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- Herausgeber: Crossway
- Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
- Sprache: Englisch
The ESV Study Bible was created to help people understand the Bible in a deeper way. Combining the best and most recent evangelical Christian scholarship with the highly regarded ESV text, it is the most comprehensive study Bible ever published.The ESV Study Bible features more than 2,750 pages of extensive, accessible Bible resources, including completely new notes, full-color maps, illustrations, charts, timelines, and articles created by an outstanding team of 93 evangelical Christian scholars and teachers. In addition to the 757,000 words of the ESV Bible itself, the notes and resources of the ESV Study Bible comprise an additional 1.1 million words of insightful explanation and teaching-equivalent to a 20-volume Bible resource library all contained in one volume. (Please note this edition does not come with free access to the Online ESV Study Bible resources.)- 9-point Lexicon type (single-column Bible text); 7-point Frutiger type (double-column study notes)- Black letter text- Concordance- Extensive articles- 240 full-color maps and illustrations
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ESV® Study BibleTable of Contents
List of Charts
List of Maps
List of Diagrams
List of Illustrations
ESV Study Bible
Copyright
Introduction: A User’s Guide to the ESV Study Bible
Purpose and Vision
Divine Words and Merely Human Words
The Purpose of the ESV Study Bible Notes
The Understanding and Teaching of God’s Word
Doctrinal Perspective
Additional Content: Introductions and Articles
Other Unique Features
The esv Bible and the ESV Study Bible
Goal and Vision
Contributors
Editorial Oversight Committee
Study Note Contributors
Article Contributors
Other Contributors
Consultants
Preface
The Bible
Translation Legacy
Translation Philosophy
Translation Principles and Style
The Translation of Specialized Terms
Textual Basis and Resources
Textual Footnotes
Publishing Team
To God’s Honor and Praise
Overview of the Bible: A Survey of the History of Salvation
God’s Plan for History
Christ in the Old Testament
The Promises of God
Warnings and Curses
Covenants
Offspring
Christ as the Last Adam
Shadows, Prefigures, and “Types”
Christ the Mediator
The Theology of the Old Testament
The Components of the Story
The Parts of the OT in Relation to the Story
The OT as Christian Scripture
The Date of the Exodus
Arguments for an Early Date of the Exodus
Arguments for a Later Date of the Exodus
Conclusion
Introduction to the Pentateuch
The Name of the Pentateuch
The Pentateuch as Foundational to the Whole Bible
Content
Time Span
Composition
Theme
Introduction to the Historical Books
Unity
Themes
Distinctives
Notes on Critical Scholarship
Introduction to the Poetic and Wisdom Literature
“Poets” in Ancient Israel?
What Is Hebrew “Poetry”?
Where Is Poetry Found in the OT?
What Is Hebrew “Wisdom”?
Contexts for Wisdom and Poetry
Unifying Themes
Introduction to the Prophetic Books
Introduction
The Prophets in Israel’s History
Prophetic Books
Unifying Themes in the Prophetic Books
Scholarly Issues and the Prophetic Books
Pronouns in the Prophets
The Time between the Testaments
Sources of Information
History
Adjustment after 586 b.c.
Conclusion
The Roman Empire and the Greco-Roman World at the Time of the New Testament
History
Social Structure, Economics, Politics, and Law
Education and Philosophy
Religion and Magic
Jewish Groups at the Time of the New Testament
The Sadducees
The Essenes
The Pharisees
The Theology of the New Testament
Already but Not Yet
Fulfillment through Jesus Christ, the Son of God
The Promise of the Holy Spirit
The Human Response
The People of God
The Date of Jesus’ Crucifixion
John the Baptist’s Ministry Begins: The 15th Year of Tiberius Caesar
Jesus Is Crucified on the Day of Preparation: Friday, Nisan 14, in a.d. 30 or 33
Arguments for a.d. 30
Evidence for a.d. 33
Conclusion
Reading the Gospels and Acts
Genre
Perspectives
Distinctives of Matthew
Distinctives of Mark
Distinctives of Luke
Distinctives of John
Distinctives of Acts
Reading the Epistles
Introduction and Timeline
Unity
Themes
The Circumstances behind the Letters
Pseudonymity
God’s Plan of Salvation
An Overview
Filling in the Details
Result
Biblical Doctrine: An Overview
True Theology: Knowing and Loving God
Theological Method
The Theological Process
Major Categories of Study in Systematic Theology
Essential vs. Peripheral Doctrine
The Bible and Revelation
General Revelation
Special Revelation
Jesus’ View of Scripture
What It Means to Know God
The Incomprehensibility of God
The Knowability of God
The Character of God
Ways in Which God Reveals Himself
The Unity of God
Examples of Application to Life
God’s Attributes Are Seen Most Clearly in Christ
The Trinity
God Is One God: Monotheism
God Is Three Persons: The Tri-unity of God
Historical Misunderstandings of the Trinity
Practical Implications of the Trinity
The Person of Christ
The Deity of Christ
The Humanity of Christ
Historical Misunderstandings of the Unity of Christ’s Natures
The Holy Spirit
The Personality of the Holy Spirit
The Deity of the Holy Spirit
The Work of the Holy Spirit
The Work of Christ
The Offices of Christ
The Stages of Christ’s Work
Mankind
God as Creator
Implications of Being Created in God’s Image for His Glory
Man Made in the Image of God
The Constitutional Make-up of Human Beings
Humanity as Male and Female
God’s Relationship with Creation
Transcendence and Immanence
The Providence of God
God’s Relationship to Evil
Sin
Biblical Terms for Sin
The Definition of Sin
The Origin of Sin
The Consequences and Condition of the Fall
Salvation
The Church
The Visible Church and the Invisible Church
Images of the Church
Last Things
The Return of Christ
The Millennial Reign of Christ
The Final Judgment and Hell
The New Heavens and New Earth
Biblical Ethics: An Overview
Biblical Ethics: An Introduction
An Overview of Ethical Instruction and Example in the Bible
Justification by Faith and the Importance of Moral Obedience
God’s Holy Character as the Source of His Moral Standards
How Can People Discover God’s Moral Standards?
Developing a Framework for Ethical Decision Making
The Beginning of Life and Abortion
The Image of God
OT Texts
Extrabiblical Jewish Literature
Early Christian Literature
Ethical Conclusions
Bioethics
The Ethics of Western Medicine and the Hippocratic Oath
Contemporary Medical Ethics
Science and Ethics within a Christian Worldview
The End of Life
The Origin of Death
Why Do Christians Die?
What Happens When People Die?
Funerals and Burial
Euthanasia
Suicide
Christ’s Victory over Death
Marriage and Sexual Morality
What Is Marriage?
Some Will Not Be Married
Polygamy
Sexual Intimacy and Moral Standards for Marriage
Differing Roles in Marriage
Divorce and Remarriage
God’s Original Plan
But What If One Spouse Is Unfaithful?
Jesus’ Teachings on Divorce
Does Paul Add a Second Reason for Divorce?
Are There Other Grounds for Divorce?
Homosexuality
God’s Original Design
Prohibited Sexual Relations
The Bible’s Solution regarding Homosexuality
Objections
Same-sex Marriage?
Conclusion
Civil Government
God Established Civil Government
Christian Influence on Governments
When Obedience to Government Is Wrong
Is Revolution or a War of Independence Ever Right?
Methods of Selecting Leaders for Government
Capital Punishment
The Covenant with Noah
The Sixth Commandment
The NT on Capital Punishment
Justice and the Role of Government
War
Definition of War
Biblical Justifications for Some Wars
Crusade
Just War
Pacifism
Lying and Telling the Truth
The Sanctity of Truth and the Condemnation of Lying
Does Scripture Sometimes Approve of Lying?
