Vegetation Ecology E-Book

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1135

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

Additional resources for this book can be found at: href="http://www.wiley.com/go/vandermaarelfranklin/vegetationecology">www.wiley.com/go/vandermaarelfranklin/vegetationecology. Vegetation Ecology, 2nd Edition is a comprehensive, integrated account of plant communities and their environments. Written by leading experts in their field from four continents, the second edition of this book: * covers the composition, structure, ecology, dynamics, diversity, biotic interactions and distribution of plant communities, with an emphasis on functional adaptations; * reviews modern developments in vegetation ecology in a historical perspective; * presents a coherent view on vegetation ecology while integrating population ecology, dispersal biology, soil biology, * ecosystem ecology and global change studies; * tackles applied aspects of vegetation ecology, including management of communities and invasive species; * includes new chapters addressing the classification and mapping of vegetation, and the significance of plant functional types Vegetation Ecology, 2nd Edition is aimed at advanced undergraduates, graduates and researchers and teachers in plant ecology, geography, forestry and nature conservation. Vegetation Ecology takes an integrated, multidisciplinary approach and will be welcomed as an essential reference for plant ecologists the world over.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Companion Website

Title page

Copyright page

Contributors

Preface

1 Vegetation Ecology: Historical Notes and Outline

1.1 Vegetation ecology at the community level

1.2 Internal organization of plant communities

1.3 Structure and function in plant communities and ecosystems

1.4 Human impact on plant communities

1.5 Vegetation ecology at regional to global scales

1.6 Epilogue

2 Classification of Natural and Semi-natural Vegetation

2.1 Introduction

2.2 Classification frameworks: history and function

2.3 Components of vegetation classification

2.4 Project planning and data acquisition

2.5 Data preparation and integration

2.6 Community entitation

2.7 Cluster assessment

2.8 Community characterization

2.9 Community determination

2.10 Classification integration

2.11 Documentation

2.12 Future directions and challenges

3 Vegetation and Environment: Discontinuities and Continuities

3.1 Introduction

3.2 Early history

3.3 Development of numerical methods

3.4 Current theory: continuum and community

3.5 Current indirect ordination methods

3.6 Species distribution modelling or direct gradient analysis

3.7 Synthesis

Acknowledgements

4 Vegetation Dynamics

4.1 Introduction

4.2 The causes of vegetation dynamics

4.3 Succession in action: interaction of causes in different places

4.4 Common characteristics across successions

4.5 Summary

Acknowledgements

5 Clonality in the Plant Community

5.1 Modularity and clonality

5.2 Where do we find clonal plants?

5.3 Habitat exploitation by clonal growth

5.4 Transfer of resources and division of labour

5.5 Competition and co-existence in clonal plants

5.6 Clonality and herbivory

Acknowledgements

6 Seed Ecology and Assembly Rules in Plant Communities

6.1 Ecological aspects of diaspore regeneration

6.2 Brief historical review

6.3 Dispersal

6.4 Soil seed bank persistence

6.5 Germination and establishment

6.6 Ecological databases on seed ecological traits

6.7 Seed ecological spectra of plant communities

6.8 Seed ecological traits as limiting factors for plant species occurrence and assembly

6.9 Seed ecological traits and species co-existence in plant communities

7 Species Interactions Structuring Plant Communities

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Types of interaction

7.3 Competition

7.4 Allelopathy

7.5 Parasitism

7.6 Facilitation

7.7 Mutualism

7.8 Complex species interactions affecting community structure

7.9 Assembly rules

8 Terrestrial Plant-Herbivore Interactions: Integrating Across Multiple Determinants and Trophic Levels

8.1 Herbivory: pattern and process

8.2 Coping with herbivory

8.3 The continuum from symbiotic to parasitic

8.4 Community level effects of herbivory

8.5 Integrating herbivory with ecosystem ecology

9 Interactions Between Higher Plants and Soil-dwelling Organisms

9.1 Introduction

9.2 Ecologically important biota in the rhizosphere

