Table of Contents
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Usage Rules:
Disclaimer:
Limitation of Liability:
General:
Preface
List of Contributors
Advanced Sensor Materials for Drug Analysis
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Nanomaterials Applied for Nanosensors
Classification of Nanomaterials
Nanoparticles Synthesis
Metal Nanostructures in Sensors
Metal Oxide Nanostructures in Sensors
Carbonaceous Nanostructures
Carbon Nanotubes in Sensors
Graphene in Sensors
Reduced Graphene Oxide
Metal-oxide-doped Reduced Graphene Oxide Composites
Heteroatom-doped Graphene as Sensing Material
Hybrid Material Based on Mesoporous Silica and Graphene
Activated Charcoal in Sensors
Metal–organic Frameworks Based Nanosensors
Polymer-based Nanosensors
Molecularly Imprinted Polymers
Green Synthesis of Nanoparticles
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCE
Functionalized Nanomaterial-Based Electrochemical Sensors for Point-of-Care Devices
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
NANOMATERIALS
Carbon Nanotubes
Graphene Oxide and Graphene
Non-carbon Nanomaterials
Metallic Nanoparticles (Other Materials)
Nanowire
Organic Polymer Conductive
Nanoparticles with Magnetic Properties
SENSORS
Biosensors
Electrochemical Biosensors
Classification of Electrochemical Biosensor
Voltammetric Sensors
Potentiometric Biosensors
Impedimetric Biosensors:
NANOMATERIAL-BASED ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSORS
Nanomaterial-based electrochemical sensors for Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) Biosensor
Electrochemical Nanomaterial-based Sensors for the Identification of Neurochemicals in Biological Matrices
Electrochemical Sensors for Point-of-Care
Various Point-of-care Diagnostic Nanosensors
Nano-biosensors for Point-of-Care detection of Cancer
Nano-biosensors for Point-of-Care in Diabetes
Nano-biosensors for Point-of-Care in Infectious Diseases
Nano-biosensors for Point-of-Care in Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV)
Electrochemical Detection of Nucleic Acids by nanosensors
Synthesis and Applications to the Development of Electrochemical Sensors in the Determination of Drugs and Compounds of Clinical Interest
CONCLUSION
Consent for Publication
Conflict interests
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Voltammetric Sensors for Diverse Analysis
Abstract
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Useful Voltammetric Electrodes
Classifications of Voltammetric Sensors
Applications of Voltammetric Materials
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
REFERENCES
Methyl Orange Electropolymerized Composite Carbon Paste Electrode as a Sensitive and Selective Sensor for the Electrochemical Determination of Riboflavin
Abstract
Introduction
Materials and Methods
Instrumentation
Chemicals and Solutions
Preparation of BCCPE and PMOMCCPE
Results and Discussions
Surface Topography Studies by FESEM and EIS
Electrochemical Active Surface Area
Electrochemical Polymerisation of MO
Influence of Solution pH
Electrochemical Behaviour of RB at Various Carbon Paste Electrodes
Effect of Scan Rate
Effect of Concentration on Peak Current
Selectivity of PMOMCCPE for Determination of RB
Repeatability, Reproducibility, and Stability of PMOMCCPE
Pharmaceutical Sample Analysis
Conclusion
Consent for Publication
Conflict interest
Acknowledgment
References
Optimised Voltammetric Approaches for Clinical Sample Analysis
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
CLINICAL ANALYTES
Analysis of Clinical Analytes using Voltammetric Biosensor
CNT BIOSENSOR
Types Based on Functionalization
1. Enzymatic Biosensor
2. Affinity Biosensors
3. Immunosensors
Preparation of Carbon Paste Electrode
Future Perspective of Exosomal Analysis using Nanotube Biosensors in Personalised and Precision Diagnosis
ISOLATION METHODS
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Recent Advances on Electrochemical Sensors for Detection and Analysis of Heavy Metals
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Metal-Based Nanomaterials as Electrochemical Sensors
Carbon Nanomaterials in Heavy Metal Electrochemical Sensing
Screen-Printed Electrochemical Sensors
Polymer-Based Electrochemical Sensors
Fuel Cell-Based Self-Powered Electrochemical Sensors
Biomaterials in Electrochemical Sensing of Heavy Metal Ions
CONCLUSION AND PERSPECTIVE
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Electrochemical, Sensing and Environmental Assessments of CuFe2O4/ZnO Nanocomposites Synthesized via Azadirachta Indica Plant Extract
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Experiment
Synthesis of CuFe2O4 nanoparticles and ZnO oxide
Synthesis of CuFe2O4-ZnO Nanocomposite
Characterization
Photocatalytic Activity Measurements of Organic Dyes by CZO NCs
Results and Discussion
PXRD Analysis
Morphology Examination
FT-IR Analysis
Nitrogen Adsorption-desorption Isotherm
Cyclic Voltammetry (CV) Studies
