Virtual and Classroom Learning in Higher Education:A Guide to Effective Online Teaching E-Book
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- Herausgeber: Bentham Science Publishers
- Kategorie: Bildung
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2006
The recent COVID-19 pandemic has prompted educators to utilize online learning resources in order to comply with public health and social distancing mandates. The transition to virtual classrooms has created several opportunities and challenges for all stakeholders involved in the educational ecosystem.
The ability of the classroom instructor to impart learning to students requires considerable adjustments from both students and teachers, which can be a new experience for educational professionals.
Virtual and Classroom Learning in Higher Education serves as a handy guide for instructors to effective online teaching with a focus on higher education. The book presents reviews on different aspects of online teaching, distilling key findings in an easy to understand manner for the reader. It provides educators with knowledge which familiarizes them with online teaching models and concepts (such as micro-learning, synchronous and asynchronous learning, online pedagogy, dynamic learning experience and more). Chapters are contributed by experts in online learning and cover the topic from different angles, giving the reader a broad perspective on virtual classrooms.
Virtual and Classroom Learning in Higher Education is an essential read for administrators and educators involved in higher education settings, and general readers who are interested in widening their view of the online teaching model.
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PREFACE
Covid-19 has changed the whole scenario of the education sector. Till now, virtual learning/online learning platforms were used to increase the interest of students in different subjects and to learn something apart from the course curriculum in educational institutions. Virtual learning was used as a support to the available physical infrastructure. But since April 22, 2020, this scenario changed, and by default, virtual learning has become the main platform for teaching and learning. All the classes are now being delivered online in all the higher educational institutions. The majority of the higher education institutions across the world practice blended learning or a combination of traditional and e-learning. However, the challenges of the coronavirus crisis have brought the higher education providers in a situation to restructure the philosophy of teaching, learning and assessment without compromising with the quality and serving the interests of the learners in best possible ways. Online teaching is the best way to combat the covid crisis, where social distancing is the only way to eradicate covid. Educational institutions have adopted virtual learning across the world. For higher educational institutions, senior management has taken up the responsibility to supervise and monitor the effectiveness of virtual learning towards achieving strategic goals. The whole onus is on the course instructor to design the contents and delivery of the course in such a way as to promote self-learning and better engagement in the class. Effective knowledge starts with learner’s engagement. Hence, students’ engagement has emerged as a fundamental subject in Higher Education in the recent past. In turn, it has become a pervasive indicator for measuring the education quality of institutions.
Various researches on the relationship between student engagement and learning reveal that engagement is a predictor of academic achievement, student performance, and educational development. Engaged students exhibit interest to study, active attention, motivation, and participation, while their disengaged counterparts demonstrate poor motivation, boredom, low grades, and passiveness. As students’ performance remains a top priority for educators and engaging students is a challenge faced by lecturers all over the world, many efforts on how higher education might further inculcate and strengthen student engagement have been explored. With the increased exposure to the online world, all the traditional systems are being transformed into a virtual world like online shopping, banking, booking tickets, watching movies, etc. Hence now the education system is no more an exception to it. In the past two decades, the government has played a pivotal role in boosting E-learning. It initially started with satellite-based classrooms and subsequently followed by NKN (National Knowledge Network), NMEICT (National Mission on Education through Information and Communication Technology). It has also created e-access to information and library databases like INFLIBNET (Information and Library Network). It is also predicted that it shall create a new paradigm of National Academic Credit Bank (NACB), which shall ultimately transform the concepts of new generation degrees in the overall education system.
The current pandemic has introduced everyone to new normal not only via increased hygiene but transformed the learning process too. The MOOC (Massive Open Online Courses) gained momentum after this pandemic. After the immediate announcement of lockdown, all the schools and colleges were shut which forced the students to return to their native; this period also brought a milestone in academics. It was a drastic change overnight with the pandemic, and all the educators and learners were forced to equip themselves as they were all at the culmination of the academic year. The major questions posed before educators were - How can data be transformed into knowledge? How to reach them, so it doesn’t compromise the quality of the learning process in face to face lectures and How to get immediately equipped with this new technology? The ones who especially lack experience in technology faced major issues. This posed a big challenge to all the institutions and administrations for efficient delivery of learning, especially the ones who lacked organized and efficient online infrastructure. It was also supposed to ensure impeccable learning as the academic year was about to be completed.