9.3 The soil community as cause and consequence of plant community composition

9.4 Specificity and selectivity

9.5 Feedback mechanisms

9.6 Soil communities and invasive plants

9.7 Mutualistic root symbioses and nutrient partitioning in plant communities

9.8 Mycorrhizal networks counteracting plant competition?

9.9 Pathogenic soil organisms and nutrient dynamics

9.10 After description

10 Vegetation and Ecosystem

10.1 The ecosystem concept

10.2 The nature of ecosystems

10.3 Energy flow and trophic structure

10.4 Biogeochemical cycles

11 Diversity and Ecosystem Function

11.1 Introduction

11.2 Measurement of species diversity

11.3 Determinants of species diversity in the plant community

11.4 Patterns of species richness along gradients

11.5 Stability

11.6 On the causal relationship between diversity and ecosystem functioning

Acknowledgements

12 Plant Functional Types and Traits at the Community, Ecosystem and World Level

12.1 The quest for a functional paradigm

12.2 Form and function: evolution of the ‘functional’ concept in plant ecology

12.3 The development of functional typology

12.4 Plant strategies, trade-offs and functional types

12.5 The mass ratio hypothesis

12.6 Functional diversity and complexity

12.7 Moving to a trait-based ecology – response and effect traits

12.8 Plant functional types and traits as bioindicators

12.9 Environmental monitoring

12.10 Trait-based climate modelling

12.11 Scaling across community, ecosystem and world level

12.12 Discussion

Acknowledgements

13 Plant Invasions and Invasibility of Plant Communities

13.1 Introduction

13.2 Definitions and major patterns

13.3 Invasibility of plant communities

13.4 Habitat compatibility

13.5 Propagule pressure and residence time

13.6 What are the attributes of successful invaders?

13.7 Impact of invasive plants, justification and prospects of eradication projects

14 Vegetation Conservation, Management and Restoration

14.1 Introduction

14.2 From agricultural exploitation to nature conservation

14.3 Vegetation management in relation to a hierarchy of environmental processes

14.4 Laissez-faire and the wilderness concept

14.5 Management and restoration imply setting targets

14.6 Setting targets implies monitoring

14.7 Effects of management and restoration practices

14.8 Constraints in management and restoration

14.9 Strategies in management and restoration

15 Vegetation Types and Their Broad-scale Distribution

15.1 Introduction: vegetation and plant community

15.2 Form and function, in plants and vegetation

15.3 Vegetation types

15.4 Distribution of the main world vegetation types

15.5 Regional vegetation

15.6 Vegetation modelling and mapping at broad scales

15.7 Vegetation and global change

16 Mapping Vegetation from Landscape to Regional Scales

16.1 Introduction

16.2 Scale and vegetation mapping

16.3 Data for vegetation mapping

16.4 Methods for vegetation mapping

16.5 Examples of recent vegetation maps illustrating their different uses

16.6 Dynamic vegetation mapping

16.7 Future of vegetation mapping research and practice

Acknowledgements

17 Vegetation Ecology and Global Change

17.1 Introduction

17.2 Vegetation and climatic change

17.3 Confounding effects of other aspects of global change

17.4 Conclusions

Supplemental Images

Index

A companion website with additional resources is available at

www.wiley.com/go/vandermaarelfranklin/vegetationecology

with Figures and Tables from the book

This edition first published 2013 © 2013 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Blackwell Publishing was acquired by John Wiley & Sons in February 2007. Blackwell’s publishing program has been merged with Wiley’s global Scientific, Technical and Medical business to form Wiley-Blackwell.

Registered office: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

Editorial offices: 9600 Garsington Road, Oxford, OX4 2DQ, UK

The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex, PO19 8SQ, UK

111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030-5774, USA

For details of our global editorial offices, for customer services and for information about how to apply for permission to reuse the copyright material in this book please see our website at www.wiley.com/wiley-blackwell.

The right of the author to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, except as permitted by the UK Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, without the prior permission of the publisher.

