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- Herausgeber: via tolino media
- Kategorie: Fachliteratur
- Sprache: Englisch
Acanthocheilonemiasis, also known as Acantho, is a neglected tropical disease that affects millions of people in tropical and subtropical regions. This book provides a comprehensive and in-depth overview of Acantho. Through a multidisciplinary approach, this book covers various aspects of Acantho control, including health systems strengthening, community participation, capacity building, and research priorities. It also explores the challenges and opportunities for eliminating Acantho. This book is a valuable resource for researchers, healthcare providers, policymakers, and anyone interested in global health and neglected tropical diseases. It provides a roadmap for a collaborative and comprehensive approach towards Acantho control and elimination, highlighting the importance of a One Health approach, innovations, and future directions for research and intervention.
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Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2023
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Inhaltsverzeichnis
Introduction to Acanthocheilonemiasis
History of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Understanding the Acanthocheilonema Parasite
Geographical Distribution of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Causes and Modes of Transmission of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Diagnosis of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Symptoms and Clinical Manifestations of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Complications of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Treatment of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Prevention and Control of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Epidemiology of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Public Health Implications of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Pathophysiology of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Host-Parasite Interactions in Acanthocheilonemiasis
Immune Response to Acanthocheilonema Infection
Genetic Susceptibility to Acanthocheilonemiasis
Impact of Climate Change on Acanthocheilonemiasis
Co-infections in Acanthocheilonemiasis
Zoonotic Potential of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Vector Biology and Ecology of Acanthocheilonema
Transmission Dynamics of Acanthocheilonema Infection
Laboratory Diagnosis of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Imaging Studies in Acanthocheilonemiasis
Clinical Management of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Pharmacological Treatment of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Surgical Management of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Alternative and Complementary Therapies for Acanthocheilonemiasis
Impact of Acanthocheilonemiasis on Mental Health
Economic Burden of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Social Stigma and Discrimination in Acanthocheilonemiasis
Ethics of Research on Acanthocheilonemiasis
Policy and Advocacy for Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Global Health Initiatives for Acanthocheilonemiasis Elimination
Challenges and Opportunities for Acanthocheilonemiasis Elimination
One Health Approach to Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Community Participation in Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Health Education and Promotion for Acanthocheilonemiasis Prevention
Capacity Building for Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Surveillance and Monitoring of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Risk Assessment and Management of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Innovations in Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Research Priorities for Acanthocheilonemiasis
Collaborative Approaches to Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Health Systems Strengthening for Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Role of Non-government Organizations in Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Role of Government Organizations in Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Role of International Organizations in Acanthocheilonemiasis Control
Role of Academia in Acanthocheilonemiasis Research and Control
Future Directions for Acanthocheilonemiasis Control and Elimination
Impressum
Acanthocheilonemiasis
Dipetalonemiasis
or
Mansonella perstans
Durga Kumawat
© 2023 Durga Kumawat. All rights reserved.
Imprint: Independently Published.
Email: [email protected]
Disclaimer:
The author assume no liability for damage of any kind that arises directly or indirectly from the use of the information provided in this book.
Introduction to Acanthocheilonemiasis
Acanthocheilonemiasis is a parasitic disease caused by the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema perstans, which is commonly found in tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa, South America, and the Caribbean. This disease is relatively rare, and it is not well-known compared to other filarial infections such as lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis. However, Acanthocheilonemiasis can cause significant morbidity, and it is important to raise awareness about this disease and its impact on human health.
The life cycle of Acanthocheilonema perstans involves a mosquito vector, which transmits the infective third-stage larvae to a human host during a blood meal. The larvae then migrate to the abdominal cavity and mature into adult worms, which can live for several years. Adult female worms release microfilariae into the bloodstream, which can be detected in peripheral blood smears.
The clinical manifestations of Acanthocheilonemiasis are highly variable, and many infected individuals are asymptomatic. However, some patients may experience non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, abdominal pain, and weight loss. In some cases, the presence of the worms in the abdominal cavity can cause chronic inflammation, leading to fibrosis and organ damage. This can result in symptoms such as hepatomegaly, splenomegaly, and ascites. Acanthocheilonema perstans has also been associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Diagnosis of Acanthocheilonemiasis can be challenging, as the microfilariae are morphologically similar to those of other filarial infections. Microscopic examination of peripheral blood smears is the most common method of diagnosis, but it may not be sensitive enough to detect low-level infections. Other diagnostic methods include PCR-based assays, serology, and imaging studies such as ultrasound and CT scan.
There is no specific treatment for Acanthocheilonemiasis, and the management of this disease is mainly supportive. Symptomatic treatment may include analgesics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and diuretics for the management of abdominal symptoms. Antihelminthic drugs such as ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine have been used with variable success in some cases, but their effectiveness against Acanthocheilonema perstans is limited.
Prevention of Acanthocheilonemiasis relies on control of the mosquito vectors, as well as avoiding exposure to infected mosquitoes. Measures such as wearing long-sleeved clothing, using insect repellent, and sleeping under insecticide-treated bed nets can help reduce the risk of infection. There is currently no vaccine available for Acanthocheilonemiasis.
Despite the relatively low prevalence of Acanthocheilonemiasis, this disease can have a significant impact on the health and wellbeing of affected individuals. In addition, it can be a diagnostic challenge, as the symptoms can be non-specific and the microfilariae may be difficult to detect. Increased awareness and education about Acanthocheilonemiasis among healthcare professionals and the general public can help improve the recognition and management of this disease.
