Fundamentals of Ionized Gases E-Book

Boris M. Smirnov

• Herausgeber: Wiley-VCH
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 839

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2012

Beschreibung

A comprehensive and readily accessible work for studying the physics of ionized gases, based on "Physics of Ionized Gases". The focus remains on fundamentals rather than on the details required for interesting but difficult applications, such as magnetic confinement fusion, or the phenomena that occur with extremely high-intensity short-pulse lasers. However, this new work benefits from much rearranging of the subject matter within each topic, resulting in a more coherent structure. There are also some significant additions, many of which relate to clusters, while other enlarged sections include plasmas in the atmosphere and their applications. In each case, the emphasis is on a clear and unified understanding of the basic physics that underlies all plasma phenomena. Thus, there are chapters on plasma behavior from the viewpoint of atomic and molecular physics, as well as on the macroscopic phenomena involved in physical kinetics of plasmas and the transport of radiation and of charged particles within plasmas. With this grounding in the fundamental physics of plasmas, the notoriously difficult subjects of nonlinear phenomena and of instabilities in plasmas can then be treated with comprehensive clarity. The work is rounded off with appendices containing information and data of great importance and relevance that are not easily found in other books. Valuable reading for graduate and PhD physics students, and a reference for researchers in low-temperature ionized gases-plasma processing, edge region fusion plasma physics, and atmospheric plasmas.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Half Title page

Related Titles

Title page

Copyright page

Preface

References

Books for Plasma Physics

Chapter 1: General Concepts in Physics of Excited and Ionized Gases

1.1 Ideal Plasma

1.2 Statistics of Atomic Particles in Excited and Weakly Ionized Gases

1.3 Rarefied and Dense Plasmas

References

Chapter 2: Elementary Processes in Excited and Ionized Gases

2.1 Elastic Collision of Atomic Particles

2.2 Inelastic Processes Involving Electrons

2.3 Elementary Processes Involving Ions and Atoms

2.4 Radiative Processes in Excited and Ionized Gases

References

Chapter 3: Physical Kinetics of Ionized Gases

3.1 Kinetics of Atomic Particles in Gases and Plasmas

3.2 Kinetics of Electrons in a Gas in an External Electric Field

3.3 Radiation Transfer and Kinetics of Excitations in a Plasma

References

Chapter 4: Transport Phenomena in Ionized Gases

4.1 Hydrodynamics of Ionized Gases

4.2 Transport Phenomena in Neutral Gases

4.3 Transport of Electrons in Gases

4.4 Transport of Atomic ions and Clusters in Plasma

4.5 Plasma in a Magnetic Field

References

Chapter 5: Waves, Instabilities, and Structures in Excited and Ionized Gases

5.1 Instabilities of Excited Gases

5.2 Waves in Ionized Gases

5.3 Plasma Instabilities

5.4 Nonlinear Phenomena in Plasmas

5.5 Ionization Instabilities and Plasma Structures

References

Chapter 6: Complex Plasmas, Including Atmospheric Plasmas

6.1 Single Cluster or Particle in an Ionized Gas

6.2 Particle Fields in an Ionized Gas

6.3 Cluster Plasma

6.4 Plasma Processes in the Earth’s Atmosphere

6.5 Electric Machine of the Earth’s Atmosphere

References

Chapter 7: Conclusion – Plasmas in Nature and the Laboratory

References

Appendix A: Physical Constants and Units

References

Appendix B: Parameters of Atoms and Ions

Index

Boris M. Smirnov

Fundamentals of Ionized Gases

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The Author

Prof. Boris SmirnovJoint Institute for High TemperaturesRussian Academy of SciencesMoscow, Russian [e-mail]

Cover PictureSpiesz Design, Neu-Ulm

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© 2012 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Boschstr. 12, 69469 Weinheim, Germany

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Preface

This book is based on the lecture courses on plasma physics which were given by the author at various education institutes in Russia and abroad over several decades. The courses were intended for undergraduate students and postgraduate students of physical and technical professions. The main goal of the book is to provide the reader with various concepts of plasma physics and related topics in physics. These problems are represented in a large number of plasma books, a list of which is given below, and therefore it is necessary to note the features of this book.

The form of this book is such that the author has tried, on one hand, to conserve the level of contemporary theoretical plasma physics, and, on other hand, to use a simple description of the problems. These requirements seem to be contradictory, but may be achieved partially by using limiting cases or simple models. These were accumulated by the author during his scientific activity, partially borrowed from colleagues, and represented in previous books by the author [1–5]. In this book, these limiting cases and simpler models are used and their number is increased, allowing a large number of concepts of plasma physics and related physics areas to be included in this book.

