Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas E-Book
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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas Practical resource for how-to information on performing hands-on procedures in llamas and alpacas, with step-by-step descriptions, photographs, and practice tips. Thoroughly revised to reflect new techniques, knowledge, and research, the Second Edition of Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas provides practical step-by-step descriptions of techniques ranging from routine to not-so-common, helping veterinarians to confidently handle and perform common medical and surgical procedures in llamas and alpacas. To aid in practical application, hundreds of high-quality color photographs demonstrate the steps for each technique, making it a useful patient-side resource. Organized by body system, the book encompasses techniques associated with the physical exam, anesthesia, ultrasound, surgery, and more. Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas presents a wide range of techniques, including: * Physical restraint and injection sites, including manual restraint (standing, sternal recumbency ("cushed"), and lateral recumbency), chute restraint, and ear squeeze * Catheterization, including jugular, cephalic, saphenous, lateral thoracic, auricular vein, auricular artery, femoral artery, intraosseous, intraperitoneal, and caudal epidural * The abdomen, including ultrasonography, abdominocentesis, liver biopsy, first forestomach compartment paracentesis, and intubation of the forestomach * The female genital system, with information on anatomical considerations, pregnancy diagnosis, vaginoscopy, teat and udder examination, mastectomy, c-section, and uterine torsion The Second Edition of Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas is an essential resource for veterinary practitioners with a camelid caseload, with accessible information and detailed picture-based tutorials on how to perform key procedures.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Veterinary Techniques in Llamas and Alpacas
Edited by
David E. Anderson, DVM, MS, DACVS Professor and Associate Dean for Research and Graduate Studies College of Veterinary Medicine University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee
Matt Miesner, DVM, MS, DACVIM Clinical Professor and Section Head Livestock Services College of Veterinary Medicine Kansas State University Manhattan, Kansas
Meredyth Jones, DVM, MS, DACVIM Associate Professor, Farm Animal Medicine and Surgery College of Veterinary Medicine Oklahoma State University Stillwater, Oklahoma
Second Edition
This edition first published 2023
© 2023 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.
Edition History
First edition © 2013 by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
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The contents of this work are intended to further general scientific research, understanding, and discussion only and are not intended and should not be relied upon as recommending or promoting scientific method, diagnosis, or treatment by physicians for any particular patient. In view of ongoing research, equipment modifications, changes in governmental regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to the use of medicines, equipment, and devices, the reader is urged to review and evaluate the information provided in the package insert or instructions for each medicine, equipment, or device for, among other things, any changes in the instructions or indication of usage and for added warnings and precautions. While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials or promotional statements for this work. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
A catalogue record for this book is available from the Library of Congress
Paperback: 9781119860617; epub: 9781119860785; ePDF: 9781119860778; Obook: 9781119860792
Cover image: © Meredyth Jones; Courtesy of Meredyth Jones
Cover design by Wiley
Set in 9.5/12.5pt STIXTwoText by Integra Software Services Pvt. Ltd, Pondicherry, India
Contents
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Preface
Section I Behavior and Capture Techniques
1 Behavior and Capture Techniques
Section II Physical Restraint and Injection Sites
2 Haltering
3 Manual Restraint
4 Chute Restraint
5 Ear Squeeze (Ear Twitch)
6 Injections–Subcutaneous (SC), Intramuscular (IM), Intradermal (ID), Intravenous (IV)
Section III Chemical Restraint and Anesthesia
7 Sedation and Tranquilization
8 Injectable Anesthesia
9 Orotracheal Intubation
10 Nasotracheal Intubation
11 Percutaneous Tracheal Intubation (Also Referred to as Retrograde Tracheal Intubation)
Section IV Catheterization
12 Vascular Catheterization–Jugular Vein
13 Vascular Catheterization–Cephalic Vein
14 Vascular Catheterization–Saphenous Vein
15 Vascular Catheterization–Lateral Thoracic Vein
16 Vascular Catheterization–Auricular Artery and Vein
17 Vascular Catheterization–Femoral Artery
18 Intramedullary Cannulation of the Femur for Administration of Parenteral Fluids
19 Intraperitoneal Cannula for Plasma or Fluid Administration