Is Lying Ever Permissible?
Is It Permissible to Conceal Truth in Order to Mislead?
Charitable Truthfulness
Racial Discrimination
The Unity of the Human Race: Evidence from Scripture
The Unity of the Human Race: Evidence from Genetic Science
Interracial Marriage in the Bible
The Curse of Canaan
NT Teaching
Stewardship
The Concept of Stewardship
Stewardship and the Environment
Stewardship in All of Life
Stewardship and Ownership of Property
Stewardship and Various Uses of Possessions
Stewardship and the Poor
Interpreting the Bible
Interpreting the Bible: An Introduction
The Requirements for Interpretation
Knowing the Context
Interpreting Narratives
Interpreting Discourse
Tracing Specific Themes Throughout the Bible
Applying God’s Word
Interpreting the Bible: A Historical Overview
Marcion
Justin Martyr and Irenaeus
Clement and Origen
Theodore, Jerome, and Augustine
Medieval Churchmen
The Reformers
The Enlightenment
The Heirs of the Reformation: Evangelical Protestantism
Conclusion
Reading the Bible
Reading the Bible Theologically
The Bible: The Church’s Instruction Book
The Bible Is Canonical
The Bible Is Inspired
The Bible Is Unified
Theological Reading of the Bible: A Quest for God
Theological Reading of the Bible: The Quest for Godliness
Reading the Bible as Literature
The Bible as Literature
Literary Genres
Literary Subject Matter
Archetypes and Motifs
Stylistics and Rhetoric
Artistry
Reading and Interpreting the Bible as Literature
Reading the Bible in Prayer and Communion with God
For Our Joy
To God’s Glory
Because of the Gospel
The Gospel: The Bible’s Central Message
The Bible Reveals God
Fellowship with the Triune God
Humble, Bold Prayer
God Gets the Glory; We Get the Joy
Reading the Bible for Personal Application
1. Consolidate What You Have Already Learned
2. Look for the Directly Applicable Passages
3. Recognize the Sorts of Passages where Personal Application Is Less Direct
4. Tackle the Application of Less-direct Passages
Conclusion
The Bible’s Use in Preaching
The Bible’s Use in Public Worship
The Canon of Scripture
The Canon of the Old Testament
The Causes of Uncertainty about the OT Canon
Did the Hebrew Bible Contain the Same Books as Today’s Bible?
The Truth about the OT Canon
The Canon of the New Testament
The OT Authorization
The Commission of Jesus
The Recognition of New Covenant Scriptures
The Apocrypha
How Jerome’s Vulgate Came to Contain the Apocrypha
How the Greek and Latin Translations Came to Contain the Apocrypha
Acceptance and Rejection of the Apocrypha
The Contents of the Apocrypha
The Development of Religious Thought in the Apocrypha
The Reliability of Bible Manuscripts
The Reliability of the Old Testament Manuscripts
Introduction
Transmission of the OT
OT Textual Criticism
Primary OT Sources
Conclusion
The Reliability of the New Testament Manuscripts
The Number and Antiquity of NT Manuscripts Compared with Other Ancient Literature
The Number and Nature of the Wording Differences
What Is at Stake?
Archaeology and the Bible
Archaeology and the Reliability of the Old Testament
Definition of Archaeology
The Purpose and Aim of Archaeology
The Relationship of Archaeology to the Biblical Disciplines
Archaeology and the Reliability of the New Testament
Archaeological Methodology
Interpreting Archaeological Finds
Archaeology and the Historicity of the NT
Archaeology and NT Cultural Contexts
The Original Languages of the Bible
Hebrew and Aramaic, and How They Work
Introduction
Semitic Languages
Alphabet
Matres Lectionis
Roots
Masoretic Pointing
Verbal System
The Waw Particle
Prepositions
Articles
Gender and Number
Diversity
Aramaic
Conclusion
Greek, and How It Works
Background
Koine Greek
Styles of Greek in the NT
Greek Linguistics
Greek as an Inflected Language
The Importance of Studying Greek Today
The Septuagint
The Motivation for the Translation
The Origin of the Septuagint
Different Translation Approaches within the Septuagint
Revisions of the Septuagint
The Importance of the Septuagint
How the New Testament Quotes and Interprets the Old Testament
A Variety of Kinds of “Uses”
Text Form
NT Reflection on the Use of the OT
Basic Catalog of NT Uses of the OT
The Bible in Christianity
Roman Catholicism
The Canon of Scripture
The Interpretation of Scripture
The Sufficiency and Authority of Scripture
The Doctrine of Salvation
The Doctrine of Eschatology
The Role of Mary
The Role of the Church
Conclusion
Eastern Orthodoxy
Historical Background of Orthodoxy
Positive Elements of Orthodoxy That Evangelicals Can Learn From
Agreements between Evangelicalism and Orthodoxy
Significant Misunderstandings
Substantive Disagreement
Compared with Rome, How Far Away from Protestantism Is Orthodoxy?
Liberal Protestantism
Immanuel Kant
Friederich Schleiermacher
The Effect of Liberalism on the Doctrine of Scripture
Albrecht Ritschl
Adolf von Harnack
The Effect of Liberalism on Other Doctrines
A Blow to the Optimism of Liberalism
Conclusion
Evangelical Protestantism
Reformation (16th Century)
Protestantism (17th–18th Centuries)
Protestant Liberalism (19th Century)
Fundamentalism (19th–20th Centuries)
Evangelicalism (20th Century)
Evangelical Protestantism Today
Evangelical Protestantism and Global Christianity
The Bible and World Religions
The Bible and Contemporary Judaism
Early History (c. 2100 b.c.–586 b.c.)
Second Temple Judaism (c. 516 b.c.–a.d. 70)
Judaism after a.d. 70 (c. a.d. 70–c. 1750)
Contemporary Judaism (c. a.d. 1750–present)
Contemporary Branches or Movements
Judaism and Evangelicalism
The Bible and Other World Religions
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confucianism
Islam
Biblical Themes and Other Religions
The Bible and Islam
The Revelations of the Qur’an
The Qur’an and the OT
The Qur’an and Christian Theology
The Bible and Religious Cults
The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (Mormonism)
Jehovah’s Witnesses
Christian Science
New Age Movement
History of Salvation in the Old Testament: Preparing the Way for Christ
Concordance
Abbreviations
Old Testament Abbreviations
New Testament Abbreviations
Colophon
The Crossway ESV Study Bible Publishing Team
Acknowledgments
ESV Study Bible Specifications and Production
Daily Bible Reading Plan
Maps
List of Charts
Old Testament Timeline: An Overview
The Hebrew Calendar Compared to the Gregorian (Modern) Calendar
The Generations of Genesis
The Days of Creation
Chronology of Noah’s Time in the Ark
Abraham’s Timeline
Four Kinds of Abraham’s Offspring
Isaac’s Timeline
Jacob’s Timeline
Joseph’s Timeline
Genesis 11:4
Genealogies: Showing Age at Fatherhood and Age at Death
Three Stages of Moses’ Life
Covenantal Call and Dialogue
The Hardening of Pharaoh’s Heart
The Battle between Yahweh and the Rulers of Egypt
Five Major Offerings
Sacrifices
Spectrum of Conditions from Holy to Unclean
Grades of Uncleanness
Holy Feasts
Parallels between Exodus and Numbers
Dated Events from Exodus 40 to Numbers 10
Calendar of Public Sacrifices
Offerings from the Twelve Tribes
Ancient Treaty Structures and Deuteronomy
Historical Books Timeline
Joshua 1:1–9 as a “Table of Contents” for the Rest of the Book
Joshua’s Leadership Is Established
Positive and Negative Patterns of Holy War
Seven Stone Memorials in the Land
The Covenant Renewal Ceremony at Shechem (Josh. 24:2–27) Compared with Other Ancient Treaties
The Judges
Common Cycle for Each Judge
Cycles of Good and Bad under the Judges (2:11–16:31)
Reasons Israel Failed to Take the Promised Land
Samson’s Ten Feats of Strength and Heroism
Anarchy without a King: Bookends of Judges 17–21
Events of 1–2 Samuel Referenced in the Psalms
The Rise of Samuel, Israel’s Last Judge
The Journey of the Ark of the Covenant in 1–2 Samuel
The Fall of Saul and the Rise of David in 1 Samuel
The Rise and Failure of David in 1 and 2 Samuel
Solomon’s Tainted Glory in 1 Kings
Evaluating Kings of Israel and Judah in 1–2 Kings
The Divided Kingdom: Kings of Judah (all dates b.c.)