It was again a challenge to enthrall students in the current scenario as their mental health was also affected. So many questions, but gradually, Virtual learning has now become the new ritual. The Internet has made it possible to reach every corner of the world, and educators and researchers have adapted to this virtual world as no other option was left to them. In contrast, it was combating with minimal infrastructure resources that was the biggest challenge as well bounty opportune to the IT sector, as many software professionals bolstered to bridge the gap created by the current pandemic by developing various new applications. Some of the applications or platforms used for online lectures include - WebEx, Zoom, MS Team, Google Meet, Google Classroom, etc. This also proved to be an overnight cost to the schools and college institutions as immediately those licenses of the software were bought to keep the learning going without disruptions. Though the pandemic is transitory, it has given new milestones in academics as it was a meteoric development in the educational system. With this drastic development in the education system, which moved towards e-world, an attempt is made to study and check if traditional “brick and mortar” can lose its strength and possibility of being replaced with the online mode of teaching. An in-depth analysis is made to find out how the current generation is experiencing online learning and what challenges does it pose, also the level of acceptance in comparison to the face to face learning.
List of Contributors
How Effective is Online Education During the Current Pandemic Due to COVID-19?
Ravindra Dey1,2,Indu Sharma2,*,Neha D’Souza1,2,Glovin Kumar1,2Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has forced educational institutions and universities across the country to suspend classes and lectures, forcing them to resort to online education to continue educating students. While the change could have been smooth for the more technologically adept institutions, many others are still coping. The change affects students, and even more importantly, educators, who have to revamp their lesson plans and pedagogy. While many articles state the infrastructural disparities between regions within the country, few speak about the effectiveness of the online courses. This study aims to investigate the effectiveness of online education in the current scenario. The subjects of this study were students currently pursuing a master’s degree in business administration, all of who are attending online lectures. Using online questionnaires for students and in-depth interviews with faculty members, data was collected via convenience sampling. A total of 141 students in business school responded to the questionnaire, and interviews were conducted with ten professors in Business Schools. The findings of the study reveal that despite the lack of adequate infrastructure, the students have found means to adopt this new medium of learning. The motivation is high amongst the teachers and students, who are equally enthusiastic about learning via the new platform.
INTRODUCTION
The novel Coronavirus was declared as a pandemic by the W.H.O (World Health Organization) on the 30th of January 2020, and by the 11th of February, it was renamed as COVID-19. The virus that originated from Wuhan, China, brought the
entire world to a standstill putting tremendous pressure not just on the economy but also on daily routine tasks.
With nearly all countries worldwide going through a lockdown, this epidemic has brought a Global crisis of a very high magnitude. Every industry has been affected by the onset of this pandemic; with organizations adopting the ‘Work from home’ culture, nothing stands different for the education sector. Online Education has been the area of focus for quite some time now and has not been an entirely new learning mode, but the constant debate of this medium being effective or not has always brought doubt in one’s mind.
There are both pros and cons when it comes to this mode of learning ranging from different areas of having the right technological infrastructure, being technologically sound and comfortable with the platform, the pace at which one adapts to it, the course material or modules used for teaching and the methodology/techniques used to keep the concentration levels of students from wavering. The issues that existed in the traditional classroom setup do not cease to appear in the online mediums of learning. Low concentration level remains an area of concern, as one cannot discern if the student is attentive and benefiting from what is being taught. Though technology eliminates geographical boundaries, a lack of physical interaction leaves much to be desired.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Electronic-learning or E-learning is an umbrella term for a wide variety of methodologies, including supported learning, blended learning (a combination of interaction with the instructor and online teaching resources), and a completely online course, without student-interaction interaction (J. Pearson & S. Trinidad, 2005). Owing to its vastness, numerous factors decide the effectiveness of the learning course for the student; a few of these are the availability of necessary infrastructure: the quality of the course and teaching aids, the relevance of the content for the student, the availability of support systems for solving queries, and a competent peer support system, for both the student and the instructor alike (Macnish, Trinidad, Fisher & Aldridge, 2003, J. Pearson & S. Trinidad, 2005).