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as trademarks. All brand names and product names used in this book are trade names, service marks, trademarks or registered trademarks of their respective owners. The publisher is not associated with any product or vendor mentioned in this book. This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard to the subject matter covered. It is sold on the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. If professional advice or other expert assistance is required, the services of a competent professional should be sought.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

 Vegetation ecology / [edited by] Eddy van der Maarel & Janet Franklin. – 2nd ed.

p. cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-1-4443-3888-1 (cloth) – ISBN 978-1-4443-3889-8 (pbk.) 1. Plant ecology. 2. Plant communities. I. Maarel, E. van der. II. Franklin, Janet, 1959–

 QK901.V35 2013

 581.7–dc23

 2012018035

A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.

Wiley also publishes its books in a variety of electronic formats. Some content that appears in print may not be available in electronic books.

Front cover image: Vegetation mosaic in the calcium-poor coastal dunes in North Holland, with dune heathland, scrub, a dune lake and parabolic dunes in the background; photo Eddy van der Maarel (March 2005).

Back cover image: Sonoran Desert scrub vegetation of the Arizona Uplands, also known as ‘saguaro-palo verde forest’, shown here in the Rincon Mountains, Saguaro National Park, east of Tucson, Arizona; photo Janet Franklin (April 2012).

Cover Design by Design Deluxe

Contributors

Mehdi Abedi, Institute of Botany, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, [email protected]

Dr Mike P. Austin, CSIRO Ecosystem Sciences, GPO Box 1700, Canberra ACT 2601, [email protected]

Professor Dr Jan P. Bakker, Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, P.B. 14, NL-9750 AA Haren, The [email protected]

Dr Maik Bartelheimer, Institute of Botany, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, [email protected]

Dr Robert Baxter, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, [email protected]

Professor Elgene O. Box, Geography Department, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602-2502, [email protected]

Professor Mary L. Cadenasso, Department of Plant Sciences, University of California Davis, Mail Stop 1 1210 PES, One Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616-8780, [email protected]

Dr Bengt Å. Carlsson, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, [email protected]

Dr Ron G.M. de Goede, Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The [email protected]

Dr Juliane Drobnik, Institute of Botany, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, [email protected]

Professor Janet Franklin, School of Geographical Sciences and Urban Planning, Coor Hall, 975 S. Myrtle Ave., Fifth Floor, Arizona State University, P.O. Box 875302, Tempe AZ 85287-5302, [email protected]

Professor Kazue Fujiwara, Laboratory of Vegetation Science, Yokohama National University, Tokiwadai 79-7, Hodogaya-ku, Yokohama 240-8501, [email protected]

Dr Andrew N. Gillison, Center for Biodiversity Management, P.O. Box 120, Yungaburra 4884 QLD, [email protected]

Professor Brian Huntley, School of Biological and Biomedical Sciences, University of Durham, South Road, Durham DH1 3LE, [email protected]

Professor Dr Thomas W. Kuyper, Department of Soil Quality, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 47, 6700 AA Wageningen, The [email protected]

Professor Jan Lepš, Department of Botany, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of South Bohemia, Branišovská 31, CZ-370 05 eské Budjovice, Czech [email protected]

Professor Dr Christoph Leuschner, Plant Ecology, Albrecht-von-Haller-Institute for Plant Sciences, University of Göttingen, Untere Karspüle 2, D-37073 Göttingen, [email protected]

Professor Scott J. Meiners, Department of Biological Sciences, Eastern Illinois University, 600 Lincoln Avenue, Charleston, IL 61920-3099, [email protected]

Professor Samuel J. McNaughton, Department of Biology, Syracuse University, 114 Life Sciences Complex, Syracuse, NY 13244-1220, [email protected]

Professor Robert K. Peet, Biology Department, University of North Carolina, 413 Coker Hall, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-3280, [email protected]

Dr Steward T.A. Pickett, Cary Institute of Ecosystem Studies, Box AB, Millbrook, NY 12545-0129, [email protected]

Professor Dr Peter Poschlod, Institute of Botany, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, [email protected]

Dr Petr Pyšek, Institute of Botany, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, CZ-252 43 Prhonice, Czech [email protected]

