Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics, Volume 1 E-Book

Johannes Karl Fink

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 472

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2010

Beschreibung

Utilizes an encyclopedic approach to cover the developments in polyolefins and styrenics during the last decade This book focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of polyolefins and styrenics. The text is arranged according to the chemical constitution of polymers and reviews the developments that have taken place in the last decade. A brief introduction to the polymer type is given and previous monographs and reviews dealing with the topic are listed for quick reference. The text continues with monomers, polymerization, fabrication techniques, properties, application, as well as safety issues. Providing a rather encyclopedic approach to polyolefins and styrenics, The Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics: * Presents a listing of suppliers and commercial grades * Reviews current patent literature, essential for the engineer developing new products * Contains as extensive tradenames index with information that is fairly unique * Concludes with an index of acronyms The Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics: Polyolefins and Styrenics provides a comprehensive reference for chemical engineers and offers advanced students with a textbook for use in courses on chemically biased plastics technology and polymer science.

Leseprobe

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Copyright © 2010 by Scrivener Publishing LLC. All rights reserved.

Co-published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Hoboken, New Jersey, and Scrivener Publishing LLC, Salem, Massachusetts.

Published simultaneously in Canada

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Cover design by Russell Richardson.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:

ISBN 978-0-470-62583-5

Printed in the United States of America

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Preface

This volume on Polyolefins and Styrenics is the first part of a four-part set on Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics. The other three parts, to be published in late 2010 and 2011, are on Poly-ethers and Polyesters; Nylons; Water Soluble Polymers. The aim of the Handbook is to keep the practitioner abreast of the recent developments in these subfields as well as to equip the advanced student with up-to-date knowledge as he/she enters the industrial arena.

This volume focuses on common types of polymers belonging to the class of polyolefins and styrenics. The text is arranged according to the chemical constitution of polymers and reviews the developments that have taken place in the last decade. A brief introduction to the polymer type is given and previous monographs and reviews dealing with the topic are listed for quick reference. The text continues with monomers, polymerization, fabrication techniques, properties, application, as well as safety issues. Following this information, suppliers and commercial grades are presented.

Even though materials are ordered according to chemical structure, a great variety of individual materials belonging to the same polymer type are discussed as well. In particular, the properties and safety data given should be considered as indicative. The reader who is actively engaged with the materials presented here should consult the technical data sheets and the material safety data sheets provided by the individual manufacturers.

How to Use this Book

Utmost care has been taken to present reliable data. Because of the vast variety of material presented here, however, the text cannot be complete in all relevant aspects, and it is recommended to the reader to study the original literature for complete information. For this reason, the author cannot assume responsibility for the completeness and validity of, nor for the consequences of, the use of the material presented here. Every attempt has been made to identify trademarks; however, there were some that the author was unable to locate, and I apologize for any inadvertent omission.

Index

There are four indices: an index of trademarks, an index of acronyms, an index of chemicals, and a general index.

In the index of chemicals, compounds that occur extensively, e.g., “acetone”, are not included at every occurrence, but rather when they appear in an important context.

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to our university librarians, Dr. Christian Hasenhüttl, Dr. Johann Delanoy, Dolores Knabl, Franz Jurek, Friedrich Scheer, Christian Slamenik, and Renate Tschabuschnig for support in literature acquisition. I also want to express my gratitude to all the scientists who have carefully published their results concerning the topics dealt with here. This book could not have been otherwise compiled.

Last, but not least, I want to thank the publisher, Martin Scrivener, for his abiding interest and help in the preparation of the text and Jane Higgins for careful proofreading.