20 Caudal (Sacro-coccygeal) Epidural Anesthesia
21 Epidural Catheterization
22 Lumbo-Sacral Epidural Anesthesia
Section V Head and Neck
23 Anatomical Features of the Head and Neck
24 Dental Examination and Trimming
25 Tooth Extraction–Oral Approach
26 Tooth Extraction–Lateral Approach to Premolars and Molars
27 Examination of the Ear
Section VI Skin
28 Anatomical Comments on the Skin
29 Skin Scraping
30 Skin Biopsy
31 Toenail Trimming
Section VII Respiratory
32 Thorax Anatomy and Auscultation
33 Tracheotomy/Tracheostomy
34 Field Diagnosis of Choanal Atresia
35 Transtracheal Wash
Section VIII Abdomen
36 Anatomical Comments on the Camelid Abdomen
37 Abdominal Ultrasound
38 Abdominocentesis
39 Liver Biopsy
40 First Compartment Paracentesis (Rumenocentesis) and Fluid Evaluation
41 Intubation of the First Forestomach Compartment (“C1” or “Pseudorumen”)
42 Laparotomy–Lateral Approach
43 Laparotomy–Ventral Midline
44 Laparoscopy
45 Creation of Stoma into First Forestomach Compartment (“Rumenostomy”)
Section IX Musculoskeletal
46 Musculoskeletal Anatomy and Ambulation
47 Regional Intravenous Drug Perfusion
Section X Urinary System
48 Urinary Tract Examination and Anatomy
49 Urethral Catheterization
50 Ultrasound of the Urinary System
51 Cystocentesis
Section XI Female Genital Anatomy
52 Comments Regarding Female Genital Anatomy
53 Pregnancy Diagnosis
54 Procedure: Vaginoscopy and Uterine Culture
55 Teat and Udder Examination
56 Mastectomy (Udder Amputation)
57 Cesarean Section
58 Diagnosis and Management of Uterine Torsion
Section XII Male Genital Anatomy
59 Male Genitalia Anatomical Comments and Breeding Behavior and Soundness
60 Examination of the Penis and Prepuce
61 Examination of Accessory Sex Glands
62 Examination of the Scrotum and Testicles
63 Semen Collection and Evaluation
64 Castration
Section XIII Nervous System
65 Neurological Examination and Anatomy
66 Cerebrospinal Fluid Collection and Interpretation
Section XIV Ophthalmology
67 Eye Exam
68 Nasolacrimal Duct Cannulation
69 Conjunctivorhinostomy for Alleviation of Nasolacrimal Duct Obstruction
70 Ocular Extirpation
71 Subpalpebral Lavage System
72 Conjunctival Pedicle Graft
Section XV Miscellaneous
73 Blood Transfusion
74 Plasma Transfusion
Index
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
CHAPTER 07
Table 7.1 Sedation and reversal...
CHAPTER 08
Table 8.1 Injectable general anesthesia...
CHAPTER 25
Table 25.1 Dental Anatomy and...
CHAPTER 26
Table 26.1 Dental Anatomy and...
CHAPTER 40
Table 40.1 Normal first compartment...
CHAPTER 42
Table 42.1 Differences in desired...
Table 42.2 Suture selection and...
CHAPTER 43
Table 43.1 Suture selection and...
CHAPTER 48
Table 48.1 Urinalysis reference ranges...
CHAPTER 49
Table 49.1 Urinalysis reference ranges...
CHAPTER 51
Table 51.1 Urinalysis reference ranges...
CHAPTER 61
Table 61.1 Mean bulbourethral (BU...
CHAPTER 62
Table 62.1 Mean testicular size...
CHAPTER 65
Table 65.1 Clinical signs referable...
CHAPTER 66
Table 66.1 CSF Reference Ranges
List of Illustrations
CHAPTER 01
Figure 1.1 A long rope...
Figure 1.2 The long rope...
Figure 1.3 Uncooperative patients, such...
Figure 1.4 A length or...
Figure 1.5 After placement of...
Figure 1.6 The length of...
Figure 1.7 An alpaca halter...
Figure 1.8 The size of...
Figure 1.9 Improperly placed halters...
Figure 1.10 Once a halter...
CHAPTER 02
Figure 2.1 A properly fitted...
Figure 2.2 A common cattle...
Figure 2.3 This halter is...
Figure 2.4 The use of...
Figure 2.5a and 2.5b...
CHAPTER 03
Figure 3.1 The head and...
Figure 3.2 Control can be...
Figure 3.3 An ear squeeze...
Figure 3.4 Cursory oral examination...
Figure 3.5 A submission posture...
Figure 3.6 The hand of...
Figure 3.7 The free hand...
Figure 3.8 A halter and...
Figure 3.9 The front foot...
Figure 3.10 The front pastern...
Figure 3.11 The toenails are...
Figure 3.12 The handler places...
Figure 3.13 The pastern is...
Figure 3.14 The toenails are...
Figure 3.15 The first step...
Figure 3.16 Then, the head...
Figure 3.17 The front limb...
Figure 3.18 The head and...
Figure 3.19 The head and...
Figure 3.20 With the head...
Figure 3.21 Lateral recumbency can...
Figure 3.22 During standing restraint...
Figure 3.23 Relaxation can often...
Figure 3.24 Sternal recumbency can...
Figure 3.25 These ropes, or...
Figure 3.26 Properly fitted back...
CHAPTER 04
Figure 4.1 A commercially available...
Figure 4.2 A commercially available...
Figure 4.3 Alpaca chute with...
Figure 4.4 An alpaca restrained...
Figure 4.5 Alpaca in a...
CHAPTER 05
Figure 5.1 A llama correctly...
Figure 5.2 The ear squeeze...
Figure 5.3 Improper handling of...
CHAPTER 06
Figure 6.1 Tenting of the...
Figure 6.2 Placement of an...
Figure 6.3 Placement of an...
Figure 6.4 Location of the...
Figure 6.5 Animal receiving an...
CHAPTER 09
Figure 9.1 After induction of...
Figure 9.2 A laryngoscope with...
Figure 9.3 The laryngoscope blade...
Figure 9.4 The laryngoscope light...
Figure 9.5 A long, thin...
Figure 9.6 The stylette must...
Figure 9.7 The endotracheal tube...
Figure 9.8 Correct placement of...
Figure 9.9 If resistance to...
Figure 9.10 Multiple attempts may...
Figure 9.11 An artificial device...