After initial research was carried out by Walberg (1979) on classroom learning environments, consequent research papers focused on the efficacy of technology being used to innovate in education and the widespread adoption of the internet with mediums like web-based learning growing in popularity. Results from these researches have established links between classroom environments and student learning (Goh et al. 1995; Fraser 1999a, b), and the results focused on the technology-savvy learning environments in encouraging the retention of students, achievement, attitudes, and equity (Trinidad et al. 2001; Aldridge et al. 2003). The studies prompted educators to re-assess their understanding of teaching modes and examine the role of teaching mediums in learning outcomes for the students before establishing the said mode in an educational institution. The findings of various studies seem to be contrasting; Rivera and Rice (2002) found similarities in the results of students who took up an online class vis-à-vis traditional face to face classroom training or video-based learning. Contrasting the above findings was the research carried out by Hughes et al. (2007) and Maki, Maki, Patterson, and Whittaker (2000) shows students who took web-based classes performed better than the students in the traditional face-to-face class. However, students who enrolled in a web-based class achieved lower grades than those who took up face-to-face classes. Wang and Newlin (2000), Waschull (2001) suggested that their findings may be an outcome of how the learning was measured across these groups and suggested varying the methods for assessments that would result in different outcomes.
These studies pertain to entire courses, which bring many other factors that could affect student performance, namely the course content, which ideally should be identical to traditional and online courses. The instructor's teaching styles also have a vital role to play here; the depth of explanation offered, student-teacher interaction, expertise in the field, are bound to be different for individuals. These could essentially be what ‘makes or breaks’ the course for a student; when it comes to online teaching, the extent and the frequency of student-teacher interaction via various means of engagement are also worth exploring (Lisa Emerson and Bruce MacKay, 2010).
A correlation has been shown to exist between student learning and the compatibility of learning environments with their personal preferences (Aldridge et al., 2003, 2004). Therefore, it is fair to infer that designing learning environments that are more in line with student preferences would certainly lead to more positive outcomes for the student, both in achievements and cognitive learning. It is also interesting to note that the rapid change and adoption of online learning as a medium with more benefits, and better learning than traditional classes, is not supported by very firm evidence. Studies conducted have highlighted this rapid change and adoption of e-learning as a medium in higher education. The claims that e-learning has more rewards than dangers and is a great time saver for students, is not sufficiently backed with evidence and has led researchers to support claims with empirical evidence. Knowing that in the current scenario where the world has reached new heights and achieved the unachievable, it still has not matured when it comes to the quality of technology in many countries.
In an article published by News18, which threw some light on the drawbacks of online education, it also broke some stereotypes such as only students from remote and rural areas lack technological infrastructure, even students belonging to metropolitan cities did not have a laptop or lacked a proper data connection. A faculty at a renowned college in Mumbai stated that despite the reasonably affluent crowd attending the college, online education is not guaranteed to work. A significant percentage of the students did not have access to laptops, and even access to laptops did not ensure that students could use them comfortably (Agha, Eram 2020, April 3). While faculties were expressing worries about missing on interaction and gauging from the body language, the level of understanding of students, or students lacking in technological infrastructure, they provided all necessary support for their students from providing data packs, sending pre-recorded video sessions, to e-books, and notes. Some faculties conducted one on one training sessions for the weaker students via conferencing applications like Skype, Whatsapp, etc.
When it comes to students' and parents' views on online education, we have varied views yet again, some in favor of this mode while some are detesting this learning style. Online education has a lot of parents for it and also against it. While some parents and children have very willingly adapted to this new way of learning, some parents were not very happy with this arrangement and were worried about the increase in their children's screen time. Parents were not very comfortable with technology, and this kind of mindset is likely to rub off on their children (Praveen Sudevan, 2020, May 11).