Photocatalytic Degradation
Mechanism of Photocatalytic Degradation
Kinetic Studies
Conclusion
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
References
Advanced Sensor Materials for the Simultaneous Voltammetric Determination of Antihypertensive Drugs: An Overview
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
The Current Application of Antihypertensive Agents on Cardiovascular Events
Electrochemical Techniques and Instrumentation Applied to the Electroanalysis of Antihypertensive Drugs
Advanced Sensor Platforms for Simultaneous Determination of Antihypertensives
Glassy Carbon Electrode
Carbon Paste Electrodes
Screen Printed Electrodes
Nitrogen-Containing Tetrahedral Amorphous Carbon
Boron-Doped Diamond Electrode
Anodically Pretreated BDDE
Cathodically Pretreated BDDE
Electrooxidation Mechanisms of the Antihypertensives
CONCLUDING REMARKS
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Voltammetric Applications in Anti-inflammatory Drug Detection
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Classification of Voltammetry Techniques
Polarography
Cyclic Voltammetry
Differential Pulse Voltammetry (DPV)
Square-Wave Voltammetry
Electrochemical Sensors
Application of the Electrochemical Method for the Detection of Non-steroidal Anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)
4-Aminoantipyrine (4-AAP)
Indomethacin (IND)
Diclofenac (DCF)
Preparation of Real Sample
Conclusion
Consent for Publication
Conflict of interest
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Voltammetric Applications in Drug Detection: Mini Review
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Electrochemical Characterization of Antibiotics
Electrochemical Characterization of Analgesics
Electrochemical Characterization of Anthelmintic Drugs
Electrochemical Characterization of Anti-tuberculosis Drugs
Electrochemical Characterization of Anti-cancer Drugs
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Voltammetric Application in Detection of Anticancer Drug
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
METHOTREXATE
5-FLOUROURACIL
DOXORUBICIN
ETOPOSIDE
Preparation of Real Sample
CONCLUSION
Consent for Publication
Conflict of interest
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Voltammetric Studies of Dyes and their Role as Carbon Electrode Modifiers
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
PREPARATION OF ELECTRODES
ELECTROANALYSIS OF TEXTILE DYES
ELECTROANALYSIS OF MARKER DYES
BENEFITS OF ORGANIC DYE MODIFICATIONS
Organic Dyes Modification for Voltammetric Analysis of Dihydroxybenzene
Organic Dyes Modification for Voltammetric Analysis of Dopamine
Organic Dyes Modification for Voltammetric Analysis of Paracetamol
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
REFERENCES
Advanced Voltammetric Devices for Disease Detection
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
PERSPECTIVE ON THE USAGE OF SENSORS IN DISEASE DETECTION
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
REFERENCES
Advanced Materials for Immune Sensors
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Immune Complex
Immunosensors
CONCLUSION
CONSENT FOR PUBLICATION
CONFLICT OF INTEREST
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
References
Voltammetry for Sensing Applications
Edited by
J.G. Manjunatha
Department of Chemistry,
FMKMC College, Madikeri,
Constituent College of Mangalore University,
Karnataka, India
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Preface
History has revealed that innovations in “Voltammetry for Sensing Applications” have been the significant approach in the advancement of electrochemical analysis in various platforms such as drug testing and analysis, sensors for point-of-care devices, sensors for diverse analysis, advanced energy storage devices, clinical sample analysis, sensors for the detection of heavy metals, nanomaterials, disease detection, immune sensors, food sample analysis, and anti-inflammatory and anticancer drug detection. The high significance, stability, repeatability, reproducibility, high performance, inexpensive, less time consuming, lower detection limit and quantification, and so on are the most appropriate applications for the sensing tools and methodologies and which portray an imperative character in the environment, biological, medicinal, and food safety-related analysis. Recently, a new era was commenced in voltammetry for sensing applications through the expansion of large-scale, sensitive, selective, and lower concentration level detection to create new sensing devices for giving a kinetic and electrochemical reaction phenomenon. Current advancements in sensing technology will authorize an advanced control in material physical and chemical characteristics and behavior. Hereby contributing an opportunity for new sensory materials in voltammetric analysis with progressive characteristics, such as greater reliability, low-cost, and improved steadiness.
