Evolutionary Biology E-Book

John S. Torday

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 289

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

An integrative view of the evolution of genetics and the natural world Even in this advanced age of genomics, the evolutionary process of unicellular and multicellular organisms is continually in debate. Evolutionary Biology, Cell-Cell Communication, and Complex Disease challenges current wisdom by using physiology to present an integrative view of the nature, origins, and evolution of fundamental biological systems. Providing a deeper understanding of the way genes relate to the traits of living organisms, this book offers useful information applying evolutionary biology, functional genomics, and cell communication studies to complex disease. Examining the 4.5 billion-year evolution process from environment adaptations to cell-cell communication to communication of genetic information for reproduction, Evolutionary Biology hones in on the "why and how" of evolution by uniquely focusing on the cell as the smallest unit of biologic structure and function. Based on empirically derived data rather than association studies, Evolutionary Biology covers: * A model for forming testable hypotheses in complex disease studies * The integrating role played by the evolution of metabolism, especially lipid metabolism * The evolutionary continuum from development to homeostasis * Regeneration and aging mediated by signaling molecules Ambitious and game-changing Evolutionary Biology suggests that biology began as a mechanism for reducing energy within the cell, defying the Second Law of Thermodynamics. An ideal text for those interested in forward thinking scientific study, the insights presented in Evolutionary Biology help practitioners effectively comprehend the evolutionary process.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

COVER

TITLE PAGE

COPYRIGHT PAGE

DEDICATION

PREFACE

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

1 THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES

THE ORIGINS OF UNICELLULAR LIFE ON EARTH

PROKARYOTES VERSUS EUKARYOTES

COEVOLUTION OF TRAITS

CHOLESTEROL FACILITATES LIPID RAFTS FOR CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION

THE ENDOMEMBRANE SYSTEM

THE CELLULAR MECHANISM OF EVOLUTION

WHY EVOLVE?

CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION AND AGING

2 REDUCING LUNG PHYSIOLOGY TO ITS MOLECULAR PHENOTYPES

HORMONAL ACCELERATION OF LUNG DEVELOPMENT

NEUTRAL LIPID TRAFFICKING AND LUNG EVOLUTION

OTHER EXAMPLES OF CELLULAR COOPERATIVITY

SUMMARY

3 A CELL–MOLECULAR STRATEGY TO SOLVING THE EVOLUTIONARY PUZZLE

RATIONALE FOR CELL–MOLECULAR EVOLUTION

MECHANISM OF MAMMALIAN LUNG DEVELOPMENT

AVIAN LUNG STRUCTURE–FUNCTION RELATIONSHIP: THE EXCEPTION THAT PROVES THE RULE

DOES ONTOGENY RECAPITULATE PHYLOGENY? THE ROLE OF PTHRP IN LUNG DEVELOPMENT

INTERRELATIONSHIP BETWEEN PTHRP, DEVELOPMENT, PHYSIOLOGY, AND REPAIR: IS REPAIR A RECAPITULATION OF ONTOGENY AND PHYLOGENY?

4 THE EVOLUTION OF CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION

CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION AS THE MECHANISTIC BASIS FOR EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY

THE DARWINIAN BIOLOGIC SPACETIME CONTINUUM AND EINSTEIN’S VISION OF THE UNIVERSE

REVERSE ENGINEERING OF PHYSIOLOGIC TRAITS AS A PORTAL FOR VIEWING EVOLUTION

CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION AS THE BASIS FOR THE EVOLUTION OF METAZOANS

UNDERSTANDING LUNG EVOLUTION FROM THE MIDDLE OUT

THE CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION MODEL OF LUNG EVOLUTION TRACES CONTEMPORARY PHENOTYPES BACK TO ANCESTRAL PHENOTYPES

PREDICTIVE VALUE OF THE LUNG CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION MODEL FOR UNDERSTANDING THE EVOLUTION OF PHYSIOLOGIC SYSTEMS

SEXUAL DIMORPHISM OF LUNG DEVELOPMENT: A CASE STUDY IN CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION AND EVOLUTIONARY PLASTICITY

ANDROGEN AFFECTS THE EXPRESSION OF GROWTH FACTORS INVOLVED IN LUNG DEVELOPMENT

EVIDENCE FOR AN ASSOCIATION BETWEEN STEROID-RESISTANT/RESPONSIVE PHENOTYPES AND HUMAN LYMPHOCYTE ANTIGEN (HLA) HAPLOTYPES

5 HOW TO INTEGRATE CELL–MOLECULAR DEVELOPMENT, HOMEOSTASIS, ECOLOGY, AND EVOLUTIONARY BIOLOGY: THE MISSING LINKS

NEUTRAL THEORY VERSUS INTELLIGENT DESIGN

INTERNAL SELECTION THEORY

THE COUNTERINTUITIVE NATURE OF PHYSIOLOGY AND SOLUTION TO THE DEAD SEA SCROLLS PUZZLE

THE CONTINUUM FROM MICROEVOLUTION TO MACROEVOLUTION

cis REGULATION AND ADAPTIVE EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION OF cis REGULATORY MECHANISMS

6 FROM CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION TO THE EVOLUTION OF INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY

CELL–CELL SIGNALING AND ALVEOLAR DEVELOPMENT: A REDUCTIONIST APPROACH TO THE EVOLUTION OF PHYSIOLOGIC TRAITS

AN INTEGRATED, EMPIRIC, MIDDLE–OUT APPROACH TO PHYSIOLOGY

A MOLECULAR EVOLUTIONARY LINK BETWEEN THE LUNG AND THE KIDNEY?