Johannes Fink19th February 2010

Contents

Preface

1   Metathesis Polymers

1.1   Monomers

1.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

1.2.1      Metathesis Reaction

1.2.2     Catalysts

1.2.3     Rate Controlling

1.2.4     Molecular Weight Regulating Agents

1.2.5     Polymers

1.2.6     Copolymers

1.2.7     Thermosets

1.2.8     Reinforced Polymer Composites

1.2.9     Polymers with Functional Groups

1.2.10   Poly(acetylene)s

1.3   Properties

1.3.1     Mechanical Properties

1.3.2     Optical Properties

1.4   Fabrication Methods

1.5   Fluorinated Polymers

1.6   Special Additives

1.7   Applications

1.7.1     Packaging Films

1.7.2     Wire Coating Materials

1.7.3     Chromatographic Supports

1.8   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

1.9   Safety

References

2   Cyclic Olefin Copolymers

2.1   Monomers

2.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

2.2.1     Catalysts

2.2.2     Metallocene Catalyzed Polymerization

2.2.3     Addition Polymerization

2.2.4     Thermosetting Resins

2.2.5     Analysis

2.2.6     Solvent Bonding

2.3   Properties

2.3.1     Mechanical Properties

2.3.2     Thermal Properties

2.3.3     Optical Properties

2.3.4     Barrier Properties

2.3.5     Chemical Resistance

2.4   Applications

2.4.1     Films

2.4.2     Optical Applications

2.4.3     Medical Applications

2.4.4     Packaging Areas

2.4.5     Absorption of Organic Contaminants

2.4.6     Adhesives in Semiconductor Technology

2.5   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

2.6   Safety

2.7   Environmental Impact and Recycling

References

3   Ultra High Molecular Weight Poly(ethylene)

3.1   Monomers

3.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

3.2.1     Ziegler-Natta Catalysts

3.2.2     Mixed Catalysts

3.2.3     Single-Site Catalysts

3.2.4     Fractionation

3.2.5     Crosslinking

3.2.6     Fabrication

3.2.7     Porous Parts

3.3   Properties

3.3.1     Mechanical Properties

3.3.2     Electrical Properties

3.3.3     Optical Properties

3.3.4     Other Properties

3.4   Special Additives

3.5   Applications

3.5.1     Prosthetic Joints

3.5.2     Microporous Membranes

3.5.3     Binders for Filter Materials

3.5.4     Fibers

3.6   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

3.7   Safety

References

4   Poly(methyl)pentene

4.1   Monomers

4.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

4.2.1     Ziegler-Natta Polymerization

4.2.2     Metallocene Catalyzed Polymerization

4.2.3     Living Polymerization

4.2.4     Modification

4.2.5     Flash Spinning

4.3   Properties

4.3.1     Mechanical Properties

4.3.2     Thermal Properties

4.3.3     Electrical Properties

4.3.4     Optical Properties

4.3.5     Other Properties

4.4   Applications

4.4.1     Membranes

4.4.2     Heat Sealable Compositions

4.4.3     Laminates for Packaging Films

4.4.4     Overwrap Films

4.4.5     Image Forming Solution

4.4.6     Xerographic Devices

4.4.7     Acoustic Devices

4.4.8     Miscellaneous

4.5   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

References

5   Ionomers

5.1   Monomers

5.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

5.2.1     Processing

5.2.2     High Acid Types

5.2.3     Mechanisms of Crosslinking

5.3   Properties

5.3.1     Mechanical Properties

5.3.2     Thermal Properties

5.3.3     Electrical Properties

5.4   Special Additives

5.4.1     Antistatic Agents

5.5   Applications

5.5.1     Fuel Cell Anodes

5.5.2     Solar Control Laminates

5.5.3     Heat Seal Modifiers

5.6   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

References

6   Poly(isobutylene)

6.1   Monomers

6.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

6.2.1     Catalyst Systems

6.2.2     Polymerization Techniques

6.2.3     Poly(isobutylene) Grades

6.2.4     Star Shaped Polymers

6.2.5     Grignard Synthesis

6.2.6     End Group Functionalization

6.2.7     Blends and Composites

6.2.8     Halogenation Processes

6.3   Properties

6.3.1     Mechanical Properties

6.3.2     Thermal Properties

6.3.3     Electrical Properties

6.3.4     Optical Properties

6.3.5     Gas Permeation

6.3.6     Chemical and Physical Resistance

6.4   Special Additives

6.5   Applications

6.5.1     Drag Reduction Additives

6.5.2     Oil and Fuel Additives

6.5.3     Polymeric Antioxidants

6.5.4     Emulsifiers

6.5.5     Chewing Gums

6.5.6     Medical Applications

6.5.7     Pressure Sensitive Adhesives

6.6   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

6.7   Environmental Impact and Recycling

References

7   Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymers

7.1   Monomers

7.1.1     Vinyl Acetate

7.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

7.2.1     Radical Solution Polymerization

7.2.2     Aqueous Emulsions

7.2.3     Saponification

7.2.4     Foaming

7.3   Properties

7.3.1     Mechanical Properties

7.3.2     Optical Properties

7.4   Applications

7.4.1     Blends

7.4.2     Heat Seal Applications

7.4.3     Sealing

7.4.4     Waxes

7.4.5     Hot Melt Adhesives

7.4.6     Cold Flow Improvers

7.4.7     Drug Delivery

7.5   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

References

8   Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene Polymers

8.1   Monomers

8.1.1     Rubbers

8.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

8.2.1     Mass Polymerization

8.2.2     Emulsion Polymerization

8.2.3     Low Gloss Types

8.2.4     Blends

8.3   Properties

8.3.1     Mechanical Properties

8.3.2     Thermal Properties

