha1* and Deepak Kumar1,2†1Amity School of Business, Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India2Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Synthesis and Future PerspectiveDeepak Kumar1,2*1Center of Excellence in Weather & Climate Analytics, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany (UAlbany), State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, New York, USA2Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
1Emerging Trends of Urban Energy Systems and Management
Deepak Kumar 1,2
1Center of Excellence in Weather & Climate Analytics, Atmospheric Sciences Research Center (ASRC), University at Albany (UAlbany), State University of New York (SUNY), Albany, New York, USA
2Amity Institute of Geoinformatics & Remote Sensing (AIGIRS), Amity University Uttar Pradesh (AUUP), Gautam Buddha Nagar, Uttar Pradesh, India
Abstract
Energy sustainability is crucial for all human activities, societal growth, and civilization. It tries to introduce the sustainable energy techniques and technology. Energy sustainability is crucial towards achieving the sustainability and it provides low environmental and ecological impacts, sustainable energy resources with high efficiency. It includes the living standards, societal acceptance, and equity. The energy from sun in form of heat and light are used to create a wide range of energy systems without causing climate change and environmental harm in any form. Solar, hydro, biomass, geothermal, tidal, and wind are renewable energies with better energy efficiency. Daily energy waste must be reduced to decrease costs and conserve natural resources.
Keywords: Urban energy, energy consumption, energy efficiency, renewable, energy intensity
1.1 Introduction
Rapid energy consumption growth is a global concern, yet most residential solutions are based on qualitative studies with limited numbers of users in the industrialized world [1–3]. Recent work examines urban India’s energy consumption behaviours, motivations, challenges, and other issues [4–6]. Small study samples limit their generalizability. Tradition, spirituality, or morality did not influence conservation, contrary to earlier findings [7–9]. Participants aren’t concerned about sharing energy statistics. Contrary to prior studies, participants were also interested in automated energy control systems [10–12]. Information-sharing, appliance-level consumption disaggregation, and accessible manual controls are design options for this cohort.
The provision of energy services generally requires extensive use of energy resources. Power generation, transportation, illumination, temperature control, industrial procedures (such as refining and manufacturing), and many more fall under this category. Obtaining energy sources, transforming them into usable forms, transferring, disseminating, storing, and ultimately putting that energy to use is all part of the energy life cycle, which is a lengthy and intricate process [5, 13, 14]. Energy is essential because it paves the way for a comfortable lifestyle and helps society progress. Energy is being used in most countries in a way that cannot be maintained indefinitely. All nations are included in this category (developing, industrialized, etc.). The term “energy sustainability” refers to the practice of managing energy resources across their entire useful life cycle in a way that bolsters multiple characteristics of long-term sustainability [15–18].
In recent decades, both the absolute number and the share of India’s population living in urban areas have grown steadily. Both new cities and old ones are becoming increasingly crowded. The majority of those moving away from their rural homes are heading to the cities [19–22]. Affected people’s habits, routines, and top priorities have shifted as a result of urbanization. Increases in disposable income and educational attainment have coincided with a decline in family size and the introduction of cutting-edge information and communication technology in the workplace and the home [23, 24]. The outcome of these shifts is a more energy-hungry urban populace. At the same time, there has been a major shift in the fuel mix used by metropolitan households. We report the findings from surveys of energy consumption in three Indian cities, conducted to better understand the current state of urban energy consumption and the variables that are currently shaping it [5, 25].
Therefore, energy sustainability is a broad notion that includes but is not limited to the use of sustainable energy resources. As for the latter, they involve things like living standards, social acceptability, and fairness. These are analyzed in connection to one another. Several illustrations and examples have been given to help demonstrate the advantages of promoting energy sustainability [26, 27]. The graphics also emphasize how difficult it can be to improve energy sustainability by highlighting the complexities of energy sustainability and the components that contribute to it. The benefits and difficulties are especially clear in the case of net-positive energy buildings. The findings and conclusions can be used to teach and inform about energy sustainability and can act as a catalyst to push individuals and societies in the direction of that goal [29, 30]. Using solar panels to generate power is good for humanity and could significantly cut down on fossil fuel use. As long as the sun shines, this method of harnessing energy is both sustainable and environmentally friendly. Solar power, which has both advantages and disadvantages, is becoming increasingly common in residential and commercial buildings in major cities across the world [30, 31]. In rural areas, where blackouts are more frequent, the Indian government promotes the use of solar panels. These days, it’s not uncommon to see solar-powered streetlights, especially in India’s major cities. While solar is the most practical and widely available renewable energy source, there are numerous others. Increased electrical energy production from photovoltaic cells (also known as solar cells) may be possible in the not-too-distant future when more improved semiconductors are discovered. An energy source is said to be sustainable if it “meets the demands of the present without jeopardizing the ability of future generations to satisfy their own needs,” a tenet of sustainability. Finding renewable energy sources, as opposed to finite ones, is central to the concept of sustainable power [32–34].