THE BERNER HYPOTHESIS AND EMERGENCE OF THE ADIPOCYTE: THE EVOLUTIONARY ORIGINS OF THE LIPOFIBROBLAST

LUNG BIOLOGY AS A CIPHER FOR EVOLUTION

DO STRETCH EFFECTS ON PTHRP EXPRESSION REFLECT ITS ROLE IN ADAPTING TO GRAVITY?

WOLFF’S LAW WORKS FOR BOTH BONE AND LUNG

FUNCTIONAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENVIRONMENTS

AN EVOLUTIONARY VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF THE PHYLOGENY AND ONTOGENY OF THE THYROID

7 EXPLOITING CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION ACROSS SPACETIME TO DECONSTRUCT EVOLUTION

SOMEWHERE BETWEEN THE GENE AND THE PHENOTYPE LIES THE PROCESS OF EVOLUTION

A FUNCTIONAL GENOMIC APPROACH TO EVOLUTION AS AN EXAMPLE OF TERMINAL ADDITION

SEEKING DEEP HOMOLOGIES IN LUNG EVOLUTION

SYSTEMS BIOLOGY BASED ON CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION

VERTICAL INTEGRATION OF LEPTIN SIGNALING, HUMAN EVOLUTION, AND THE TROJAN HORSE EFFECT

LEPTIN AND HUMAN EVOLUTION: FOOD FOR THOUGHT

8 THE PERIODIC TABLE OF BIOLOGY

THE PROSPECT OF A PERIODIC TABLE OF BIOLOGY

CELLULAR COOPERATION IS KEY

ELEMENTAL BIOLOGY

PTHRP AS AN ARCHETYPE

EVOLUTION AS THE SOLUTION

RAMPING UP A MATHEMATICAL MODEL OF EVOLUTION

THE ANTHROPIC PRINCIPLE RESULTS FROM THE EVOLUTION OF CELL–CELL INTERACTIONS

9 VALUE ADDED BY THINKING IN TERMS OF THE CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION MODEL FOR EVOLUTION

THIS IS NOT A JUST-SO STORY

BEYOND GENOMICS

FROM FAT CELLS TO INTEGRATED PHYSIOLOGY

MOLECULAR HOMOLOGIES DISTINGUISH BETWEEN THE EVOLUTIONARY FOREST AND TREES

THE OXYGEN–CHOLESTEROL–SURFACTANT–MEMBRANE CONNECTION

CHOLESTEROL METABOLISM AS THE DATA OPERATING SYSTEM FOR VERTEBRATE BIOLOGY?

TRANSLATION OF GENOMICS INTO THE PERIODIC TABLE FOR BIOLOGY

DEEP HOMOLOGIES

SELECTION PRESSURE FOR CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION: THE KEY TO UNDERSTANDING EVOLUTION

10 CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION AS THE BASIS FOR PRACTICING CLINICAL MEDICINE

CELL–CELL COMMUNICATION MAINTENANCE AND BREAKDOWN REPRESENT HEALTH AND DISEASE, RESPECTIVELY

CELL–CELL COMMUNICATIONS AS A FRAMEWORK FOR HUMAN EVOLUTION

CANALIZATION, DECANALIZATION, AND THE HOLISTIC APPROACH TO THE PRACTICE OF MEDICINE

EXPLOITING LUNG EVOLUTION TO PREVENT AND TREAT CHRONIC LUNG DISEASE

LUNG EVOLUTION EXPLAINS THE MAGIC OF CONTINUOUS POSITIVE AIRWAY PRESSURE

THE PARADOX OF INFECTING THE LUNG IN ORDER TO TREAT LUNG DISEASE CAUSED BY INFECTION

EXPLOITING LUNG EVOLUTION TO PREVENT AND TREAT SMOKING-RELATED LUNG DAMAGE

THE TROJAN HORSE EFFECT OF CANALIZATION

IMPETUS FOR EVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE AS AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE CLINICAL CURRICULUM

APPLICATION OF EVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE TO BIOETHICS

EVOLUTIONARY SCIENCE, A BIOLOGIC PERIODIC TABLE, AND A UNIFIED THEORY OF BIOLOGY

SUMMARY

NAME INDEX

SUBJECT INDEX

Copyright © 2012 by Wiley Blackwell. All rights reserved.