8.3.3     Electrical Properties

8.3.4     Optical Properties

8.3.5     Surface Properties

8.4   Special Additives

8.4.1     Heat Stabilizers

8.4.2     Flame Retardants

8.4.3     Combined UV Stabilizer and Flame Retardant

8.4.4     Fillers

8.5   Applications

8.5.1     Foam Stops

8.5.2     Electroconductive Resins

8.5.3     Tunable Magneto Rheological Compositions

8.5.4     Cement Additive

8.5.5     Membrane Materials

8.5.6     Electroless Plating

8.5.7     Encapsulation Shells for Phase Change Materials

8.5.8     Hydrogen Storage

8.5.9     Carbon Materials

8.6   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

8.7   Safety

8.8   Environmental Impact and Recycling

8.8.1     Material Recycling

8.8.2     Pyrolysis

References

9   High Impact Poly(styrene)

9.1   Monomers

9.1.1     Impact Modifiers

9.2   Polymerization and Fabrication

9.2.1     Continuous Radical Polymerization

9.2.2     Rubbers

9.2.3     Nanocomposites

9.3   Properties

9.3.1     Mechanical Properties

9.3.2     Thermal Properties

9.3.3     Particle Size

9.4   Special Additives

9.4.1     Flame Retardants

9.5   Applications

9.5.1     Foodservice Applications

9.5.2     Refrigerator Cabinets

9.5.3     Antistatic Compositions

9.6   Suppliers and Commercial Grades

9.7   Safety

9.7.1     Emissions from Processing

9.7.2     Emissions from Recycled Products

9.7.3     Accumulation in Food from Packaging

9.8   Environmental Impact and Recycling

9.8.1     Material Recycling

9.8.2     Feedstock Recycling

References

10 Styrene/Acrylonitrile Polymers

10.1 Monomers

10.2 Polymerization and Fabrication

10.2.1     Emulsion Polymerization

10.2.2     Intermediate Polymerization

10.2.3     Solution and Bulk Polymerization

10.2.4     Expandable Microspheres

10.2.5     Modification

10.2.6     Interfering Reactions

10.3 Properties

10.3.1     Mechanical Properties

10.3.2     Thermal Properties

10.3.3     Electrical Properties

10.3.4     Optical Properties

10.3.5     Chemical Resistance

10.4 Special Additives

10.5 Applications

10.5.1     Blends

10.5.2     Expandable Resins

10.5.3     Low Gloss Additives

10.5.4     Laser-inscribed Moldings

10.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades

10.7 Environmental Impact and Recycling

References

11 Methyl methacrylate/Butadiene/Styrene Polymers

11.1 Monomers

11.2 Polymerization and Fabrication

11.2.1     Basic Method for Preparation

11.2.2     Varied Methods

11.3 Properties

11.3.1     Thermal Properties

11.3.2     Optical Properties

11.4 Special Additives

11.5 Applications

11.5.1     Medical Applications

11.5.2     Impact Modifiers

11.5.3     Thermoforming Applications

11.5.4     Aqueous Additive Systems

11.5.5     Prepregs

11.5.6     Powder Coatings

11.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades

References

12 Acrylonitrile/Styrene/Acrylate Polymers

12.1 Monomers

12.2 Polymerization and Fabrication

12.2.1     Two Stage Preparation for Structured Latexes

12.2.2     Three Stage Preparation

12.2.3     Blends

12.3 Properties

12.3.1     Mechanical Properties

12.3.2     Optical Properties

12.3.3     Chemical Properties

12.4 Special Additives

12.4.1     Weatherability Improvers

12.4.2     Gloss Reducers

12.4.3     Heat Distortion Improving Agents

12.5 Applications

12.5.1     Multilayer Laminates

12.5.2     Roofing Material

12.5.3     Antimicrobial Acrylonitrile-styrene-acrylate

12.6 Suppliers and Commercial Grades

References

Index

Tradenames

Acronyms

Chemicals

General Index

1

Metathesis Polymers

Polymers using the ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) technique were first obtained at 1960 by Eleuterio (1,2). The patents deal with the polymerization of bicyclo[2.2.1]heptene-2, i.e., norbornene using a molybdenum catalyst dispersed on alumina.

The polymer was found to contain double bonds in trans and cis-configuration in considerable amounts. The mechanism of polymerization has been described as shown in Figure 1.1.

Metal-catalyzed olefin metathesis had an enormous impact on organic synthesis in general. Extensive research on mechanistic aspects (3,4) and the development of catalysts has been performed, which culminated in the award of the Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 2005 to Chauvin, Grubbs and Schrock.

Figure 1.1: Metathesis Polymerization of Norbornene and Cyclopentene

Table 1.1: Monomers for Metathesis Polymerization

MonomersReferencesCyclopentene1,5-CyclooctadieneNorbornene   (1,2)1,4-Dihydro-1,4-methanonaphthaleneNorbornene 2-ethylhexyl carboxylate(5)Norbornene isobornyl carboxylate(5)Norbornene phenoxyethyl carboxylate(5)Dodecylenedinorbornene dicarboxyimide(5)exo, exo-N,N′-Propylene-di-(norbomene-5,6-dicarboxyimide(5)8-Methyltetracyclo[4.4.0.12.8.17.10]dodeca-3-ene(6)Dicyclopentadiene(6)

1.1 Monomers

Cyclopentene is readily available as a byproduct in the ethylene production. Norbornene 2-ethylhexyl carboxylate is obtained by the Diels-Alder reaction of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate with cyclopentadiene (5). Norbornene isobornyl carboxylate, norbornene phenoxyethyl carboxylate, and other related monomers are synthesized according to the same route. Polymers obtained from these esters exhibit excellent properties in terms of controlling the crosslinking density, the associated product modulus, and the glass transition temperature (Tg), thus allowing tailoring the properties of elastomers, plastics and composites. Other suitable monomers are summarized in and sketched in .