A teacher is said to have a different teaching style, and over time builds a rapport with students by observing facial expressions and body language. This helps the teacher in gauging whether the children have understood or not. A live classroom environment favors this thought process and makes it much easier for teachers to focus on students. With online education entering the picture, observing students becomes difficult, and paying attention to students becomes difficult as you cannot see them continuously. Technological issues disrupt the lectures' flow, making it difficult for the session to be effective. Many schools had to reinvent their teaching models, teachers had to get used to new schedules, and class sizes were changed to around seven students only and not more than that. Parents were questioned by teachers on the child’s progress. Schools felt that, in one way, this was a way of making students more responsible and smart enough to come up with solutions (Praveen Sudevan, 2020, May 11).
While some thought that the sudden shift to online learning must have moved everyone out of their comfort zone, some of them have connectivity issues and lagging infrastructure when it came to the preparation. On the other hand, many are looking at the benefits and stating how it is the call of the future.
RESEARCH PROBLEM
The sudden onset of the pandemic and the ensuing lockdown has caught many institutions unaware, most of which are not fully equipped and not trained to conduct lectures. However, the shift has been drastic as teachers are coping and learning to use various solutions. The question of the effectiveness of the course content is the concern that arises alongside the question of availability. This study investigates the efficacy of online classes and lectures conducted given the current scenario.
OBJECTIVES
To investigate whether the education imparted in the current scenario is significant and is beneficial for students.To investigate whether expectations and difficulties faced by faculty and student are concurrent.RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
For this study, online questionnaires and in-depth interviews were chosen as the medium for data collection. A survey was developed for students, adopting factors from the OLES Survey (Trinidad et al., 2005) and modifying statements to suit the study's needs. Interviews with ten faculty members from Business Schools were conducted, and questions were phrased using the same framework as developed for the students. The telephonic interviews served to uncover and understand the educators' perspectives, the technical difficulties they faced, and how they could adapt to this new delivery mechanism. Their opinions and insights were used to compare the students' responses to ascertain whether both the groups perceived similar things. The questionnaire for students was made available online via Google Forms. The questionnaire was answered by 141 students. 100% of the student respondents belonged to Business Schools in and around Pune, India and were actively pursuing higher education in Business Administration. The questionnaire comprised 25 questions, to which respondents could reply with a 5 - point Likert scale. An open-ended question asking for views and opinions was also added at the end of the questionnaire.
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
The present study aimed to investigate whether the classes conducted online amidst the current scenario are effective. For this, teachers and students were evaluated along with similar parameters, and their responses were condensed down to 7 broad constructs (Table 1). Data about each construct from the students and teachers were reduced to a simple form where they could be compared directly.
Personal Relevance relates to how effective the course content is, both to the student and the teacher. The majority of the students (62.4%) felt that the course they were pursuing should be appealing to them. 73.1% of the students also strongly felt that the courses they studied should contain an example that was part of their daily lives (Table 1). Correspondingly, all faculty members also strongly preferred to cite real-life examples that would help students better grasp concepts.
Autonomy relates to the freedom of choice in choosing courses and choosing study times (Table 1). The responses received indicate both teachers and students display a high degree of autonomy, with each group wanting to control the content and the times of the courses.
Technical Infrastructure encompasses various metrics such as availability of infrastructure, connectivity, and computer familiarity. This parameter is probably the most widely talked about when it comes to online education, with arguments being made that a vast majority of the population does not have access to resources that would enable them to connect to online classrooms. The responses received displayed a similar trend. Over 50% of the students did not have access to laptops or a desktop (Table 1). At least 50% of the students who did not have access to Wi-Fi/ Ethernet relied on mobile data. 72% of students stated that poor connectivity and limited data quotas were significant problems (Table 1). All the teachers, however, had access to laptops which they used to conduct classes. However, Internet connectivity was a cause of bother for them, with more than 60% of teachers facing intermittent connectivity (Table 1). One professor even resorted to buying as many as 5 SIM cards to ensure connectivity. Another hindrance with online classes is the lack of familiarity with the applications. While most of the students were comfortable submitting assignments online and answering examinations, only 30% of the faculties had received formal training sessions from their respective institutes for the application used to host lectures (Table 1). However, the teachers were able to adapt and were comfortable with interacting with students via various applications.