Since the national program does not call for a dramatic increase in the amount of commercial energy supplied to rural areas, the solution to rural energy shortages must rely on the efficient application of natural renewable energy sources like biomass, solar power, wind power, geothermal power, mini-hydro power, and the use of fuel-saving cookstoves. It was determined that the biogas power station was effective.
While traditional fuels have not been rapidly replaced in rural areas, they have been rapidly supplanted in metropolitan areas. Biomass is still used extensively for domestic energy production in rural areas. However, commercial fossil-based energy sources and electricity use are increasingly dominating the urban household energy mix. Despite this shift, the usage of biomass is still commonplace in modern urban dwellings. It has been noted that overall home energy usage in rural areas consistently exceeds that in urban areas. This is because people in cities are switching to more efficient fuel sources, while people in the countryside are still heavily reliant on less efficient solid fuels [35–37]. The energy consumption patterns of rural and urban households are distinct, with the latter favouring more cutting-edge fuels and services despite spending the same amount of money. There is a demand for higher-density fuel and electricity distribution because of the greater population density in urban areas and the corresponding decrease in available space for fuel storage and collection. In addition, utilities like electricity and fuel supply can be provided more cheaply in urban centres than in more remote, less densely populated places with limited purchasing power [38, 39]. When comparing rural and urban locations, the quality of energy services such as electricity is lower in the former. Due to these obstacles, improving rural residents’ access to modern energy services is less likely to occur.
1.2 Research Motivation
Every day, the sun gives forth free energy that might be used to power numerous devices, yet this source of clean energy is often wasted. Similar to other forms of renewable energy, this precious resource cannot be saved in its raw form for later use. Therefore, one of the most practical and efficient uses is to transform it into energy and store the extra amount for later-use systems for capturing solar power. PV (Photovoltaic) systems, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, can be used to facilitate this change. The many benefits of solar energy have attracted interest from both developing and industrialized nations. The main benefits are their adaptability to both urban and rural settings, as well as their ease of exploitation, abundance, and reduced imposed costs compared to alternative means. Solar power generation sites with high capacity have been built in suitable regions around the world, but domestic-scale ones have not progressed sufficiently, especially in nonindustrialized countries. The problem is exacerbated by a lack of thorough investigation and scientific proof. Accordingly, the aforementioned argument can support the concept of researching solar power generation at home, especially during development. However, delivering constant load in isolated regions is complicated by the fact that solar systems are weather-dependent and subject to fluctuations in solar radiation. Therefore, a PV system combined with an energy storage unit is a good option for off-grid properties. The battery is currently one of the most widely used types of energy storage. To meet the load demand in these far-flung places at a reasonable price and with a high degree of reliability, it is crucial to specify the ideal combination of power scheme components. Because of this, effective modelling and a robust optimization approach to addressing these issues are crucial. Mathematical modelling, optimal size, and techno-economic analysis of solar-based hybrid energy schemes have all been the subject of numerous published works. Using a genetic algorithm, this method optimizes the performance of microgrids powered by renewable energy sources like solar, wind, batteries, biodiesel, and hydrogen in the city of Tucson, Arizona, in the United States. The solar photovoltaic panel, battery storage units, inverter/converter system, and various other equipment and cables make up the stand-alone hybrid energy systems. Solar panels are the primary source of energy in this setup, and their output is sufficient to meet the need. When the sun isn’t shining, the energy produced by PV panels is used to meet the load requirement, and any excess is stored in a battery bank for later use. The overcharged battery is then discarded. All of the system’s components must be exclusively modelled, and then their optimal sizing must be determined based on the load requirement before the scheme can be optimized. Coal and oil-based fossil fuel generation poses a serious threat to the climate since it rapidly increases carbon emissions. The instability of oil prices over the past decade has led to dramatic growth in developing countries’ capability to install solar photovoltaic (PV) panels.
While solar photovoltaic (SPV) generators have many uses due to their many advantages, their implementations can vary widely. The SPV-isolated systems are low-cost, risk-free, and easy-to-implement options for supplying power in a distributed manner. They make it possible to set up reliable, distributed power sources in remote places that are far from existing grids. Various industries, including telecommunications, agriculture, rural electricity, street lighting, signs, control, and rural development, make use of stand-alone PV systems. The water pumping system is a crucial use of PV systems in agriculture. Using this method, water can be withdrawn from remote locations where it would be prohibitively expensive to run a mains-powered connection.