J.G. Manjunatha
Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, Madikeri,
Constituent College of Mangalore
University, Karnataka, India
List of Contributors
Sneharani A.H., DoS in Biochemistry, Jnana Kaveri P.G. CenterMangalore UniversityChikka AluvaraKodaguSanthosh A S, Department of Chemistry (UG)NMKRV College for WomenJayanagar, Bengaluru – 560011IndiaBhatt Aarti S., Department of Chemistry, N.M.A.M. Institute of TechnologyVisvesvaraya Technological UniversityBelgavi, Nitte, 574110, Udupi District, KarnatakaIndiaNkele Agnes Chinecherem, Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NigeriaNsukka, EnuguNigeriaNemumoolya Akshatha, Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, MadikeriConstituent College of Mangalore UniversityKarnatakaIndiaMonnappa Amrutha B., Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, MadikeriConstituent College of Mangalore UniversityKarnatakaIndiaDepartment of Chemistry, N.M.A.M. Institute of TechnologyVisvesvaraya Technological UniversityBelgavi, Nitte, 574110, Udupi District, KarnatakaIndiaPandith Anup, Department of Chemistry, School of Natural SciencesKyungHee UniversitySeoulSouth KoreaD B Aruna Kumar, Department of Studies and Research in Organic Chemistry Tumkur UniversityTumakuru-572 103, KarnatakaIndiaSanjay B P, Department of ChemistryJSS Science and Technology University Mysuru- 570006, KarnatakaIndiaSurendra B S, Department of ScienceEast West Institute of TechnologyBengaluru 560 091, KarnatakaIndiaNandeshwarappa B. P., Department of PG Studies and Research in Chemistry, ShivagangothriDavangere UniversityDavanagere, Karnataka - 577 007IndiaYallur Basappa C, Department of ChemistryM. S. Ramaiah Institute of Technology Bangalore, KarnatakaIndiaColdibeli Bruna, Laboratório de Eletroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia CidPR 445 Km 380, Londrina – PR, C.P. 10.011, 86057-970BrazilKarthik C S., Department of ChemistryJSS Science and Technology University Mysuru- 570006, KarnatakaIndiaSalamanca-Neto Carlos Alberto Rossi, Laboratório de Eletroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia CidPR 445 Km 380, Londrina – PR, C.P. 10.011, 86057-970BrazilVarun D N, Department of ChemistryJSS Science and Technology University Mysuru- 570006, KarnatakaIndiaClausen Débora Nobile, Laboratório de Eletroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia CidPR 445 Km 380, Londrina – PR, C.P. 10.011, 86057-970BrazilCentro Universitário Cesumar (UniCesumar)Departamento de BiomedicinaAvenida Santa Mônica, 450, Londrina – PR, 86027-610BrazilBhowmik Debdas, High Energy Materials Research LaboratoryDefence Research and Development Organization, Ministry of Defence, Government of IndiaSutarwadi, PuneIndiaUrs Deepadarshan, Department of Studies and Research in BiochemistryJnana Kaveri Post Graduate Centre, Mangalore UniversityChikka Aluvara, Kodagu, KarnatakaIndiaSartori Elen Romão, Laboratório de Eletroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia CidPR 445 Km 380, Londrina – PR, C.P. 10.011, 86057-970Brazilde Abreu Erison Pereira, Centro Universitário Cesumar (UniCesumar)Departamento de BiomedicinaAvenida Santa Mônica, 450, Londrina – PR, 86027-610BrazilEzema Fabian I., Department of Physics and AstronomyUniversity of NigeriaNsukka, EnuguNigeriaNanosciences African Network (NANOAFNET)iThemba LABS-National Research Foundation,1 Old Faure road, Somerset West 7129, P.O. Box 722, Somerset West, Western Cape ProvinceSouth AfricaUNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences/Nanotechnology, College of Graduate StudiesUniversity of South Africa (UNISA)Muckleneuk Ridge, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria, South AfricaŞEN Fatih, Sen Research Group, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Dumlupinar43000 KütahyaTurkeyKrishnaswamy G, Department of Studies and Research in Organic Chemistry Tumkur UniversityTumakuru-572 103, KarnatakaIndiaShivaraja G, Department of Studies and Research in Organic Chemistry Tumkur UniversityTumakuru-572 103, KarnatakaIndiaMattos Gabriel Junquetti, Laboratório de Eletroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia CidPR 445 Km 380, Londrina – PR, C.P. 10.011, 86057-970BrazilPontes Manrique Gabriel