Figure 9.12 Volume-regulated ventilation...
CHAPTER 10
Figure 10.1 The head and...
Figure 10.2 The nasotracheal tube...
Figure 10.3 Ventral placement of...
Figure 10.4 The nasotracheal tube...
Figure 10.5 Successful intubation is...
Figure 10.6 The tube is...
Figure 10.7 Mechanical or manual...
CHAPTER 11
Figure 11.1 A stab skin...
Figure 11.2 The trocar is...
Figure 11.3 The trocar is...
Figure 11.4 An oral speculum...
Figure 11.5 A stiff guide...
Figure 11.6 In this photograph...
Figure 11.7 A laryngoscope with...
Figure 11.8 The guide wire...
Figure 11.9 Once the endotracheal...
CHAPTER 12
Figure 12.1 Location of the...
Figure 12.2 Injection of 2...
Figure 12.3 Stab incision made...
Figure 12.4 Occlusion of the...
Figure 12.5 The catheter has...
Figure 12.6 Attachment of an...
Figure 12.7 A neck wrap...
Figure 12.8 This package contents...
Figure 12.9 Insertion of the...
Figure 12.10 Removal of the...
Figure 12.11 Passage of the...
Figure 12.12 The insertion and...
Figure 12.13 The tabs of...
Figure 12.14 This package contents...
Figure 12.15 The insertion needle...
Figure 12.16 The J-wire...
Figure 12.17 The insertion needle...
Figure 12.18 The tissue spreader...
Figure 12.19 The J-wire...
Figure 12.20 The catheter is...
Figure 12.21 Once the catheter...
Figure 12.22 The built-in...
CHAPTER 13
Figure 13.1 Preparation of the...
Figure 13.2 An over-the...
Figure 13.3 Once the catheter...
CHAPTER 14
Figure 14.1 Catheterization of the...
CHAPTER 15
Figure 15.2 Placement of an...
Figure 15.1 Location of the...
CHAPTER 16
Figure 16.1 Locating the auricular...
Figure 16.2 Butterfly taping of...
CHAPTER 17
Figure 17.1 A femoral artery...
Figure 17.2 An arterial blood...
CHAPTER 18
Figure 18.1 A large area...
Figure 18.2 A bone biopsy...
Figure 18.3 The greater trochanter...
Figure 18.4 The needle is...
Figure 18.5 The position of...
Figure 18.6 The needle is...
Figure 18.7 The cap and...
CHAPTER 19
Figure 19.1 The site for...
Figure 19.2 A No. 15...
Figure 19.3 The skin incision...
Figure 19.4 A variety of...
Figure 19.5 Placement of the...
Figure 19.6 Intraperitoneal position of...
CHAPTER 20
Figure 20.1 The clinician’...
Figure 20.2 The needle is...
CHAPTER 21
Figure 21.1 Epidural catheter setup...
Figure 21.2 The clinician’...
Figure 21.3 One to two...
Figure 21.4 The materials needed...
Figure 21.5 The Tuohy needle...
Figure 21.6 Saline is being...
Figure 21.7 The epidural catheter...
Figure 21.8 After the catheter...
Figure 21.9 Extra length of...
Figure 21.10 A section of...
Figure 21.11 An adhesive flexible...
Figure 21.12 Additional support is...
Figure 21.13 A second strip...
CHAPTER 22
Figure 22.1 The clinician’...
Figure 22.2 One to two...
Figure 22.3 The spinal needle...
Figure 22.4 Saline is being...
Figure 22.5 Spinal fluid is...
CHAPTER 23
Figure 23.1 Llamas and alpacas...
Figure 23.2 Relatively little muscle...
Figure 23.3 The ventral aspect...
Figure 23.4 Cervical injuries such...
Figure 23.5 The split upper...
Figure 23.6 An oral speculum...
Figure 23.7 A PCV pipe...
Figure 23.9 Camelids have a...
Figure 23.10 The premolars and...
Figure 23.8 The rubber covering...
CHAPTER 24
Figure 24.1 The operator restrains...
Figure 24.2 Alpaca skull demonstrating...
Figure 24.3 Alpaca mandibles showing...
Figure 24.4 The mandibular incisors...
Figure 24.5 Normal incisor conformation...
Figure 24.6 Alpaca mandible showing...
Figure 24.7 An electric rotary...
Figure 24.8 A 60-mL...
Figure 24.9 Severely overgrown mandibular...
Figure 24.10 After trimming of...
Figure 24.11 Use of a...
CHAPTER 25
Figure 25.1 Rostral mandible showing...
Figure 25.2 Anesthetic blockade of...
Figure 25.3 A mouth speculum...
Figure 25.4 A dental elevator...
Figure 25.5 Angled molar, or...
Figure 25.6 Retained deciduous third...
CHAPTER 26
Figure 26.1 Lateral oblique radiographic...
Figure 26.2 Computed tomography image...
Figure 26.3 Ventral lateral approach...
Figure 26.4 Myoperiosteal elevation flap...
Figure 26.5 The lateral alveolar...
Figure 26.6 After tooth extraction...
Figure 26.7 Dental elevators (Wolf...
Figure 26.8 A cotton plug...
CHAPTER 27
Figure 27.1 Photograph of an...
Figure 27.2 Sketch diagram (cutaway...
Figure 27.3 Photograph of a...