The Divided Kingdom: Kings of Israel (all dates b.c.)
Basic Chronology of 1–2 Chronicles
Comparison of 1–2 Chronicles with 2 Samuel and 1–2 Kings
The Chronicler’s Presentation of the Reigns of David and Solomon
Relationship of Ezra–Nehemiah to 1–2 Chronicles
Chronology of Ezra–Nehemiah
Chronology of Ezra
Adversaries Hinder Work
Kings of Persia Mentioned in Ezra–Nehemiah
The Hand of God in Ezra and Nehemiah
Chronology of Nehemiah
Chronology in Esther
Hebrew Terms for Types of Poems
Major Periods within Second Temple Judaism
Jewish and Roman Rulers
Intertestamental Events Timeline
The Herodian Dynasty
Roman Emperors (31 b.c.–a.d. 68)
Philosophical Systems of the First Century a.d.
The Already and Not Yet of the Last Days
New Testament Timeline
Jesus’ Five Discourses
Psalms Connected to Incidents in David’s Life
Literary Terms
Structure of the Psalter
The Use of Psalm 22 in Matthew 27
Days of Creation and Psalm 104 Verses
Terms in Psalm 119 for God’s Covenant Revelation
Some Essential Features of a Good Life (Proverbs 19)
Activity of the Writing Prophets during the Reigns of the Kings of Israel and Judah
Timeline for Mark
Parallels in the Ministries of Jesus, Peter, and Paul in Luke–Acts
Predictions, Reminders, and Proofs of the Death and Resurrection of Jesus in the Gospel of Luke
Jesus and Prayer in the Gospel of Luke
Key Themes in Luke
Timeline for Luke
Jesus Is God: Specific Examples Where Greek Theos (“God”) Is Applied to Jesus
The First Week of Jesus’ Ministry
Seven Signs Pointing to Jesus as the Messiah
Kings of Judah in the Time of Isaiah
Datable Events in the Book of Isaiah
Oracles against the Nations in the Prophets
Simplified Overview of Isaiah
Dates of Events in Jeremiah
The Date of Jeremiah’s Call
Parallels to Jeremiah 52
Parallels between Jeremiah and Lamentations
Dates in Ezekiel
Rulers During the Time of Daniel
Explicit References to Dates in Daniel
The Traditional View of Daniel’s Visions
Interpretative Challenge: The Locust Invasion
Occurrences of the key word (ra‘ah; “evil”/“disaster”/“discomfort”) in Jonah
Afflictions of Assyria against Israel
Dates of the Oracles in Haggai (All in 520 b.c.)
Zechariah Texts Quoted in the New Testament Regarding Jesus’ Ministry
Dates of the Oracles in Zechariah
Zechariah’s Visions
Key Themes: Malachi’s Sixfold Wake-up Call to Renewed Covenant Fidelity
The LORD of Hosts: Frequency and Use in the OT
Covenant in Malachi
Same Themes in Salutation and Doxology of Romans
OT Testimony that All Are under Sin (3:9)
The Trinity in Romans 8
Spiritual Gifts in Paul’s Letters
Key Themes in Romans
Timeline for Romans
Imitating Paul as Paul Imitates Christ
Church Leaders Should Likewise Lead Lives That Are Examples to Imitate
Divorce and Remarriage in 1 Corinthians 7
Paul’s Answers to Questions from the Corinthians
Earthly Bodies and Resurrection Bodies (1 Corinthians 15)
Key Themes in 1 Corinthians
Timeline for 1 Corinthians
The Believer’s Apparent (Temporal) Defeat and Actual (Spiritual) Victory
Weakness and Power (or Strength) in 1–2 Corinthians
The Sufficiency of God in 2 Corinthians
Key Themes in 2 Corinthians
Timeline for 2 Corinthians
Paul’s Visits to Jerusalem in Galatians and Acts
Spectrum of Early Beliefs about How Christians Should Relate to the Law of Moses
Contrasts in Paul’s Allegory (4:21–31)
Key Themes in Galatians
Timeline for Galatians
Trinitarian Formulas and Expressions in Ephesians
Christ and the Church
Principles of Marriage
Key Themes in Ephesians
Timeline for Ephesians
Joy and Rejoicing in Philippians
Partnering with Paul in the Gospel in Many Ways
Key Themes in Philippians
Timeline for Philippians
“In Christ”: A Central Theme in Colossians
Key Themes in Colossians
Timeline for Colossians
The Second Coming in 1 Thessalonians
Key Themes in 1 Thessalonians
Timeline for 1 Thessalonians
The Authentication of Paul’s Letters
Key Themes in 2 Thessalonians
Timeline for 2 Thessalonians
False Teaching and Teachers
Godliness
Qualifications for Elders in 1 Timothy and Titus
Qualifications for Deacons
Key Themes in 1 Timothy
Timeline for 1 Timothy
Key Themes in 2 Timothy
Timeline for 2 Timothy
God and Christ as “Our Savior” in Titus
Key Themes in Titus
Timeline for Titus
Key Themes in Philemon
Timeline for Philemon
Warning Passages in Hebrews
Differences between Levitical High Priests and Jesus the High Priest
Psalm 110 in Hebrews
The Hall of Faith in Hebrews 11
Key Themes in Hebrews
Redemptive History in the Book of Hebrews
Timeline for Hebrews
Echoes of Jesus’ Sermon on the Mount in James
Leviticus 19 in James
Key Themes in James
Timeline for James
Regeneration in the New Testament
Key Themes in 1 Peter
Timeline for 1 Peter
The Deity of Jesus Christ in 2 Peter
Key Themes in 2 Peter
Timeline for 2 Peter
Equivalent Expressions for the “Last Days”
Key Themes in 1 John
Timeline for 1 John
Key Themes in 2 John
Timeline for 2 John
Key Themes in 3 John
Timeline for 3 John
Jude’s Application of Prophecies and Events
Key Themes in Jude
Timeline for Jude
Christ’s Edict-letters to His Seven Churches
Promises to Overcomers
Doxologies to God and the Lamb
Progressively Increasing Destruction
The Seven Trumpets of 8:7–11:19
Four Series of Seven Messages or Visions
Satanic Imitations of God’s Reality
The Seven Benedictions
The Seven Bowls of Wrath (16:2–21)
Enemies of the Church (Revelation 13–19)
God and Jesus Are Alpha and Omega
Key Themes in Revelation
Timeline for Revelation
All Three Persons of the Trinity Vitally Related to Truth
The Theological Process
Studies in Systematic Theology
Ways in Which God Reveals Himself
Attributes of God
Practical Implications of the Incommunicable Attributes of God
Heresies Concerning the Person of Christ
Personal Actions of the Holy Spirit
Divine Attributes of the Holy Spirit
How the Holy Spirit Glorifies Christ
Biblical Descriptions of the Atonement
The Blessings of Salvation
NT Guidelines for Giving
The Traditional Order of OT Canonical Books according to the Talmud
Comparison of Extant Historical Documents
The Hebrew Alphabet
Hebrew Word for “King” in Pointed and Unpointed Form
Transliteration of Hebrew Words in the ESV Study Bible
Transliteration of Greek Words in the ESV Study Bible
Old Testament Passages Cited in the New Testament
List of Maps
The Near East at the Time of Genesis
The Garden of Eden
Table of Nations
Abram Travels to Canaan
The Battle at the Valley of Siddim
The Destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah
Journeys to Paddan-aram
Jacob Returns to Canaan
Joseph and His Brothers
Egypt at the Time of Joseph
The Journey to Mount Sinai
The Setting of Leviticus
Journeys in the Wilderness
The Journey of the Spies
The Failed Entry into Canaan
The Journey to Canaan
Israel Defeats Og and Sihon
Balaam Blesses Israel
The Boundaries of the Promised Land
The Setting of Deuteronomy
Israel Defeats Og and Sihon
Renewing the Covenant at Mount Ebal
The Setting of Joshua