In recent years, there has been growing interest in neglected tropical diseases such as Acanthocheilonemiasis, and there have been efforts to increase research funding and develop new interventions for these diseases. As part of this effort, the World Health Organization has included Acanthocheilonemiasis in its list of neglected tropical diseases, and several organizations are working towards the elimination of this disease.
History of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Acanthocheilonemiasis is a relatively unknown parasitic disease, but its history dates back to the early 20th century. The first reported case of Acanthocheilonemiasis was described in 1911 by Dr. W.M. Wenyon in a patient from Uganda. The parasite was initially identified as a new species of filarial worm, and it was named Acanthocheilonema perstans.
In the following years, several cases of Acanthocheilonemiasis were reported in Africa, but the disease remained largely unknown outside the region. In the 1950s, with the development of new diagnostic techniques, such as the examination of peripheral blood smears, more cases of Acanthocheilonemiasis were identified, and the clinical manifestations of the disease were better understood.
During the 1960s and 1970s, several studies were conducted to investigate the epidemiology of Acanthocheilonemiasis, and it was found that the disease was endemic in many parts of sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in some areas of South America and the Caribbean. The prevalence of Acanthocheilonemiasis varied widely between different regions, but it was generally low compared to other filarial infections such as lymphatic filariasis and onchocerciasis.
In the 1980s, the use of immunological assays, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), allowed for more sensitive and specific diagnosis of Acanthocheilonemiasis. This led to a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of the disease, and it also allowed for more accurate estimates of the disease burden.
In recent years, there has been increasing interest in neglected tropical diseases such as Acanthocheilonemiasis, and several organizations are working towards the elimination of this disease. In 2010, the World Health Organization (WHO) included Acanthocheilonemiasis in its list of neglected tropical diseases, which highlighted the need for increased research and funding for the control and elimination of this disease.
Despite the relatively low prevalence of Acanthocheilonemiasis, the disease can cause significant morbidity and has been associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus. In addition, the non-specific symptoms and diagnostic challenges associated with Acanthocheilonemiasis can lead to underdiagnosis and delayed treatment.
In conclusion, the history of Acanthocheilonemiasis dates back to the early 20th century, but the disease remained largely unknown outside of Africa until the development of new diagnostic techniques in the 1950s. Over the years, there has been a better understanding of the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of Acanthocheilonemiasis, and efforts are being made to control and eliminate this disease. Increased awareness and education about Acanthocheilonemiasis among healthcare professionals and the general public can help improve the recognition and management of this disease.
Understanding the Acanthocheilonema Parasite
Acanthocheilonema is a genus of filarial nematodes that includes several species known to infect humans and animals. Acanthocheilonemiasis is caused by Acanthocheilonema perstans, which is also known as Mansonella perstans or Dipetalonema perstans. This parasite is found in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in some areas of South America and the Caribbean, and it is transmitted by the bite of infected flies of the genus Culicoides.
The Acanthocheilonema perstans parasite is a long, thin worm that can measure up to 40 millimeters in length. Unlike other filarial nematodes, such as Wuchereria bancrofti and Brugia malayi, which live in the lymphatic system, Acanthocheilonema perstans is primarily found in the peritoneal cavity, where it can cause a range of clinical manifestations.
The life cycle of Acanthocheilonema perstans is not well understood, but it is thought to involve intermediate hosts, such as insects, in addition to the definitive hosts, which are typically humans or animals. The adult worms mate in the peritoneal cavity, and the females release microfilariae, which are small, immature forms of the parasite that circulate in the blood. The microfilariae can be ingested by biting insects, such as Culicoides, which then transmit the parasite to a new host when they bite again.
In humans, Acanthocheilonema perstans infection is typically asymptomatic, but it can cause a range of clinical manifestations, including fever, abdominal pain, and fatigue. In some cases, the parasite can also cause a condition known as hypergammaglobulinemia, which is characterized by an elevated level of antibodies in the blood. Hypergammaglobulinemia has been associated with an increased risk of developing autoimmune diseases, such as systemic lupus erythematosus.
Diagnosis of Acanthocheilonemiasis can be challenging, as the symptoms are non-specific and the microfilariae can be difficult to detect in blood samples. The use of immunological assays, such as the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), can help improve the sensitivity and specificity of diagnosis, but these tests are not widely available in resource-limited settings.
Treatment of Acanthocheilonemiasis typically involves the use of antiparasitic drugs, such as ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine, which can help reduce the number of microfilariae in the blood. However, these drugs are not always effective, and in some cases, surgery may be required to remove adult worms from the peritoneal cavity.
Prevention of Acanthocheilonemiasis involves reducing exposure to biting insects, such as Culicoides, through the use of insecticide-treated bed nets and other protective measures. In addition, efforts are being made to develop new diagnostic tests and treatments for Acanthocheilonemiasis, and several organizations are working towards the control and elimination of this disease.
Geographical Distribution of Acanthocheilonemiasis
Acanthocheilonemiasis is a tropical disease caused by the filarial nematode Acanthocheilonema perstans, which is also known as Dipetalonema perstans or Mansonella perstans. The disease is primarily found in sub-Saharan Africa, as well as in some areas of South America and the Caribbean. The distribution of Acanthocheilonemiasis is closely linked to the presence of the vector, which is the biting midge Culicoides.