Figure 27.4 Otoscopic exam of...
Figure 27.5 Picture of an...
Figure 27.6 Skull radiograph of...
Figure 27.7 CT image of...
CHAPTER 28
Figure 28.1 Normally thin hair...
Figure 28.2 (a, b) Thin...
Figure 28.3 Normal thin fiber...
Figure 28.4 Thinner fiber covering...
Figure 28.5 Thick cervical skin...
Figure 28.6 (a, b) The...
Figure 28.7 (a, b) Normal...
CHAPTER 29
Figure 29.1 Superficial skin scraping...
Figure 29.2 A male alpaca...
Figure 29.3 The dorsal interdigital...
Figure 29.4 Exfoliated skin cells...
Figure 29.5 A Chorioptes spp...
CHAPTER 30
Figure 30.1 Photo of the...
Figure 30.2a and 30.2b...
Figure 30.3 Initial insertion of...
Figure 30.4 The biopsy instrument...
Figure 30.5 The cutting edge...
Figure 30.6 Thumb forceps are...
Figure 30.7 Scissors or a...
CHAPTER 31
Figure 31.1 Various nail trimming...
Figure 31.2 The operator places...
Figure 31.3a and 31.3b...
Figure 31.4a and 31.4b...
Figure 31.5 Using pruning shears...
Figure 31.6a, 31.6b, and...
CHAPTER 32
Figure 32.1 Postmortem specimen in...
Figure 32.2 Postmortem specimen in...
Figure 32.3 The last rib...
CHAPTER 33
Figure 33.1 Isolate and stabilize...
Figure 33.2 Sharp dissection is...
Figure 33.3 The paired sternohyoideous...
Figure 33.4 Sufficient length of...
Figure 33.5 The tracheotomy tube...
Figure 33.6 The tracheostomy tube...
Figure 33.7 The skin is...
Figure 33.8 Direct tracheal intubation...
CHAPTER 34
Figure 34.1 Sagittal section through...
Figure 34.2 Obstruction of the...
Figure 34.3 Endoscopic image of...
Figure 34.4 Endoscopic image of...
Figure 34.5 Ventral midline incision...
Figure 34.6 Temporary tracheostomy is...
Figure 34.7 Placement of a...
CHAPTER 35
Figure 35.1 Span the trachea...
Figure 35.2 Stab incision made...
Figure 35.3 Nested trocar set...
Figure 35.4 The polyethylene tubing...
Figure 35.5 Advance the tubing...
Figure 35.6 The syringe containing...
CHAPTER 36
Figure 36.1 Postmortem photograph of...
Figure 36.2 Postmortem photograph of...
Figure 36.3 Postmortem photograph of...
Figure 36.4 The edge of...
Figure 36.5 The right and...
CHAPTER 37
Figure 37.1 Postmortem photograph of...
Figure 37.2 The probe is...
Figure 37.3 This ultrasound image...
Figure 37.4 Another image of...
Figure 37.5 An ultrasound image...
Figure 37.6 An ultrasound image...
Figure 37.7 Positioning of the...
Figure 37.8 Image of the...
Figure 37.9 Approximate probe positioning...
Figure 37.10 An ultrasound image...
Figure 37.11 Ultrasound image of...
CHAPTER 38
Figure 38.1 Location for paracostal...
Figure 38.2 The depression of...
Figure 38.3 A #15 scalpel...
Figure 38.4 A teat cannula...
Figure 38.5 Peritoneal fluid is...
Figure 38.6 Cross-sectional abdominal...
Figure 38.7 Abdominal fluid can...
Figure 38.8 Approximately 1 mL...
CHAPTER 39
Figure 39.1 Necropsy specimen of...
Figure 39.2 Proper animal restraint...
Figure 39.3 Ultrasound image of...
Figure 39.4 The site for...
Figure 39.5 Use of an...
Figure 39.6 Typical appearance of...
Figure 39.7 Use of bandage...
CHAPTER 40
Figure 40.1 First-compartment fluid...
Figure 40.2 Iodine-stained protozoa...
Figure 40.3 Gram stained first...
Figure 40.4a and 40.4b...
CHAPTER 41
Figure 41.1 Nasogastric intubation is...
Figure 41.2 The index finger...
Figure 41.3 Resistance to passage...
Figure 41.4 Intubation is facilitated...
Figure 41.5 An oral speculum...
Figure 41.6 Orogastric intubation is...
Figure 41.7 Infusing air through...
CHAPTER 42
Figure 42.1 The animal is...
Figure 42.2 Laparotomy incisions through...
Figure 42.3 After the skin...
Figure 42.4 The muscle layers...
Figure 42.5 The abdomen is...
Figure 42.6 The distal portion...
Figure 42.7 The jejunum and...
Figure 42.8 The proximal loop...
Figure 42.9 The duodenum can...
Figure 42.10 The right lobe...
Figure 42.11 The right kidney...
CHAPTER 43
Figure 43.1 The alpaca is...
Figure 43.2 A #10 scalpel...
Figure 43.3 The surgeon’...
Figure 43.4 The ventral sacs...
Figure 43.5 The main body...
Figure 43.6 The proximal loop...
Figure 43.7 The ileocecal ligament...
Figure 43.8 The bladder can...
Figure 43.9 The liver can...