Preparing to Enter Canaan
Israel Enters Canaan
The Covenant Is Renewed at Mount Ebal
The Conquest of Canaan: The Southern Campaign
The Conquest of Canaan: The Northern Campaign
Kings Defeated by the Israelites
The Allotment of the Land
The Setting of Judges
The Judges of Israel
Ehud Defeats the Moabites
Deborah and Barak Defeat the Canaanites
Gideon Defeats the Midianites
Jephthah Defeats the Ammonites
Samson’s Exploits
Dan’s Migration and Israel’s War with Benjamin
The Setting of Ruth
The Setting of 1 Samuel
The Ark’s Travels in 1 Samuel 3–7
Saul Rescues Jabesh-gilead
The Battle at Michmash
The Battle at Elah
David Flees from Saul
David Recovers Plunder from the Amalekites
The Battle at Mount Gilboa
The Setting of 2 Samuel
David’s Struggle for Power
David Captures the Stronghold of Zion
David Defeats the Philistines
David Defeats the Ammonites and the Syrians
David and Absalom
David’s Census
The Extent of Solomon’s Kingdom
Solomon’s Administrative Districts
Jerusalem at the Time of Solomon
Solomon’s International Ventures
Solomon’s Enemies
The Kingdom Divides
War between Israel and Judah
Elijah and Elisha
Ahab’s Wars with Syria
Israel and Judah in 2 Kings
Moab, Edom, and Libnah Revolt
Jehu Executes Judgment
Syria Captures Gilead
Resurgence during the Time of Azariah and Jeroboam II
Prophets of Israel and Judah
The Resurgence of Assyrian Influence
Syria and Israel Attack Judah
Assyria Captures Northern Israel
The Fall of Samaria and Deportation of Israelites
Assyria Attacks Judah
Josiah’s Reforms and His Battle with Neco
Babylon Attacks Judah
Exile to Babylon
Saul Dies on Mount Gilboa
David Defeats the Philistines
The Extent of David’s Kingdom
David Defeats the Ammonites and the Syrians
Zerah Attacks Judah
The Moabite Alliance Attacks Judah
Edom and Libnah Revolt
Jehu Executes Judgment
Judah’s Resurgence during Uzziah’s Reign
Syria and Israel Attack Judah
Judah after the Fall of Israel
Hezekiah Fortifies Jerusalem
Assyria Attacks Judah
Exile to Babylon
The Persian Empire at the Time of Ezra
Judea under Persian Rule
Jerusalem at the Time of Zerubbabel
The Persian Empire at the Time of Nehemiah
Jerusalem at the Time of Nehemiah
Judea under Persian Rule
The Persian Empire at the Time of Esther
The Near East at the Time of Isaiah
Syria and Israel Attack Judah
Assyria Captures Northern Israel
Assyria Advances toward Jerusalem
Isaiah Prophesies against Moab
Assyria Attacks Judah and Jerusalem
Israel and Judah at the Time of Jeremiah
The Babylonian Empire
Babylon Attacks Judah
The Fall of Jerusalem
Gedaliah Is Assassinated
Jeremiah Prophesies against Egypt
Jeremiah Prophesies against Moab
The Near East at the Time of Ezekiel
Tyre’s International Trade
Ezekiel Prophesies against Egypt
Ezekiel’s Vision of Israel’s New Boundaries
The Empires of Daniel’s Visions: The Babylonians
The Empires of Daniel’s Visions: The Persians
The Empires of Daniel’s Visions: The Greeks
The Empires of Daniel’s Visions: The Ptolemies and the Seleucids (Early)
The Empires of Daniel’s Visions: The Ptolemies and the Seleucids (Late)
The Maccabean Kingdom
The Near East at the Time of Hosea
Israel and Judah at the Time of Hosea
The Setting of Joel
The Near East at the Time of Amos
Israel and Judah at the Time of Amos
The Setting of Obadiah
The Setting of Jonah
The Near East at the Time of Micah
Micah Prophesies Destruction
The Near East at the Time of Nahum
The Near East at the Time of Habakkuk
The Near East at the Time of Zephaniah
Zephaniah Prophesies against Judah’s Neighbors
Jerusalem at the Time of Haggai
The Near East at the Time of Zechariah
Palestine at the Time of Zechariah
Jerusalem at the Time of Zechariah
The Setting of Malachi
The Setting of Matthew
Jesus’ Birth and Flight to Egypt
Jesus’ Ministry in Galilee
Jesus’ Ministry beyond Israel
Jesus’ Final Journey to Jerusalem
Jerusalem at the Time of Jesus
The Last Supper
Jesus’ Arrest, Trial, and Crucifixion
The Setting of Mark
Jesus’ Ministry in Galilee
Jesus’ Ministry beyond Israel
Jesus’ Final Journey to Jerusalem
Jerusalem at the Time of Jesus
The Last Supper
Jesus’ Arrest, Trial, and Crucifixion
The Setting of Luke
Jesus’ Birth and Flight to Egypt
Jesus’ Ministry in Galilee
Jesus Travels to Jerusalem
Jerusalem at the Time of Jesus
The Last Supper
Jesus’ Arrest, Trial, and Crucifixion
Jesus’ Appearances after His Resurrection
The Setting of John
Jerusalem at the Time of Jesus
Jesus Travels through Samaria
Jesus’ Ministry in Galilee
The Last Supper
Jesus’ Arrest, Trial, and Crucifixion
The Setting of Acts
Nations at Pentecost
The Ministry of Philip the Evangelist
Paul’s (Saul’s) Conversion and Early Travels
Peter’s Early Ministry
The Kingdom of Herod Agrippa I
Paul’s First Missionary Journey (Acts 13:4–14:26)
Paul’s Second Missionary Journey (Acts 15:36–18:22)
Paul’s Third Missionary Journey (Acts 18:22–21:17)
Paul’s Arrest and Imprisonment
The Kingdom of Herod Agrippa II
Paul’s Journey to Rome
The Setting of Romans
The Setting of 1 Corinthians
The Setting of 2 Corinthians
The Setting of Galatians
The Setting of Ephesians
The Setting of Philippians
The Setting of Colossians
The Setting of 1 Thessalonians
The Setting of 1 Timothy
The Setting of 2 Timothy
The Setting of Titus
The Setting of James
The Setting of 1 Peter
The Setting of 1 John
The Setting of Revelation
Map 1: The Middle East Today
Map 2: The World of the Patriarchs
Map 3: The Exodus from Egypt
Map 4: The Tribal Allotments of Israel
Map 5: Israel under Saul, David, and Solomon
Map 6: The Kingdoms of Israel and Judah
Map 7: The Assyrian and Babylonian Empires
Map 8: The Persian and Greek Empires
Map 9: Israel under the Maccabees
Map 10: Jerusalem
Map 11: Palestine under Roman Rule
Map 12: The Apostles’ Early Ministry
Map 13: Paul’s First and Second Missionary Journeys
Map 14: Paul’s Third Missionary Journey and His Voyage to Rome
Map 15: The Spread of Christianity in the First Two Centuries
The Rise of the Roman Empire
The First Jewish Revolt
The Bar Kochba Revolt
List of Diagrams
The Genealogies of Genesis
Outline of Numbers
Israel in Camp and on the March
Positions and Duties of the Levites
Family of Ruth
The 70 Weeks of Daniel 9
Rulers Foretold in Daniel 11
The Day of the Lord in the Prophets
Seven Episodes in Jonah
Historicist School
Futurist (Historical Premillennialism)
Futurist (Dispensational Premillennialism)
Partial Preterist School(s)
Idealist School
Classical Premillennialism
Pretribulational Premillennialism
Postmillennialism
Amillennialism
The “Bookends” of Biblical Theology
Essential vs. Peripheral Doctrine
The Trinity
The Humiliation and Exaltation of Christ
List of Illustrations
Ziggurat
The City of Ur
The Ark of the Covenant
The Table for the Bread of the Presence
The Golden Lampstand
The Tabernacle Tent
The Bronze Altar
The Tabernacle and Court
The Altar of Incense
The High Priest’s Holy Garments
The City of Jericho
Jerusalem in the Time of David (c. 1010–970 b.c.)