Rainer, Laboratório de Eletroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia CidPR 445 Km 380, Londrina – PR, C.P. 10.011, 86057-970BrazilKarthammaiah Geethanjali N., Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, MadikeriConstituent College of Mangalore UniversityKarnatakaIndiaRao Gnanesh, Department of BiochemistryBangalore UniversityBangalore, KarnatakaIndiaJayaprakash Gururaj Kudur, School of Advanced School of Chemical ScienceShoolini University Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh 173229IndiaNagaswarupa H P, Department of Studies in ChemistryShivagangothri, Davangere UniversityDavangere - 577 007, Karnataka,IndiaEl-Desoky Hanaa S., Analytical and Electrochemistry Research UnitDepartment of Chemistry, Faculty of ScienceTanta University, 31527 TantaEgyptShankar J, Department of Studies and Research in Food TechnologyDavangere University, ShivagangothriDavangere, KarnatakaIndiaManjunatha Jamballi G., Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, MadikeriConstituent College of Mangalore UniversityKarnatakaIndiaScremin Jessica, Laboratório de Eletroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia CidPR 445 Km 380, Londrina – PR, C.P. 10.011, 86057-970BrazilNithin K S, Department of ChemistryThe National Institute of EngineeringMysuruIndiaDharmappa K. K., Department of Studies and Research in BiochemistryJnana Kaveri Post Graduate Centre, Mangalore UniversityChikka Aluvara, Kodagu, KarnatakaIndiaMudnakudu-Nagaraju Kiran Kumar, Department of Biotechnology & Bioinformatics, Faculty of Life SciencesJSS Academy of Higher Education and ResearchMysore 570015, KarnatakaIndiaN k Kumara Swamy, Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of EngineeringJSS Science and Technology UniversityMysuruIndiaChethana M H, Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of EngineeringJSS Science and Technology UniversityMysuruIndiaSiddesh M. B, Department of Chemistry KLE'S S. K. Arts College and H. S. K. Science InstituteHubballiIndiaSarma Monima, Department of ChemistryKL Deemed to be University (KLEF)Greenfields, Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh 522502IndiaBEKMEZCİ Muhammed, Sen Research Group, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Dumlupinar43000 KütahyaTurkeyDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringDumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 KutahyaTurkeyRaghavendra N, Department of ScienceEast West Institute of TechnologyBengaluru 560 091, KarnatakaIndiaMatunaga Campos Natalia Sayuri, Laboratório de Eletroanalítica e Sensores, Departamento de QuímicaUniversidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL), Rodovia Celso Garcia CidPR 445 Km 380, Londrina – PR, C.P. 10.011, 86057-970BrazilSreeharsha Nagaraja, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Clinical PharmacyKing Faisal University,Al- Ahsa-31982Saudi ArabiaDepartment of PharmaceuticsVidya Siri College of PharmacyOff Sarjapura Road, Bengaluru - 560035, KarnatakaIndiaMallu P, Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of EngineeringJSS Science and Technology UniversityMysuruIndiaMallu P., Department of ChemistryJSS Science and Technology University Mysuru- 570006, KarnatakaIndiaManikanta P, Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of EngineeringJSS Science and Technology UniversityMysuruIndiaNingegowda Raghu, Jyoti Nivas College AutonomousDepartment of Studies in ChemistryBangalore-560095IndiaMeti Rajkumar S., Department of Studies and Research in BiochemistryJnana Kaveri Post Graduate Centre, Mangalore UniversityChikka Aluvara, Kodagu, KarnatakaIndiaBAYAT Ramazan, Sen Research Group, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Dumlupinar43000 KütahyaTurkeyDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringDumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 KutahyaTurkeyPrashantha S C, Department of ScienceEast West Institute of TechnologyBengaluru 560 091, KarnatakaIndiaSreenivasa S, Department of Studies and Research in ChemistryUniversity College of Science, Tumkur UniversityTumakuru-572 103, KarnatakaIndiaDeputy AdviserNational Assessment and Accreditation CouncilBengaluru-560 072, KarnatakaIndiaSandeep S, Department of