CHAPTER 44
Figure 44.1 Disposable laparoscopy portal...
Figure 44.2 Cuff inflated on...
Figure 44.3 Adjustable ports are...
Figure 44.4 Adjustable ports are...
Figure 44.5 Adjustable ports are...
CHAPTER 45
Figure 45.1 The left lateral...
Figure 45.2 An elliptical skin...
Figure 45.3 An incision is...
Figure 45.4 Stay sutures are...
Figure 45.5 Stay sutures are...
Figure 45.6 Simple continuous suture...
Figure 45.7 The simple continuous...
Figure 45.8 The C1 is...
CHAPTER 46
Figure 46.1 Alpacas stand on...
Figure 46.2 The digits are...
Figure 46.3 The foot pad...
Figure 46.4 The foot pads...
Figure 46.5 The non-weight...
Figure 46.6 Some camelids walk...
CHAPTER 47
Figure 47.1 Preparation of the...
Figure 47.2 Placement of a...
Figure 47.3 Catheterization of the...
Figure 47.4 An over-the...
CHAPTER 48
Figure 48.1 The exteriorized penis...
Figure 48.2 The normal prepucial...
Figure 48.3a and 48.3b...
CHAPTER 49
Figure 49.1 Urethral diverticulum and...
Figure 49.2 An 8Fr polypropylene...
Figure 49.3 As the catheter...
Figure 49.4 Manipulation of the...
Figure 49.5 Full exteriorization of...
Figure 49.6 The corkscrew cartilaginous...
Figure 49.7 A 3.5Fr...
Figure 49.8 An intravenous catheter...
CHAPTER 50
Figure 50.1 Positioning of the...
Figure 50.2 Image of the...
Figure 50.3 Approximate probe positioning...
Figure 50.4 An ultrasound image...
Figure 50.5 Transabdominal ultrasound image...
Figure 50.6 An ultrasound image...
Figure 50.7 Rectal ultrasound image...
Figure 50.8 Intraoperative photo of...
Figure 50.9 Rectal ultrasound image...
CHAPTER 51
Figure 51.1 Transabdominal ultrasound imaging...
Figure 51.2 Transabdominal ultrasound image...
Figure 51.3 Use of an...
CHAPTER 52
Figure 52.1 Diagram illustrating the...
CHAPTER 53
Figure 53.1 A rigid extension...
Figure 53.2 The rigid extender...
Figure 53.3 The nonpregnant uterus...
Figure 53.4 A mature follicle...
Figure 53.5 A 25-day...
Figure 53.6 A more well...
Figure 53.7 By day 60...
Figure 53.8 At 120 days...
Figure 53.9 The skull and...
Figure 53.10 At 292 days...
Figure 53.11 The thorax is...
Figure 53.12 Heartbeat can be...
CHAPTER 54
Figure 54.1 Rigid sigmoidoscope, available...
Figure 54.2 The rigid sigmoidoscope...
Figure 54.3 The sigmoidoscope light...
Figure 54.4 The sigmoidoscope light...
Figure 54.5 The magnifying lens...
Figure 54.6 The light source...
Figure 54.7 Guarded uterine culture...
Figure 54.8 When the swab...
Figure 54.9 Alpaca positioned in...
Figure 54.10 Alpaca chute mounted...
CHAPTER 55
Figure 55.1 Teat and udder...
CHAPTER 56
Figure 56.1 A right craniolateral...
Figure 56.2 Approximate location (dashed...
Figure 56.3 Approximate locations of...
Figure 56.4 Initial incision is...
Figure 56.5 The pudendal artery...
Figure 56.6 Ligate and transect...
Figure 56.7 Continue lateral incisions...
Figure 56.8 Undermine the udder...
CHAPTER 58
Figure 58.1 Rectal palpation for...
Figure 58.2 A halter and...
Figure 58.3 The female is...
Figure 58.4 The female is...
Figure 58.5 The female is...
Figure 58.6 The female is...
Figure 58.7 The female is...
Figure 58.8 After completion of...
CHAPTER 59
Figure 59.1 The penis and...
Figure 59.2 Retraction of the...
Figure 59.3 Extension of the...
Figure 59.4 The cartilaginous process...
CHAPTER 60
Figure 60.1 The penis and...
Figure 60.2 Complete extension of...
Figure 60.3 The fibrovascular penis...
Figure 60.4 The cartilagenous process...
Figure 60.5 The cartilagenous process...
CHAPTER 61
Figure 61.1 The bulbourethral glands...
Figure 61.2 The prostate glands...
Figure 61.3 The bilobed prostate...
CHAPTER 63
Figure 63.1 Collection of semen...
Figure 63.2 Seminal fluids pooled...
Figure 63.3 Artificial vagina (AV...
Figure 63.4 A warm water...
Figure 63.5 Male llama mounted...
Figure 63.6 Ram electroejaculator ready...
Figure 63.7 During electroejaculation under...
CHAPTER 64
Figure 64.1 Preferred restraint position...
Figure 64.2 Initial midline incision...
Figure 64.3 Pressure is applied...
Figure 64.4 The testicle, tunic...
Figure 64.5 The isolated spermatic...
Figure 64.6 Absorbable suture material...
Figure 64.7 Both testicles have...
Figure 64.8 The prescrotal incision...
Figure 64.9 The completed, closed...