Jerusalem in the Time of Solomon (c. 970–930 b.c.)
Solomon’s Temple
Solomon’s Temple and Palace Complex
Bronze Basins and Stands
Jerusalem in the Time of Hezekiah (c. 725–686 b.c.)
Zerubbabel’s Temple
Jerusalem in the Time of Nehemiah (c. 444–420? b.c.)
Ezekiel’s Temple Vision
The City of Babylon
The City of Nineveh
Galilean Fishing Boat
Jerusalem in the Time of Jesus
The Temple Mount in the Time of Jesus
Herod’s Temple in the Time of Jesus
Herod’s Temple Complex in the Time of Jesus
The Synagogue and Jewish Worship
Golgotha and the Temple Mount
The Tomb of Jesus
Rome in the Time of Paul (c. a.d. 60)
Corinth in the Time of Paul (c. a.d. 60)
Ephesus in the Time of Paul (c. a.d. 60)
Philippi in the Time of Paul (c. a.d. 60)
ESV Study Bible
English Standard Version
CrosswayWheaton, Illinois
Copyright
The ESV Study Bible®, English Standard Version® (ESV®) Copyright © 2008 by Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News PublishersAll rights reserved.
The Holy Bible, English Standard Version® (ESV®)Copyright © 2001 by Crossway,a publishing ministry of Good News PublishersAll rights reserved.
ESV® Text Edition: 2016
Version: esvsb.v3.epub.2021.01.a.epub
Study notes, maps, illustrations, introductions, articles, charts, tables, timelines, descriptions, concordance, and all other materials included in the ESV Study Bible (unless otherwise indicated), copyright © 2008 Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. Cross-reference system (as adapted) copyright © 2001 Crossway, a publishing ministry of Good News Publishers. The ESV Cross-Reference System is adapted from the original English Revised Version cross-reference system.
Study notes on Malachi adapted from Gordon P. Hugenberger, “Malachi,” in New Bible Commentary, ed. Wenham, et al. © 1953, 1954, 1970, 1994 Universities and Colleges Fellowship. Used with permission of InterVarsity Press. Outline for Romans, Thomas R. Schreiner, Romans, Baker Exegetical Commentary (Baker, 1998), used with permission. Old Testament Passages Cited in the New Testament adapted with permission from Novum Testamentum Graece, 27th Rev. ed., Aland et al., eds. (The German Bible Society, 1993).
Ezekiel’s Temple Vision, adapted with permission from H. F. Fuhs, Ezechiel II 25–48 (Echter Verlag, 1988). The chart, The 70 Weeks of Daniel 9, adapted with permission by Lee Irons www.upper-register.com, from Meredith G. Kline’s lectures “Prophetical Books,” Westminster Seminary California, 1995. The diagram, The Already and Note Yet of the Last Days, © A. B. Caneday, adapted with permission. The chart, The Twelve Apostles, © Robert M. Bowman Jr., used with permission. The chart, Harmony of the Events of Holy Week, compiled with reference to Michael J. Wilkins, Matthew, NIV Application Commentary (Zondervan, 2004); and Steven L. Cox and Kendell H. Easley, eds., Harmony of the Gospels (Holman, 2007). The chart, The Work of the Trinity, adapted with permission from James M. Hamilton Jr., God’s Indwelling Presence (Broadman & Holman, 2006). The chart, Spectrum of Early Beliefs about How Christians Should Relate to the Law of Moses, adapted with permission from D. A. Carson, Love in Hard Places (Crossway, 2002). The charts, God and Christ as “Our Savior” in Titus and Doxologies to God and the Lamb, adapted with permission from Robert M. Bowman Jr. and J. Ed Komoszewski, Putting Jesus in His Place (Kregel, 2007). The diagrams, Historicist School, Futurist (Historical Premillennialism), Futurist (SDispensational Premillennialism), Partial Preterist School(s), and Idealist School, © Dennis E. Johnson. The diagrams, Classical Premillennialism, Pretribulational Premillennialism, Postmillennialism, and Amillennialism, adapted with permission from Wayne Grudem, Systematic Theology (Zondervan, 1994). The “Bookends” of Biblical Theology, © Bernard Bell, adapted with permission. Comparison of Extant Historical Documents, from J. Ed Komoszewski, M. James Sawyer, and Daniel B. Wallace, Reinventing Jesus (Kregel, 2006), used with permission.
Crossway reserves all rights for all of the content of the ESV Study Bible, including but not limited to all print, electronic, and audio rights.
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When more than one translation is quoted in printed works or other media, the foregoing notice of copyright should begin as follows:
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The “ESV” and “English Standard Version” are registered trademarks of Crossway. Use of either trademark requires the permission of Crossway.
When quotations from the ESV text are used in non-saleable media, such as church bulletins, orders of service, posters, transparencies, or similar media, a complete copyright notice is not required, but the initials (ESV) must appear at the end of the quotation. Publication of any commentary or other Bible reference work produced for commercial sale that uses the English Standard Version (ESV) must include written permission for use of the ESV text. Permission requests that exceed the above guidelines must be directed to Crossway, Attn: Bible Rights, 1300 Crescent Street, Wheaton, IL 60187, USA. Permission requests for use of the anglicized ESV Bible text that exceed the above guidelines must be directed to: HarperCollins Religious, 77-85 Fulham Palace Road, Hammersmith, London W6 8JB, England.