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Published simultaneously in Canada

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

Torday, John S.

 Evolutionary biology, cell-cell communication, and complex disease / John S. Torday, Virender K. Rehan.

p. ; cm.

 Includes bibliographical references and index.

 ISBN 978-0-470-64720-2 (cloth)

 1. Molecular genetics. 2. Molecular evolution. 3. Cell interaction. 4. Pathology, Molecular. I. Rehan, Virender K. II. Title.

 [DNLM: 1. Evolution, Molecular. 2. Cell Communication. 3. Pathologic Processes. QU 475]

 QH442.T648 2012

 572.8–dc23

2011017542

Dr. Torday dedicates this book to his wife Barbara and his children Nicole Anne and Daniel Philip Torday, his daughter-in-law Dr. Erin Torday, his granddaughter Abigail Torday, and his parents Steven and Maria Torday.

Dr. Rehan dedicates this book to his parents Sain Das and Nirmala Rehan, his wife Yu Hsiu and children Amit and Anika Rehan, and his brother (the late) Dr. Sudhir Rehan.

PREFACE

There have been many attempts to conceptualize and explain the process of evolution, from unicellular to multicellular organisms. Yet even in the age of genomics, we still do not even understand how novelty arises from organisms that are seemingly destined to maintain their biologic identity. Therein lays the enigma of evolution, which is only made more difficult to understand by reducing life to genes and phenotypes, using metaphoric language instead of molecular mechanisms to deconvolute the process of evolution. The challenge is to formulate a strategy for transitioning from anecdotes to a central theory of biology, and from duality to unity.

The purpose of this book is to understand the why and how of evolution by focusing on the cell as the smallest unit of biologic structure and function. The consensus is that unicellular organisms developed the complete genetic toolkit for the evolution of multicellular organisms. Multicellular organisms, in turn, devolved form and function in adaptation to their environments through metabolic cooperativity. By focusing on cell–cell communication as the organizing principle and mechanism of evolution, the deep molecular homologies that have formed the basis for vertebrate evolution can be seen simultaneously in their historic and contemporary contexts. By further focusing on lipid metabolism as an integrating mechanism linking molecular oxygen to cholesterol, overarching vertebrate evolution from the cell membrane to barrier function and neocortical evolution, we can literally connect the dots from our evolutionary past to the present and future. Using this approach, development, homeostasis, regeneration, and reprodu­ction are seen as a structural–functional continuum, providing the means by which organisms have been able to keep apace with their ever-changing environment.

We would like to thank our mentors, who have challenged us to drill down to the essence of biology. We would also like to thank the agencies that have funded our research over the years: The National Institutes of Health, The March of Dimes, The American Heart Association, The Tobacco Research and Disease Related Program of California, The Thrasher Research Foundation, and The Los Angeles Biomedical Research Institute.

JOHN S. TORDAYVIRENDER K. REHAN

ABOUT THE AUTHORS

John S. Torday, MSc, PhD, was born in Budapest, Hungary. He is a graduate of Boston University, with a major in biology and a minor in English. He received his master of science and doctor of philosophy degrees from the Department of Experimental Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada. He subsequently did postdoctoral training in the NIH Reproductive Biology Program at the University of Wisconsin—Madison (1974–1976). He has been a member of the faculties of Harvard Medical School (1976–1991), The University of Maryland School of Medicine (1991–1998), and The David Geffen School of Medicine (1998–present).

Virender K. Rehan, MBBS, DCH, MD, MRCP, MRCPI, was born in Shahkot, India. He obtained his initial medical training from Delhi University, India, followed by specialized training in Liverpool (England), Winnipeg (Canada), and Rhode Island (USA). He has been a member of the faculties of The Brown University School of Medicine (1995–2000) and The David Geffen School of Medicine (2000–present).

1

THE CELLULAR ORIGIN OF VERTEBRATES

The Origins of Unicellular Life on Earth Prokaryotes versus Eukaryotes Coevolution of Traits Cholesterol Facilitates Lipid Rafts for Cell–Cell Communication The Endomembrane System The Cellular Mechanism of Evolution Why Evolve? Cell–Cell Communication and Aging 

THE ORIGINS OF UNICELLULAR LIFE ON EARTH

Life has existed on Earth for billions of years, starting with primitive cells that evolved into unicellular organisms (Fig. 1.1) over the course of the first 4.5 billion years of Earth’s existence. The evolution of complex biologic organisms began with the symbiotic relationship between prokaryotes and eukaryotes. This relationship gave rise to mitochondria, and the resulting diversity of unicellular organisms led to their metabolic cooperativity, mediated by ligand–receptor interactions and cell–cell signaling. Natural selection generated increasing complexity. Failed homeostatic signaling recapitulates phylogeny and ontogeny, offering pathology and repair as the inverse of phylogeny and ontogeny. How life on Earth actually began can only be speculated, unless we can witness it unfolding on “other Earths,” and even then the process would probably differ from what has transpired on Earth since it is still contingent on the prevailing environmental conditions.