Support consists of factors that have been broadly condensed into Doubt – Solving, Content, and Personalized Touch. 59.6% of the respondents felt that they were unable to ask doubts during the online lectures. This tends to be an issue as it hinders students' understanding, which is why 51% of the students also face difficulties keeping pace with the lectures. This could be because students cannot ask the doubts immediately, which could help clear the basics and understand the topics that follow—less than 20% of the faculty allowed for interruptions to clarify doubts. The reasons given by many of them was that it was not very effective and efficient, clearing doubts in the session as they were devoid of the physical interaction with the student, and being unable to see and read the body language of the student. By observing these factors, the educator was not sure whether students had fully grasped the subject or not. However, all faculties had given their contact and were available to take calls, read emails, and respond to IM messages even beyond working hours. A few faculty respondents also allowed a 10 to 15-minute session post the lecture for clarifying any doubts. Content relates to the quality and duration of the lessons. 63.4% of the students are motivated by course content (Table 1); the educator's approach and teaching style play a large role. Many faculties who were interviewed reported having activities amidst the lesson to keep morale and attention levels high during the lecture. Students are asked to present scenarios and apply theoretical knowledge to everyday household activities, keeping them motivated and interested in attending classes online. The lack of infrastructure and connectivity can hamper students from attending live sessions. To overcome this, most of the faculty uploads their sessions to platforms such as YouTube to refer back to the content for self–study. The responses also show that more than 60% of the students referred to these sessions and prepared notes during online lectures (Table 1). A traditional classroom allows the educator to physically interact with and read the audience, mostly not feasible in online classrooms. Most of the faculty expressed their dislike of this fact and unable to pay attention to the students, especially the weaker students. 66% of the students felt that they needed the teacher's attention and a similar number preferred seeing the faculty's face on the screen and the course-related presentations (Table 1).
Collaboration relates to the physical interaction that a physical classroom environment offers. All the faculty interviewees strongly preferred the traditional classroom environment solely due to reading students and having a dedicated space to better focus. However, 55% of the students were comfortable studying and pursuing courses online, while others preferred the classroom environment (Table 1). It is also worth noting that 45% of students, however, felt that they could pass an online course without the help of a teacher (Table 1).
Evaluation is the key criterion for ascertaining whether the content has effectively been transferred over to the students. Many of the faculty resorted to Multiple Choice Questions type examinations on platforms such as Google Forms and Moodle. The quizzes were timed and jumbled to prevent cheating. Essay type questions were also asked to test the understanding of the students. On average, faculties were positive about the students' results and their participation in the online classroom. The majority of the students (70%) were also comfortable with the online examinations (Table 1), and 65% of the respondents were also able to set aside time to study and attend respective courses. The students' general overview was also positive as they appreciated the teachers' efforts, and the quizzes helped them gauge their understanding of the subject.
LIMITATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
The study's findings indicate that technology is the biggest hindrance to online education and not the unfamiliarity and the sudden change in teaching and learning methods. Perhaps, better infrastructure could ensure a higher number of students and teachers adopting online classrooms to complete courses or even earning degrees. There is also the question about the students who are not sufficiently self-driven to attend these online lectures. The survey results could have been skewed due to a large proportion of the respondents being self-driven students.
The following are suggestions for future studies:
Increase the sample size and include all students who attend online classes across various regions.Resurvey the sample to investigate whether technology has improved significantly.Improve upon the parameters based on the then-existing conditions.CONCLUSION
The study was conducted solely for students pursuing a master’s degree and the faculty of business schools, which implies a fairly high comfort level and access to technology and infrastructure. However, a significant part of the sample also belonged to the country's rural and remote parts, bringing out the difficulties of attending these online classes. The current scenario has forced institutions to rapidly change gears and adapt to an entirely new delivery mechanism of teaching, which has been difficult for both the student and the teachers. Against this backdrop, the data gathered in the study indicate that students and faculty both perceive online learning as a valuable tool and are also adapting to it the best they can. Generally, online education in these situations would be perceived as hasty and unplanned, therefore being ineffective. However, the data indicate that both students and teachers are greatly benefitting, with students being motivated and enthusiastic about learning, and teachers are willing to change their teaching methods to suit the platform. However, the hindrance is the lack of access to technology and not the online Learning’ approach, which is not an entirely new idea, and was also willing to adapt to it. Faculty interviewees also said that online education is perhaps the next step, which could empower students to pursue courses/modules from various universities remotely; however, it is also imperative that the technology evolves along with the platform itself.