CHAPTER 65
Figure 65.1 The Sign-Time...
Figure 65.2 Facial paralysis in...
Figure 65.3 C5-C6 subluxation...
CHAPTER 66
Figure 66.1 Needle placement for...
Figure 66.2 Site for lumbosacral...
Figure 66.3 Insertion of the...
Figure 66.4 Once the needle...
Figure 66.5 A sterile syringe...
Figure 66.6 Samples of CSF...
Figure 66.7 Microscopic, stained image...
CHAPTER 67
Figure 67.1 Normal alpaca (a...
Figure 67.2 Normal alpaca (a...
Figure 67.3 Normal 17-year...
CHAPTER 68
Figure 68.1 The nasal punch...
Figure 68.2 The passage of...
CHAPTER 71
Figure 71.1 Materials needed...
Figure 71.3 Local anesthesia using...
Figure 71.4 Topical anesthesia achieved...
Figure 71.5 Protecting the cornea...
Figure 71.6 Advance tubing and...
Figure 71.7 Dry tubing and...
Figure 71.8 Place blue cap...
CHAPTER 72
Figure 72.1 Stromal abscess in...
Figure 72.2 Schematic drawing of...
Figure 72.3 After the lesion...
Figure 72.4 Conjunctival flap used...
CHAPTER 73
Figure 73.1 Acid citrate dextrose...
Figure 73.2 Filtered blood transfusion...
Figure 73.3 The mucous membranes...
Figure 73.4 Peripheral blood smear...
CHAPTER 74
Figure 74.1 Commercially available frozen...
Figure 74.2 Filtered blood transfusion...
Guide
Cover
Title Page
Copyright Page
Table of Contents
Preface
Begin Reading
Index
End User License Agreement
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Preface
Traditional farm animal species are routinely included in veterinary curricula, have immense volumes of published information, and most large animal veterinarians and veterinary technicians possess experience and a general understanding of procedures to be performed on these species. This wealth of resources greatly outweighs that available regarding South American camelids for most veterinarians. South American camelids are increasingly ingrained in modern veterinary culture, but this experience is relatively new—measured in decades versus centuries for that of traditional species. Early on, medical and surgical care was directed toward specialty clinics and veterinarians with special interest. This was largely due to the extreme monetary value of animals and veterinarians’ apprehension to treat animals in which they have little to no experience. Also, many practitioners have limited direct practice experience with llamas and alpacas. Many methods for common procedures as well as specialized investigative procedures have been developed through trial and error. The general acceptance of South American camelids as a common component of mixed animal veterinary practice has led to veterinarians finding themselves performing examinations, diagnostic testing, and medical and surgical procedures on llamas and alpacas. Comfort working with the species has grown as graduating veterinarians receive more formal training and experience during their education.
We receive and address many calls from the field and from other academic institutions on how to perform varying procedures. Our goal with this text is to synthesize our combined experience with procedures from routine maintenance to advanced procedures into a single, organized, concise, visually descriptive volume for veterinary reference. This manual is intended to serve as a reference and patient-side guide for veterinarians and veterinary technicians to facilitate performance of these procedures. We gratefully acknowledge the input of our fellow veterinary practitioners who have contributed to the advancement of knowledge about these species and to increasing the standard of care provided to llamas and alpacas.
Section I Behavior and Capture Techniques
Section II Physical Restraint and Injection Sites
2 Haltering
Meredyth L. Jones
Purpose or Indication for Procedure
This procedure provides sufficient restraint for physical examination, injection, blood collection, nasal swabbing, and other minor procedures.
Equipment Needed
Alpaca and llama halters (Figure 2.1) are commercially available in various sizes to allow proper fitting and should be used with a lead rope. Additionally, sheep or goat halters and even cattle rope halters (Figure 2.2) may be used if properly adjusted.
Figure 2.1 A properly fitted alpaca halter. The muzzle portion of the halter encircles the jaws in the caudal third of the nasal passages and fits securely around the head.
Figure 2.2 A common cattle rope halter is easily adjusted for use with camelids.
Restraint/Position
Standing, sternal recumbency (cushed), or laterally recumbent positions may be used.
Technical Description of Procedure/Method
The handler should place one arm around the animal’s neck and gently slide the halter over the bridge of the nose, with the strap placed behind the ears and secured. All types of halters should be checked for proper fit. On a properly fitting halter, the portion over the bridge of the nose should ride over the caudal one-third of the bridge (Figure 2.1). The rostral one-third to one-half of the bridge of the nose is comprised of soft cartilage and is easily compressed by ill-fitting halters. Ill-fit results in occlusion the nasal passages, especially when the animal is resisting leading and is pulling back on the halter. Camelids are nasal breathers and will panic and further resist restraint because of an inability to breathe easily (Figure 2.3). Continued compression can lead to asphyxiation and death. When animals are unattended or out to pasture, halters always be removed; they should never be tied and left unattended. In uncooperative camelids, a surgical huck towel, stocking cap, large sock, or other fabric can be tucked into the halter at the bridge of the nose to keep regurgitate from hitting the handler (Figure 2.4). Lightweight fabric should not be used for this purpose due to the risk of the fabric being pulled to the nostrils with inhalation.
Figure 2.3 This halter is too small for this animal, as evidenced by the muzzle portion, which sits too far rostrally and is compressing the soft nasal cartilage of the nasal passage, restricting airflow.