Professor Marcel Rejmánek, Department of Evolution & Ecology, University of California Davis, 5337 Storer Hall, Davis, CA 95616, [email protected]

Professor David M. Richardson, DST-NRF Centre for Invasion Biology, Stellenbosch University, Private Bag X1, Matieland 7602, South [email protected]

Professor David W. Roberts, Department of Ecology, Montana State University, Bozeman, MT 59717-3460, [email protected]

Sergey Rosbakh, Institute of Botany, University of Regensburg, D-93040 Regensburg, [email protected]

Professor Håkan Rydin, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, [email protected]

Dr Arne Saatkamp, Aix-Marseille Université – IMBE, Faculté des Sciences de St Jérôme, F-13397 Marseille cedex 20, [email protected]

Dr Mahesh Sankaran, National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, GKVK, Bellary Road, Bangalore, [email protected]; andInstitute of Integrative & Comparative Biology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, 9.18 LC Miall Building, University of Leeds, Leeds LS2 9JT, [email protected]

Professor Brita M. Svensson, Department of Ecology and Evolution, Uppsala University, Norbyvägen 18D, SE-752 36 Uppsala, [email protected]

Professor Dr Jelte van Andel, Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Centre for Life Sciences, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The [email protected]

Professor Dr Eddy van der Maarel, Community and Conservation Ecology Group, University of Groningen, Centre for Life Sciences, P.O. Box 11103, 9700 CC Groningen, The NetherlandsHome address: De Stelling 6, 8391 MD Noordwolde fr, The [email protected]

Preface

This book started as a multi-authored account on the many-sided topic of Vegetation Ecology (more commonly called plant community ecology in North America) because this modern field of science can hardly been treated by one or a few authors. In this second edition still more topics have been treated in separate chapters. As editors we have certainly had some influence on the choice and contents of the various chapters, but nevertheless the chapters are independent essays on important aspects of vegetation ecology.

This edition consists of 16 chapters following an introductory chapter, three more than in the first edition. In addition to the 13 original chapters, which are all updated and adapted to the new structure (described below), we were able to include three new topical chapters. In connection with this new structure, the introduction no longer contains the mini-essays that were in the first chapter of the first edition. Instead we will refer to that chapter (van der Maarel 2005), as several authors in this book do, and present a simplified introduction in this edition.

We have modified the sequence of topics by starting the this edition with the chapters (2–4) that deal mainly with the concept, structure, environmental relations and dynamics of plant communities. The second group of chapters (5–9) continue on the internal organization of plant communities. Subsequent chapters (10–12) deal with the structural and functional aspects and processes in plant communities as part of ecosystems. Here the emphasis is on the organization of plant communities in relation to the ecosystem of which they form a part. Chapters 13 and 14 deal with human impacts on plant communities in their ecosystem and landscape setting. The final chapters (15–17) address communities and geographically larger units in their distribution over regions and continents.

The editors, having been ecological pen friends for over 25 years, have thoroughly enjoyed the correspondence and their first face-to-face meeting in 2011. It was very rewarding to learn about each other’s specialisations and favourite vegetation types – which we were also allowed to show on the cover of our book. We also enjoyed the vivid exchange of views with the chapter authors and we hope that their chapters will be appreciated both as essays in their own right and as intrinsic parts of this book.

We should like to thank several members of the editorial and production staff of Wiley-Blackwell Science at Oxford for their help. Particular thanks go to Aileen Castell, Mitch Fitton, Kelvin Matthews and Senior Commissioning Editor Ward Cooper for getting us started and keeping an eye on the work.

Finally we hope that this book will find its way across the world of vegetation scientists and plant ecologists.

Eddy van der MaarelJanet Franklin

1

Vegetation Ecology: Historical Notes and Outline

Eddy van der Maarel1 and Janet Franklin2

1University of Groningen, The Netherlands

2Arizona State University, USA

1.1 Vegetation Ecology at the Community Level

1.1.1 Vegetation and Plant Community

Vegetation ecology, the study of the plant cover and its relationships with the environment, is a complex scientific undertaking, regarding the overwhelming variation of its object of study, both in space and in time, as well as its intricate interactions with abiotic and biotic factors. It is also a very modern science with important applications in well-known socio-economic activities, notably nature management, in particular the preservation of biodiversity, sustainable use of natural resources and detecting ‘global change’ in the plant cover of the earth.