The Holy Bible, English Standard Version (ESV) is adapted from the Revised Standard Version of the Bible, copyright Division of Christian Education of the National Council of the Churches of Christ in the U.S.A. All rights reserved.All italics in quotations of Scripture have been added by the authors.
Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 2008020094
Printed in the United States of AmericaPublished by CrosswayWheaton, Illinois 60187, U.S.A.www.crossway.org
Crossway is a not-for-profit publishing ministry that exists solely for the purpose of publishing the Good News of the Gospel and the Truth of God’s Word, the Bible. A portion of the purchase price of every ESV Bible is donated to help support Bible distribution ministry around the world.
Introduction: A User’s Guide to the ESV Study Bible
Purpose and Vision
The ESV Study Bible was created to help people understand the Bible in a deeper way—that is, to encounter the timeless truth of God’s Word as a powerful, compelling, life-changing reality. To accomplish this purpose, the ESV Study Bible combines the best and most recent evangelical scholarship with the ESV Bible text, which, as an “essentially literal” translation, is especially suited for Bible study. The result is the most comprehensive study Bible ever published—with completely new notes, maps, illustrations, charts, timelines, articles, and other features. Created by an exceptional team of 95 evangelical Christian scholars and teachers, the ESV Study Bible contains more than 2 million words of Bible text and insightful explanation and teaching—equivalent to a 20-volume Bible resource library. (See the complete list of contributors.)
The purpose and vision of the ESV Study Bible, then, is first and foremost to honor the Lord: (1) in terms of the excellence, beauty, and accuracy of its content and design, and (2) in terms of helping people come to a deeper understanding of the Bible, of the gospel, and of Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior.
Divine Words and Merely Human Words
The ESV Study Bible contains two kinds of words. The first kind is the actual words of the Bible, which are the very words of God to us. These are printed in the larger font at the top of each page. The second kind is the study notes, which are merely human words. These are printed in the smaller font at the bottom of each page. The difference in font sizes serves to remind readers that the words of the Bible itself are infinitely more valuable than the words of the notes. The words of the Bible are the words of our Creator speaking to us. They are completely truthful (Ps. 119:160; Prov. 30:5; Titus 1:2; Heb. 6:18); they are pure (Ps. 12:6); they are powerful (Jer. 23:29; Heb. 4:12; 1 Pet. 1:23); and they are wise and righteous (Ps. 19:7–11). God’s people should read these words with reverence and awe (Deut. 28:58; Ps. 119:74; Isa. 66:2), and with joy and delight (Ps. 19:7–11; 119:14, 97, 103; Jer. 15:16). Through these words God gives us eternal life (John 6:68; 1 Pet. 1:23) and daily nourishes our spiritual lives in this present world (Deut. 32:46; Matt. 4:4). The words of the study notes are useful because they help to explain the words of the Bible, but they must never become a substitute for the Bible itself.
The best way to use a study Bible, therefore, is always to begin and end with the words of the Bible. We should always begin by reading the Bible’s actual words, seeking with our hearts and our minds to understand these words and apply them to our lives. Then, after starting with the words of the Bible itself, we can turn to the study notes and many other study Bible resources for information about the background to the text, for the meaning of puzzling words or phrases, and for connections to other parts of the Bible. Finally, we should return again to the Bible itself, reading it with a new and deeper understanding, asking God to speak through his Word to our lives and to draw us near to himself.
The Purpose of the ESV Study Bible Notes
The purpose of the notes in the ESV Study Bible is to provide significant explanatory help for Christians who want to understand the Bible in a deeper way. To that end, the notes provide the following types of helpful content:
Explanation of the Bible text, especially with regard to the meaning of specific words and phrases in their immediate context and in relation to the Bible as a whole.
Brief summary notes at the beginning of each new section, explaining the meaning and purpose of the section. These correspond to the outline for each book of the Bible, and are shaded within the notes to help identify the structure of each book.
A summary of how specific Bible texts fit into the overall history of salvation as this unfolds throughout the Old Testament.
Explanation of puzzling events, words, and phrases that are often misunderstood.
Background descriptions of historical and archaeological information, providing a contextual framework to help illuminate and understand the text.
Explanation of key Greek and Hebrew words (usually given in their lexical form), to provide insight into the meaning of key words in the original languages of the Bible.
Presentation of significant alternative interpretations of important Bible passages.
Explanation of key texts that are crucial for the understanding of Christian doctrine, theology, and ethics.
Interaction with and responses to challenges concerning the truthfulness, historicity, or believability of specific Bible passages.
Application to life today for selected key passages.
The Understanding and Teaching of God’s Word
With this purpose in mind, the ESV Study Bible carries forward an ancient, centuries-old tradition of “explaining,” “expounding,” or “teaching” the Word of God to those who seek to understand the Bible. This process of teaching God’s Word is found even within the Bible itself. For example, when Moses was speaking the words of Deuteronomy to the people of Israel, he told them, “You shall teach them diligently to your children, and shall talk of them when you sit in your house, and when you walk by the way, and when you lie down, and when you rise” (Deut. 6:7). Similarly, when Ezra and the Levites read the Book of the Law to the exiles who had returned from Babylon, they “helped the people to understand … and they gave the sense, so that the people understood …” (Neh. 8:7–8). In the early church, Philip was sent to the Ethiopian eunuch to help him understand what he was reading from Isaiah (Acts 8:26–40). And the apostle Paul, in city after city, spent his time “teaching the word of God” (Acts 18:11; cf. 15:35; 20:20, 27). Likewise, throughout the history of the church, God has raised up people to teach the Word (cf. 1 Cor. 12:28; Eph. 4:11).
The ESV Study Bible stands within this historic stream and was created specifically to provide explanation and teaching—to help people come to a deeper understanding of God’s Word and the gospel, and to provide a resource for the edification and strengthening of God’s people around the world.
Doctrinal Perspective
The doctrinal perspective of the ESV Study Bible is that of classic evangelical orthodoxy, in the historic stream of the Reformation. The notes are written from the perspective of confidence in the complete truthfulness of the Bible. In passages where errors or contradictions have been alleged, possible solutions to these challenges have been proposed. At times the notes also summarize interpretations that are inconsistent with classic evangelical orthodoxy, indicating how and why such views are in conflict with Scripture. Within that broad tradition of evangelical orthodoxy, the notes have sought to represent fairly the various evangelical positions on disputed topics such as baptism, the Lord’s Supper, spiritual gifts, the future of ethnic Israel, and questions concerning the millennium and other events connected with the time of Christ’s return.
Additional Content: Introductions and Articles
In addition to the explanatory notes, the ESV Study Bible contains an abundance of other helpful material, including:
Extensive
introductions
to each section and book of the Bible, focusing on authorship and date of writing, the historical setting, key themes, literary features, and detailed outlines.
Background studies on the
history and archaeology
of the ancient world, the
canon
of the Old and New Testaments, the reliability of
ancient manuscripts
, and the nature of the
original Bible languages
(Hebrew, Aramaic, and Greek).
A compact overview of
themes in the history of salvation
that are found throughout the OT, indicating how these themes ultimately find fulfillment in Christ.
A series of articles on the major
doctrines
and
ethical teachings
of Scripture.
A summary of the basic differences in doctrine and the understanding of the Bible within Christianity, including
Evangelical Protestantism
,
Liberal Protestantism
,
Eastern Orthodoxy
, and
Roman Catholicism
.
A description of the other
world religions
(modern Judaism, Islam, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Confucianism).
An overview of the teachings of prominent
cults
, explaining how and where they depart from Scripture and classic evangelical Christianity.