Since this book reckons on an active reader, it contains contemporary information, mostly in the text and tables. The plasma physics course in the subsequent text is divided into parts which include general plasma properties, elementary processes in plasmas, kinetics and transport processes in ionized gases, and waves, instabilities, and nonlinear processes in plasmas and excited gases. Certain plasma objects, such as a cluster plasma, a dusty plasma, an aerosol plasma, and an atmospheric plasma, are analyzed to demonstrate the connection between general plasma properties and constituent plasma particles. The author hopes that his long-term experience in plasma physics will be useful for the reader.

Moscow, June 2011

Boris M. Smirnov

References

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Chapter 1

General Concepts in Physics of Excited and Ionized Gases

1.1 Ideal Plasma

1.1.1 Plasma as a State of Matter

The word “plasma” was introduced into science by the Czech physiologist J.E. Purkinje in the middle of the nineteenth century to denote the uniform blood fluid that is released from particles and corpuscles. This term was suggested for a uniform ionized gas of the positive column of a gas discharge by Langmuir [1–3] and now this term denotes any system with electrons and ions where charged particles determine the properties of this system. The most widespread form of plasma is an ionized gas which consists of atoms or molecules with an admixture of charged particles, electrons and ions. Such a plasma is the subject of this book.

To understand the conditions required for the existence of such a plasma under equilibrium conditions, we compare it with an identical chemical system. Let us consider, for example, atmospheric air consisting basically of nitrogen and oxygen molecules. At high temperatures, along with the nitrogen and oxygen, nitrogen oxides can be formed. The following chemical equilibrium is maintained in air:

(1.1)

Here and below, the sign ↔ means that the process can proceed either in the forward direction or in the reverse direction. According to the Le Chatelier principle [4, 5], an increase in the temperature of the air leads to an increase in the concentration of the NO molecules.

A similar situation exists in the case of formation of charged particles in a gas, but this process requires a higher temperature. For example, the ionization equilibrium for nitrogen molecules has the form

(1.2)

Thus, the chemical and ionization equilibria are analogous, but ionization of atoms or molecules proceeds at higher temperatures than chemical transformations. To illustrate this, Table 1.1 contains examples of chemical and ionization equilibria. This table gives the temperatures at which 0.1% of molecules are dissociated in the case of a chemical (dissociation) equilibrium or 0.1% of atoms are ionized for an ionization equilibrium at a gas pressure of 1 atm. Thus, a weakly ionized gas, which we shall call a plasma, has an analogy with a chemically active gas. Therefore, although a plasma has characteristic properties, which we shall describe, it is not really a new form or state of matter as is often stated. An ideal plasma is a form of a gas, whereas a dense nonideal plasma (a plasma with strong coupling) is an analogue of a condensed atomic system.

Table 1.1 Temperatures corresponding to dissociation of 0.1% of molecules or ionization of 0.1% of atoms at a pressure of 1 atm.

In most cases a plasma is a weakly ionized gas with a small degree of ionization. Table 1.2 gives some examples of real plasmas and their parameters – the number densities of electrons Ne and of atoms Na, the temperature (or the average energy) of electrons Te, and the gas temperature T. In addition, some types of plasma systems are given in Figures 1.1 and 1.2. We note also that an equilibrium between charged particles and atoms or molecules may be violated if the plasma is located in an external field. In particular, electric energy is introduced in a gas discharge plasma and it is transferred to electrons in a first stage, and then as a result of collisions it is transferred from electrons to atoms or molecules. This form of injection of energy may lead to a higher electron energy compared with the thermal energy of atoms or molecules, and the plasma becomes a nonequilibrium plasma. Figure 1.3 gives some examples of equilibrium and nonequilibrium plasmas.

Table 1.2 Parameters of some plasmas. Ne and N are the number densities of electrons and neutral atomic particles, respectively, and Te and T are their temperatures.

Figure 1.1 Characteristics of natural plasmas. MHD – magnetohydrodynamic.

Figure 1.2 Characteristics of laboratory plasmas.

Figure 1.3 Electron and gas temperatures of laboratory plasmas. The straight line corresponds to an equilibrium plasma, whose electron and gas temperatures are equal.

It is seen that generation of an equilibrium plasma requires strong heating of a gas. One can create a conducting gas by heating the charged particles only. This takes place in gas discharges when an ionized gas is placed in an external electric field. Moving in this field, electrons acquire energy from the field and transfer it to the gas. As a result, the mean electron energy may exceed the thermal energy of neutral particles of the gas, and they can produce the ionization which is necessary for maintaining an electric current in the system. Thus, a gas discharge is an example of a plasma which is maintained by an external electric field. If the temperatures of electrons and neutral particles are identical, the plasma is called an equilibrium plasma; in the opposite case, we have a nonequilibrium plasma. Figure 1.3 gives some examples of equilibrium and nonequilibrium plasmas.

Thus, a plasma as a physical object has specific properties which characterize it. Because of the presence of charged particles, various types of interaction with external fields are possible and these lead to a special behavior of plasmas which is absent in ordinary gaseous systems. Furthermore, there are a variety of means for generation and application of plasmas, and these will be considered below.