Figure 2.4 The use of a surgical huck towel to manage spitting/regurgitation behavior.
Practice Tip to Facilitate ProcedurePractice Tip to Facilitate Procedure
Alpacas and llamas are most easily gathered as a group. They can be gathered into a corner using lightweight pipes or a rope (Figures 2.5a and 2.5b) or with a team of people and then individuals restrained.
Figure 2.5a and 2.5b A single individual is able to herd a group of alpacas by the use of a rope (or long piece of lightweight conduit), tied at one end at an appropriate height. The rope or conduit is then secured and the animals contained for individual handling.
Potential Complications
Camelids have a soft, cartilaginous rostral end of the nasal passage, and nasal occlusion may occur with ill-fitting halters. Cervical injuries may occur in animals that violently resist haltering and leading.
It is not recommended that camelids be allowed to wear halters except during handling. Friction from the nosepiece can cause fiber loss and reduce the ability of animals to open their mouth and prehend feed. Their curious nature also increases the risk of catching the halter on environmental obstacles.
3 Manual Restraint
David E. Anderson
Purpose or Indication for Procedure
Manual restraint is needed for a wide variety of procedures. Most often, standing restraint is utilized, but either sternal recumbency (“cush”; alternative spelling “kush”) or lateral recumbency is desired to facilitate procedures such as ultrasound examination, toenail trimming, and whenever access to the ventral aspect of the body is desired.
Equipment Needed
Halter, lead rope, 2-meter length of cotton rope, or cattle hobbles are needed.
Restraint/Position
Standing, sternal recumbency (“cush”), or lateral recumbency positions may be used.
Technical Description of Procedure/Method
Standing Restraint
Standing restraint can be achieved with or without a halter. In the absence of a halter, restraint can be achieved by grasping the neck and pulling the head and neck inward against the handler’s body (Figure 3.1). Then, one hand is placed behind the head near the base of the ears and the other hand is placed underneath the jaw at a point midway between the mouth and the eyes (Figure 3.2). The grip should be firm but not tight enough to elicit an adverse response. When needed, the hand placed behind the head can easily be moved onto the ears and used to squeeze the ears tightly (Figure 3.3). An ear squeeze is an effective method to gain additional control for short periods of time similar to a nose twitch in horses. The ears should not be twisted, and the squeeze should not be used often or for long periods of time. Oral examination can be performed by moving the hand from behind the head around the opposite side of the head from the handler and up to the mouth. This position places the head into the crook of the handler’s elbow, allows the handler to firmly control the head within the arm, and frees up the hand to stimulate opening of the mouth (Figure 3.4). The mouth can be opened by placing the fingers into the commissure of the lips and pulling backward. Extreme care must be observed not to place the fingers or hand into the diastema of the mouth because of the upper and lower canine teeth and the upper incisor teeth present. In adult males, these teeth are well developed and sharp if they have not been trimmed. The standing restraint position also can be used to obtain blood samples from the jugular vein. For this procedure, the camelid is placed into a submissive posture by tucking the head and neck under the arm and leaning over the animal’s back (Figure 3.5). The rostral neck is positioned under the handler’s armpit, and that arm is used to restrain the neck and the hand to occlude the jugular vein (Figure 3.6). The free hand is used to palpate the jugular vein and obtain blood samples (Figure 3.7).
Figure 3.1 The head and neck are grasped and pulled firmly against the handler’s body for manual restraint in the absence of a halter.
Figure 3.2 Control can be maintained using minimal restraint by grasping the jawbones (mandibles) with one hand and simultaneously placing the other hand behind the poll of the head and the uppermost portion of the neck.
Figure 3.3 An ear squeeze can be used to gain additional control in uncooperative patients.
Figure 3.4 Cursory oral examination can be done by placing the poll of the head in the crook of the elbow and then inserting the fingers into the cheek. Care must be exercised so the fingers are not introduced between the teeth.
Figure 3.5 A submission posture can be achieved for control during the one-person jugular bleeding method by placing the head and neck beneath the arm and shoulder furthest away from the chest. The handler’s knee is braced against the sternum of the animal.
Figure 3.6 The hand of the arm used to apply the head and neck brace is used to occlude the jugular vein.
Figure 3.7 The free hand is then used to insert the needle into the jugular vein and the sample obtained.
Toenail trimming can be done with the animal standing, but it requires coordination to allow the animal to maintain balance. A halter and lead rope are placed on the llama or alpaca and tied to a stationary post (Figure 3.8). Then, the handler approaches the shoulder and places the nearside foot between the front feet of the animal (Figure 3.9). This allows positioning of the handler’s knee beneath the sternum and facilitates restraint and encourages the animal to remain standing as well as helping to maintain balance. The handler grasps the metacarpal region firmly and lifts the lower leg (Figure 3.10). The hand is moved down to the pastern region, the toenails trimmed as needed, and the limb released (Figure 3.11). Next, the handler approaches the hip and places the near-side foot between the rear feet of the animal (Figure 3.12). This allows positioning of the handler’s knee medial to the stifle and facilitates restraint and encourages the animal to remain standing as well as helping to maintain balance. The handler grasps the metatarsal region firmly and lifts the lower leg (Figure 3.13). The hand is moved down to the pastern region, the toenails trimmed as needed, and the limb released (Figure 3.14).