Other Unique Features
The ESV Study Bible is also unique with respect to a number of newly created study Bible features. Among these unique features are:
Over 200 all-new full-color maps
, created with the latest satellite imagery, digital technology, and cartographic techniques. Based on extensive research and the most recent biblical archaeological scholarship, the maps are printed in full color throughout the Bible, helping to make the events, people, and places of the Bible come to life.
More than 40 all-new illustrations
, created specifically for the ESV Study Bible, including full-color renderings of important biblical structures, cities, and objects, shown in precise, accurate detail. These unique dimensional drawings were carefully researched and precisely rendered by architectural illustrators.
200-plus charts
offering key insights and analysis in clear, concise outline form, located along with the notes throughout the Bible.
Using the Cross-reference System
The ESV Study Bible includes 80,000 cross-references and an extensive concordance, which together encourage easy location of important words, passages, and biblical themes. There are several kinds of cross-references. References to specific words or phrases appear as , e.g., “ver. 7” (within the same chapter), “ch. 9:6” (within the same book), or “Heb. 4:2.” Brackets (e.g. “[ch. 9:6]”) denote passages with a similar theme. “See” denotes less direct references (e.g., “See Jn. 8:26”). “Cited” denotes passages quoted in or from other parts of Scripture. “(Heb.)” or “(Gk.)” indicates that the similarity of a cross-referenced passage is clearer in the original Hebrew or Greek than in English.
The ESV Bible and the ESV Study Bible
Lastly, the ESV Study Bible uses the “essentially literal” ESV (English Standard Version) Bible translation as the foundational text for creating the study Bible notes and other features. Emphasizing word-for-word accuracy, literary excellence, and depth of meaning, the ESV Bible is especially suited to be the basic text for a study Bible. First published in 2001, the ESV Bible translation work involved more than 100 Bible scholars and advisors, including: (1) the 14-member Translation Oversight Committee; (2) 50 leading Bible Scholars; and (3) a 50-member Advisory Council—all of whom are committed to historic Christian orthodoxy. Many of the ESV translation team also participated in the creation of the ESV Study Bible. The ESV Bible is available worldwide in more than 120 editions and bindings. (For more information, go to www.esv.org.)
Goal and Vision
As mentioned at the beginning of this introduction, the goal and vision of the ESV Study Bible is, first and foremost, to honor the Lord and his Word: (1) in terms of the excellence, beauty, and accuracy of its content and design, and (2) in terms of helping people to come to a deeper understanding of the Bible, of the gospel, and of Jesus Christ as their Lord and Savior. Because Crossway is a not-for-profit publishing ministry, all receipts from the ESV Study Bible are used to further the support of this goal and vision.
We are very aware, however, that anything we do will always be less than perfect and subject to error. Yet we know that God still uses imperfect and inadequate things to his honor and praise. And so to our triune God (Father, Son, and Holy Spirit), and to his people, we offer our work of creating and publishing the ESV Study Bible—with the prayer that our Lord would guard and protect from any error or deficiency that may unintentionally be in these pages; and with the prayer that by God’s grace the ESV Study Bible may prove useful in bringing many to Christ and for the building up of his church worldwide, for this generation, for generations to come, and for eternity.
Soli Deo Gloria!—To God alone be the glory!
Lane T. Dennis, Executive Editor
Wayne Grudem, General Editor
Contributors
Editorial Oversight Committee
The following people comprise the Editorial Oversight Committee, which developed the concept, selected the contributors, and provided general oversight and final approval of the ESV Study Bible content and design.
Executive Editor
Lane T. Dennis
Crossway
Ph.D., Northwestern University
General Editor
Wayne Grudem
Phoenix Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
Theological Editor
J. I. Packer
Regent College (Canada)
D.Phil., The University of Oxford
Old Testament Editor
C. John Collins
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Liverpool
New Testament Editor
Thomas R. Schreiner
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
Project Director, Managing Editor
Justin Taylor
Crossway
Ph.D. candidate, The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Study Note Contributors
The following people were responsible for writing the ESV Study Bible notes, as indicated below for each book of the Bible. In many cases more than one person contributed to the writing of the notes for specific books, and the notes for each of the books involved many levels of review and editing. The final notes as they appear in the ESV Study Bible, therefore, are the result of a collaborative effort, and in some cases may include content or views differing from those of individual contributors.
Genesis
T. Desmond Alexander
Union Theological College (Belfast)
Ph.D., The Queen’s University of Belfast
Exodus
Kenneth Laing Harris
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Liverpool
Leviticus
John Currid
Reformed Theological Seminary (Charlotte)
Ph.D., The University of Chicago
Nobuyoshi Kiuchi
Tokyo Christian University
Ph.D., Council for National Academic Awards (UK)
Jay A. Sklar
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Gloucestershire
Numbers
Gordon J. Wenham
Trinity Theological College (Bristol)
Ph.D., King’s College, The University of London
Deuteronomy
Paul Barker
Holy Trinity Doncaster (Australia)
Ph.D., The University of Gloucestershire
Joshua
V. Philips Long
Regent College (Canada)
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
Judges
David M. Howard Jr.
Bethel Seminary (St. Paul)
Ph.D., The University of Michigan
Ruth
Ronald Bergey
Faculté Libre de Théologie Réformée (France)
Ph.D., Dropsie University
1 and 2 Samuel
David Toshio Tsumura
Japan Bible Seminary (Tokyo)
Ph.D., Brandeis University
1 and 2 Kings
Iain W. Provan
Regent College (Canada)
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
1 and 2 Chronicles
Brian E. Kelly
Canterbury Christ Church University (England)
Ph.D., The University of Bristol
Ezra
J. Gordon McConville
The University of Gloucestershire
Ph.D., The University of Sheffield
Nehemiah
J. Gordon McConville
The University of Gloucestershire
Ph.D., The University of Sheffield
Esther
Barry G. Webb
Moore Theological College (Australia)
Ph.D., The University of Sheffield
Job
Kenneth Laing Harris
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Liverpool
August Konkel
Providence College and Seminary (Manitoba)
Ph.D., Westminster Theological Seminary
Psalms
C. John Collins
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Liverpool
Proverbs
Duane A. Garrett
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Baylor University
Kenneth Laing Harris
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Liverpool
Ecclesiastes
Max F. Rogland
Erskine Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Leiden University
Song of Solomon
C. John Collins
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Liverpool
Andrew Stewart
M.A., Covenant Theological Seminary
Isaiah
Raymond C. Ortlund Jr.