ChemistryJSS Science and Technology University Mysuru- 570006, KarnatakaIndiaChandrashekharappa Sandeep, Institute for Stem Cell Science and Regenerative MedicineNCBS, TIFR, GKVK-Campus Bellary road Bengaluru 560065, KarnatakaIndiaDepartment of Medicinal ChemistryNational Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research (NIPER) Raebareli Lucknow (UP)-226002IndiaNandi Santosh S, Chemistry Section, Department of Engineering Science and HumanitiesKLE Dr. M.S. Sheshgiri College of Engineering & Technology, UdhyambaghBelagavi-590008, KarnatakaIndiaItagi Shankar Ashok, Department of Chemistry, Sri Jayachamarajendra College of EngineeringJSS Science and Technology UniversityMysuruIndiaKalikeri Shankramma, Division of Nanoscience and TechnologyDepartment of Water and Health (Faculty of life sciences) JSS Academy of Higher Education & Research (Deemed to be University)Mysore-570015IndiaMedappa Sharmila B., Department of Chemistry, FMKMC College, MadikeriConstituent College of Mangalore UniversityKarnatakaIndiaSharma Shefali, School of Advanced School of Chemical ScienceShoolini University Bajhol, Himachal Pradesh 173229IndiaP Sophiya, Department of Studies and Research in BiochemistryJnana Kaveri Post Graduate Centre, Mangalore UniversityChikka Aluvara, Kodagu, KarnatakaIndiaShekhar T R Shashi, Department of CivilEast West Institute of TechnologyBengaluru 560 091, KarnatakaIndiaALKAÇ İsmail Mert, Sen Research Group, Department of BiochemistryUniversity of Dumlupinar43000 KütahyaTurkeyDepartment of Materials Science & Engineering, Faculty of EngineeringDumlupınar University, Evliya Çelebi Campus 43100 KutahyaTurkeyAdimule Vinayak, Department of ChemistryAngadi Institute of Technology and Management (AITM)Savagaon Road, Belagavi-5800321, KarnatakaIndia
Advanced Sensor Materials for Drug Analysis
Hanaa S. El-Desoky1,*
1 Analytical and Electrochemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt
Abstract
Nanomaterials play an important role in the fabrication of many devices and modified materials, due to their unique properties, such as large surface area/volume ratio, conductivity and high mechanical strength. In the present chapter, the applicability of nanomaterials in drug analysis is well investigated. The recent trends in the development of the electrochemical sensor platforms based on state-of-the-art nanomaterials such as metal nanoparticles, metal oxide nanoparticles, carbon nanomaterials, conducting polymer and nanocomposites are discussed. The unique synthetic approaches, properties, integration, strategies, selected sensing applications and future prospects of these nanostructured materials for the design of advanced sensor platforms are also highlighted. Various kinds of functional nanocomposites have led to the enhancement in voltammetric response due to drug - nanomaterials interaction at the modified electrode surface. So, different mechanisms for the extraordinary and unique electrocatalytic activities of such nanomaterials will be highlighted. Potential applications of electrochemical sensor platforms based on advanced functional nanomaterials for drug analysis are presented. High sensitivity and selectivity, fast response, and excellent durability in biological media are all critical aspects which will also be addressed. It is expected that the chemically modified electrodes with various nanomaterials can be easily miniaturized and used as wearable, portable and user friendly devices. This will pave the way for in-vivo onsite real monitoring of single as well as multi-component pharmaceutical compounds. The significant development of the nanomaterials based electrochemical sensor platforms is giving rise to a new impetus of generating novel technologies for securing human and environmental safety.
Keywords: Analysis of drug, Biological fluids, Carbon nanotubes, Conducting polymer, Electrochemical sensor, Graphene, Hybrid nanostructure, Imprinted polymers, Metal nanoparticles, Metal oxide nanoparticles.
*Corresponding author Hanaa S. El-Desoky: Analytical and Electrochemistry Research Unit, Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, 31527 Tanta, Egypt; Tel: +201098846641; E-mails:
[email protected],
[email protected]