Vegetation, the central object of study in vegetation ecology, can be loosely defined as a system of largely spontaneously growing plants. Not all growing plants form vegetation, for instance, a sown corn field or a flowerbed in a garden do not. But the weeds surrounding such plants do form vegetation. A pine plantation will become vegetation after some years of spontaneous growth of the pine trees and the subsequent development of an understorey.

From the early 19th century onwards, vegetation scientists have studied stands (small areas) of vegetation, which they considered samples of a plant community (see Mueller-Dombois & Ellenberg 1974; Allen & Hoekstra 1992). Intuitively, and later on explicitly, such stands were selected on the basis of uniformity and discreteness. The vegetation included in the sample should look uniform and should be discernable from surrounding vegetation. From early on, plant communities have been discussed as possibly or certainly integrated units which can be studied as such and classified. Most early European and American vegetation scientists did not explicitly make a distinction between actual stands of vegetation and the abstract concept of the plant community. This distinction was more important in the ‘Braun-Blanquet approach’ (Westhoff & van der Maarel 1978). This approach, usually called phytosociology, was developed in Central Europe in the early decades of the 20th century, notably by J. Braun-Blanquet from Zürich, and later from Montpellier. The Braun-Blanquet approach, also known as the Zürich–Montpellier school, became the leading approach in vegetation science. It has a strong emphasis on the typology of plant communities based on descriptions of stands, called relevés. This can be understood because of its practical use (see also Chapter 2). However, Braun-Blanquet (1932, 1964) paid much attention to the relations of plant communities with the environment and the interactions within communities (see Section 1.1.2), which is now incorporated in the concept of ecosystem.

A plant community can be conveniently studied while separated from its abiotic and biotic environment with which it forms an ecosystem, even if this separation is artificial. In a similar way, a community of birds, insects, molluscs or any other taxonomic group under study, including mosses and lichens, can be studied separately as well (see Barkman 1978). One can also describe a biotic community, i.e. the combination of a plant community and several animal groups (Westhoff & van der Maarel 1978).

Uniformity and distinctiveness. As mentioned above, the delimitation of stands of vegetation in the field is based on an internal characteristic, i.e. uniformity, and an external one, i.e. distinctiveness. Distinctiveness of a stand has been much discussed and interpreted. Distinctiveness implies discontinuity with surrounding vegetation. This is sometimes very obviously environmentally determined, for example in the case of a depression in a dry area, or the roadside vegetation between the road and a ditch in an artificial landscape. However, more usually the distribution of the local plant populations is decisive. This has been the case since H.A. Gleason (e.g. 1926) observed that species are ‘individualistically’ distributed along omnipresent environmental gradients and thus cannot form bounded communities. Note that this observation referred to stands of vegetation, even if the word community was used! The wealth of literature on ordination (see also Chapter 3) offers ample evidence of the ‘continuum concept of vegetation’ (McIntosh 1986).

Gleason and many of his adherers criticized the community concept of F.E. Clements (e.g. 1916), the pioneer in succession theory, who compared the community with an organism and, apparently, recognized plant community units in the field. However, this ‘holistic approach’ to the plant community had little to do with the recognition of plant communities in the field.

Shipley & Keddy (1987) simplified the controversy by reducing it to the recognition of different boundary patterns in the field. They devised a field method to test the ‘individualistic and community-unit concepts as falsifiable hypotheses’. They detected the concentration of species distribution boundaries at certain points along environmental gradients. In their study – as in other studies – boundary clusters are found in some cases and not in others. Coin­cidence of distribution boundaries occur at a steep part of an environmental gradient, and at places with a sharp spatial boundary or strong fluctuations in environmental conditions (see also Chapter 3).