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
Not applicable.
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
The author declares no conflict of interest, financial or otherwise.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Declared none.
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David Nichol1,*,David Littlefair1Abstract
Technology is central to learning in Higher Education. This learning style has been in the vanguard of ensuring continuity of study for many students worldwide during the 2020 pandemic. This chapter examines the impact of teaching and learning using technology from a theoretical and practitioner perspective. It utilizes the experiences of a practitioner who has worked in this field over the past 20 years. This chapter contends that there are both positive and negative impacts of technology in learning and teaching. However, technology is now central to enhancing learning, and using a constructivist approach can be the most effective learning strategy when using technology. Professional development is potentially a key focus area of added value when using technology as a learning medium.
INTRODUCTION
This chapter will critically explore the use of digital technology in Higher Education (HE) through the lens of a constructivist learning approach and its relationship with technology through analysis and the potential impact on practice. It will further investigate techniques developed by teaching professionals in education to evaluate and monitor the effectiveness of using technology in their own environments while finally, aiming to illuminate the theoretical perspectives with practice by focusing upon and highlighting case study examples of a practitioner with over 20 years experience of developing and delivering technology-enhanced learning opportunities in an HE setting. Across the literature, the evidence suggests a wide range of impacts, both negative and positive, related to digital technology, and it is used within Higher Education.
Researchers report benefits concerning the use of digital technology in education for both teaching and learning, including enhanced learning opportunities, academic attainment, greater motivation towards learning, and increased creativity (Selwyn 2016; McKnight 2016; Henderson 2017; Gillen, 2018). Conversely, research by Timmis et al. (2016), Fox (2017), and Molin (2018) express concerns, mainly where it can be seen as distracting for students within the learning environment, especially where educators lack the appropriate skills for its effective use. Furthermore, Higgins (2012), examining these ideas, argues that the positive findings are related to how the technology was employed using an instructional design theory instead of technology itself.
The evidence indicates that a constructivist approach to learning facilitated through technology can be one of the most effective with the promise to enhance both teaching and learning activities through student’s engagement to construct their knowledge through collaborating with peers to help escalate their satisfaction and motivation towards learning (Aldoobie 2015; Wilson 2017 and Reid 2016). What is also evident is the implementation of constructivist approaches does present challenges. As Schnell (2013) and Albert (2017) argue, it is both opportune and expensive to train educators to be able to comprehend and then develop the pedagogical strategies to provide an effective constructivist approach through technology.
Finally, the evidence is presented in this chapter, which suggests that existing evaluation and monitoring methods for the use of technology in education still lack consistency in assessing the impact and quality of technology in the environment (Tamim et al., 2011). Contemporary models used by educators lack the underpinning theoretical scope that is to be addressed in the future to verify their validity and reliability to evaluate and monitor the use of technology in practice effectively.
The implementation of technology to support learning and teaching in higher education is nothing new. The potential impacts offered by numerous technologies have encouraged governments, researchers, and professionals from around the globe to suggest its development and use will modernize and improve education (Picton 2019; Bodsworth 2017 and Greenwald 2017). During the previous two decades, there has been a steady increase in the embedding of technology use across all phases of education in the United Kingdom, with devices, for example, laptops, smartphones, computers, tablets, and learning management systems all being utilized in educational settings with the potential of supporting and enhancing learning in all environments. However, there are still many academics and practitioners who remain skeptical. Miniawi (2015) and Francis (2017) argue that although technology has evolved in educational establishments, all enhancement are not always met by the significant change in pedagogy needed to achieve its full potential to enhance learning.