Immanuel Church (Nashville)
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
Jeremiah
Paul R. House
Beeson Divinity School, Samford University
Ph.D., The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Lamentations
Paul R. House
Beeson Divinity School, Samford University
Ph.D., The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ezekiel
David J. Reimer
The University of Edinburgh
D.Phil., The University of Oxford
Daniel
Iain M. Duguid
Grove City College
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
Paul D. Wegner
Phoenix Seminary
Ph.D., King’s College, The University of London
Hosea
Robert I. Vasholz
Covenant Theological Seminary
Th.D., The University of Stellenbosch
Joel
W. Brian Aucker
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Edinburgh
Amos
John Oswalt
Wesley Biblical Seminary
Ph.D., Brandeis University
Obadiah
Paul R. Raabe
Concordia Seminary (St. Louis)
Ph.D., The University of Michigan
Jonah
Mark D. Futato
Reformed Theological Seminary (Orlando)
Ph.D., The Catholic University of America
Micah
W. Brian Aucker
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Edinburgh
Dennis R. Magary
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Ph.D., The University of Wisconsin, Madison
Nahum
Walter A. Maier III
Concordia Theological Seminary (Ft. Wayne)
Ph.D., Harvard University
Habakkuk
Paul D. Wegner
Phoenix Seminary
Ph.D., King’s College, The University of London
Zephaniah
David W. Baker
Ashland Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of London
Haggai
W. Brian Aucker
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Edinburgh
Zechariah
Iain M. Duguid
Grove City College
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
Malachi
Gordon P. Hugenberger
Park Street Church (Boston)
Ph.D., C.N.A.A., College of St. Paul and Mary/Oxford Centre for Postgraduate Hebrew Studies
Matthew
Michael J. Wilkins
Talbot School of Theology, Biola University
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
Mark
Hans F. Bayer
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
Luke
Wayne Grudem
Phoenix Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
Thomas R. Schreiner
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
John
Andreas J. Köstenberger
Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Acts
John B. Polhill
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Romans
Thomas R. Schreiner
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
1 Corinthians
Frank S. Thielman
Beeson Divinity School, Samford University
Ph.D., Duke University
2 Corinthians
Scott J. Hafemann
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
D.Theol., Eberhard-Karls-Universitat Tübingen
Galatians
Simon J. Gathercole
The University of Cambridge
Ph.D., The University of Durham
Ephesians
S. M. Baugh
Westminster Seminary California
Ph.D., The University of California, Irvine
Philippians
Sean M. McDonough
Gordon-Conwell Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of St. Andrews
Colossians
Clinton E. Arnold
Talbot School of Theology, Biola University
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
1 and 2 Thessalonians
Colin Nicholl
Research scholar
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
1 and 2 Timothy
Ray Van Neste
Union University
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
Titus
Ray Van Neste
Union University
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
Philemon
Clinton E. Arnold
Talbot School of Theology, Biola University
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
Hebrews
David W. Chapman
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
James
Grant R. Osborne
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
1 Peter
Thomas R. Schreiner
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
2 Peter
Doug Oss
Assemblies of God Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Westminster Theological Seminary
Thomas R. Schreiner
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
1, 2, and 3 John
Robert W. Yarbrough
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
Jude
Doug Oss
Assemblies of God Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Westminster Theological Seminary
Thomas R. Schreiner
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
Revelation
Dennis E. Johnson
Westminster Seminary California
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
Article Contributors
The following articles are included in the ESV Study Bible, written by the person(s) indicated after the title of each article.
Introduction: A User’s Guide to the ESV Study Bible
Lane T. Dennis
Crossway Books and Bibles
Ph.D., Northwestern University
Wayne Grudem
Phoenix Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
Overview of the Bible: A Survey of the History of Salvation
Vern S. Poythress
Westminster Theological Seminary
D.Theol., The University of Stellenbosch
The Theology of the Old Testament
C. John Collins
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Liverpool
Introduction to the Pentateuch
Gordon J. Wenham
Trinity Theological College (Bristol)
Ph.D., King’s College, The University of London
Introduction to the Historical Books
David M. Howard Jr.
Bethel Seminary (St. Paul)
Ph.D., The University of Michigan
Introduction to the Poetic and Wisdom Literature
David J. Reimer
The University of Edinburgh
D.Phil., The University of Oxford
Introduction to the Prophetic Books
Paul R. House
Beeson Divinity School, Samford University
Ph.D., The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
The Time between the Testaments
J. Julius Scott Jr.
Wheaton College, retired
Ph.D., The University of Manchester
The Roman Empire and the Greco-Roman World at the Time of the New Testament
David W. Chapman
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
Jewish Groups at the Time of the New Testament
John C. DelHousaye
Phoenix Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
The Theology of the New Testament
Thomas R. Schreiner
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
Reading the Gospels and Acts
Darrell L. Bock
Dallas Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
Reading the Epistles
Thomas R. Schreiner
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
God’s Plan of Salvation
Mark Dever
Capitol Hill Baptist Church (Washington)
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
An Overview of Biblical Doctrine (13 Articles)
Erik Thoennes
Talbot Theological Seminary, Biola University
Ph.D., Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
An Overview of Biblical Ethics (13 Articles)
Wayne Grudem
Phoenix Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
Daniel R. Heimbach
Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Drew University
C. Ben Mitchell
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Ph.D., The University of Tennessee
Craig Mitchell
Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary
Interpreting the Bible: An Introduction
Daniel Doriani
Central Presbyterian Church (St. Louis)
Ph.D., Westminster Theological Seminary
Interpreting the Bible: A Historical Overview
John Hannah
Dallas Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Texas at Dallas
Reading the Bible Theologically
J. I. Packer
Regent College (Canada)
D.Phil., The University of Oxford
Reading the Bible as Literature
Leland Ryken
Wheaton College
Ph.D., The University of Oregon
Reading the Bible in Prayer and Communion with God
John Piper
Bethlehem Baptist Church (Minneapolis)
D.Theol., The University of Munich
Reading the Bible for Application
David Powlison
Westminster Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Pennsylvania
Reading the Bible for Preaching and Public Worship
R. Kent Hughes
College Church (Wheaton, IL), retired
D.Min., Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
The Canon of the Old Testament
Roger T. Beckwith
Research scholar
D.D., The University of Oxford
The Canon of the New Testament
Charles E. Hill
Reformed Theological Seminary (Orlando)
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
The Apocrypha
Roger T. Beckwith
Research scholar
D.D., The University of Oxford
The Reliability of the Old Testament Manuscripts
Paul D. Wegner
Phoenix Seminary
Ph.D., King’s College, The University of London
The Reliability of the New Testament Manuscripts
Daniel B. Wallace
Dallas Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Dallas Theological Seminary
Archaeology and the Reliability of the Old Testament
John Currid
Reformed Theological Seminary (Charlotte)
Ph.D., The University of Chicago
Archaeology and the Reliability of the New Testament
David W. Chapman
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
The Original Languages of the Bible: Hebrew and Aramaic
Peter J. Williams
Tyndale House (Cambridge)
Ph.D., The University of Cambridge
The Original Languages of the Bible: Greek
David Alan Black
Southeastern Baptist Theological Seminary
D.Theol., The University of Basel
The Septuagint
Peter J. Gentry
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Toronto
How the New Testament Quotes and Interprets the Old Testament
C. John Collins
Covenant Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Liverpool
Roman Catholicism
Gregg R. Allison
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Eastern Orthodoxy
Robert Letham
Wales Evangelical School of Theology
Ph.D., The University of Aberdeen
Liberal Protestantism
Bruce A. Ware
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
Evangelical Protestantism
Bruce A. Ware
The Southern Baptist Theological Seminary
Ph.D., Fuller Theological Seminary
Evangelical Protestantism and Global Christianity
Harold A. Netland
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Ph.D., Claremont Graduate School
The Bible and Contemporary Judaism
Marvin R. Wilson
Gordon College
Ph.D., Brandeis University
The Bible and Other World Religions
Harold A. Netland
Trinity Evangelical Divinity School
Ph.D., Claremont Graduate School
The Bible and Islam
Timothy C. Tennent
Asbury Theological Seminary
Ph.D., The University of Edinburgh
The Bible and Religious Cults
Ron Rhodes
Reasoning from the Scriptures Ministries
Th.D., Dallas Theological Seminary
History of Salvation in the Old Testament
Vern S. Poythress
Westminster Theological Seminary
D.Theol., The University of Stellenbosch
The ESV Study Bible benefited greatly from the work of a wide range of other contributors and consultants. The following list first indicates the specific kind of contribution, followed by a list of those who contributed or consulted in this area.
Other Contributors
Literary Features
Leland Ryken
Wheaton College