Figure 3.8 A halter and lead rope may be used to tie llamas and alpacas to a stationary post, but these animals should not be left unattended.
Figure 3.9 The front foot may be raised by inserting the nearside foot in between the patients front feet and bracing the knee against the sternum.
Figure 3.10 The front pastern is firmly grasped and the leg lifted.
Figure 3.11 The toenails are inspected and trimmed as needed based on growth patterns.
Figure 3.12 The handler places the nearside foot in between the rear feet of the patient and braces the knee against the inner thigh and stifle.
Figure 3.13 The pastern is grasped firmly and the leg lifted.
Figure 3.14 The toenails are inspected and trimmed based on growth patterns.
Sternal Recumbency
Sternal recumbency is a natural posture for camelids and is referred to as a “cushed” posture. Alpacas often attain this posture when resisting being handled as a self-protection mechanism. Llamas do this less commonly, preferring to tuck individual limbs away from the handler but remaining standing. Sternal recumbency can be achieved with manual restraint when needed. First, a halter and lead rope are placed on the head (Figure 3.15). Then, the head is pulled to the ground and the lead rope used to fix the position of the muzzle on the ground (Figure 3.16). The front limb on the same side as the handler is grasped and flexed up off of the ground (Figure 3.17). The position of the head and front limb is maintained until the llama or alpaca lies down in sternal recumbency (Figure 3.18). This can be encouraged by a second handler applying pressure downward on the pelvis and lumbar region. When a sternal posture is attained, the head and neck must be held firmly against the ground to maintain restraint (Figure 3.19).
Figure 3.15 The first step in attaining sternal recumbency is to place a halter and lead rope on the animal.
Figure 3.16 Then, the head is pulled tightly against the ground.
Figure 3.17 The front limb on the side nearest the handler is lifted and held firmly against the body.
Figure 3.18 The head and neck and the front limb are firmly held in position until the alpaca lies down.
Figure 3.19 The head and neck are held firmly against the ground to ensure that the alpaca remains in a cushed posture.
Lateral Recumbency
Lateral recumbency can be achieved by first placing the camelid in sternal recumbency and then rolling the animal over onto its side (Figure 3.20). This posture can be maintained by having the handler apply firm pressure to the head and neck while simultaneously controlling one front and one rear limb. When longer periods of restraint are desired or additional control is needed, ropes placed on the limbs can be used to stretch the body into a limbs hyperextended posture. These are extremely popular methods of restraint for shearing alpacas and allow for efficient control to optimize the quality of the fleece cut and minimize the risk to the animal. This can be done on the floor or using an elevated platform (Figure 3.21).
Figure 3.20 With the head and neck held firmly against the ground, the body can be pulled into lateral recumbency.
Figure 3.21 Lateral recumbency can be attained using a specially designed camelid restraint chute.
Practice Tip to Facilitate Procedure
During standing restraint and when access to the perineal area is needed (rectal temperature, etc.), relaxation of the animal can be gained by firmly grasping the tail near the base and gently rotating the tail in a circular fashion (Figures 3.22 and 3.23). During restraint in sternal recumbency, a rope may be placed across the dorsum from one hind limb to another to encourage the camelid to remain in sternal posture (“chuckered”). A set of cattle hobbles work well for this purpose. First, the leg strap is firmly applied to one limb at the metatarsal region (cannon bone; Figure 3.24). Then the strap is laid over the back and across the pelvis and attached to the contralateral leg (Figure 3.25). Occasionally, no other restraint is needed to maintain this posture (Figure 3.26).
Figure 3.22 During standing restraint, the tail may be grasped at the base to facilitate restraint.
Figure 3.23 Relaxation can often be achieved by gently rotating the tail in a circular motion.
Figure 3.24 Sternal recumbency can be maintained more easily by placement of restraint ropes attached to each of the rear cannon bones and coursing across the back.
Figure 3.25 These ropes, or cattle hobbles, are tightened to apply gentle pressure against the back so that the alpaca does not attempt to rise.
Figure 3.26 Properly fitted back ropes may allow the handler to move about during the procedure, but the patient should not be left unattended while these ropes are in place.
Potential Complications
The handler or animal may be injured during manual restraint if significant resistance to the procedures is encountered.
Patient Monitoring/Aftercare
The patient should be monitored for lameness during the 24 hours following restraint.
4 Chute Restraint
Meredyth L. Jones
Purpose or Indication for Procedure
Chute restraint provides restraint sufficient for injections, intravenous catheterization, reproductive examinations, transabdominal and transrectal ultrasonography, radiographs, and minor diagnostic and surgical procedures. Chutes and straps may be used to maintain animals in a standing position and provide access to different areas of the body, while restricting side-to-side movement. Commercial llama and alpaca chutes are available and designed to minimize focal pressure on the neck and head. Ideally, chutes should brace the shoulders while extending the head and neck.
Equipment Needed
A commercially available or manufactured llama or alpaca chute (Figures 4.1 and 4.2), restraint straps (Figure 4.3), halter, and lead rope may be used.
Figure 4.1 A commercially available llama chute.
Figure 4.2 A commercially available alpaca chute.
Figure 4.3 Alpaca chute with straps demonstrating means of providing additional restraint.
Restraint/Position
Standing/cushed position may be used.
