Polymers and Additives in Extreme Environments E-Book

Johannes Karl Fink

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Fachliteratur
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 616

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2021

Beschreibung

POLYMERS AND ADDITVES IN EXTREME ENVIRONMENTS Uniquely catalogs polymers and additives for uses in extreme applications such as in high or low pressure, high or low temperature, deep water and other special applications. The book includes chapters on aqueous environments including polymeric membranes for water purification and wastewater treatment; extreme pressure environments such as oils and lubricants for combustion engines as well as materials used for deep drilling such as surfactants, scale inhibitors, foaming agents, defoamers, propellants, fracturing fluids; extreme temperatures is subdivided in high and low temperature applications including gasketing materials, fuel tank sealants, expulsion bladders, fuel cell materials, and on the other hand, cold weather articles and thermoregulatory textiles; electrical applications include solar cell devices, triboelectric generators, fuel cell applications, electrochromic materials and batteries; medical applications include polymers for contact lenses, materials for tissue engineering, sophisticated drug delivery systems; aerospace applications include outer space applications such as low temperature and pressure, also cosmic rays, outgassing, and atomic erosion, as well as materials for electrostactic dissipative coatings and space suits; a final chapter detailing materials that are used in other extreme environments, such as adhesives, and polymeric concrete materials. Audience Materials and polymer scientists working in manufacturing and plastics, civil and mechanical engineers in various industries such as automotive, aircraft, space, marine and shipping, electronics, construction, electrical, etc. will find this book essential. The book will also serve the needs of engineers and specialists who have only a passing contact with polymers and additives in industrial setting need to know more.

Leseprobe

Table of Contents

Cover

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

How to Use This Book

Index

Acknowledgements

1 Materials for Extreme Environments

References

2 Aqueous Environments

2.1 Water Purification

2.2 Polymer Membranes

References

3 Extreme Pressure Environments

3.1 Engine Oils

3.2 Extreme Pressure Lubricant Additives

3.3 Deep Drilling

3.4 Automotive Applications

References

4 Extreme Temperature

4.1 High-Temperature Environments

4.2 Low-Temperature Environments

4.3 Thermoregulatory Textile

References

5 Electrical Applications

5.1 Ionic Liquids

5.2 Solar Cell Devices

5.3 Triboelectric Nanogenerators

5.4 Fuel Cell Applications

5.5 Conductive Nanocomposites

5.6 Electrochromic Materials

5.7 Batteries

References

6 Medical Applications

6.1 Contact Lenses

6.2 Tissue Engineering

6.3 Drug Delivery Systems

6.4 Polymeric Materials for Surface Modification

6.5 Nanomaterials

6.6 Other Fabrication Methods

References

7 Drug Delivery

7.1 Biodegradable Polymers

7.2 Sustained Release Technology

7.3 Tissue Engineering

7.4 Tissue Markers

7.5 Hydrogels

7.6 Microporous Materials

7.7 Implants

7.8 Shape-Memory Polymers

7.9 Stents

7.10 Thermogelling Materials

7.11 Wound Dressings

7.12 Bioceramics

7.13 Conjugates

References

8 Aero and Space Applications

8.1 Technical Standards

8.2 Aerospace Applications

8.3 Outer Space Applications

References

9 Other Environments

9.1 Adhesives

9.2 Extreme pH

9.3 Concrete

References

Index

Acronyms

Chemicals

General Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

List of Illustrations

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1 Apparatus for anaerobic wastewater treatment (6).

Figure 2.2 Monomers for a nanoporous network polymer.

Figure 2.3 Porphyrin.

Figure 2.4 Polymer with intrinsic microporosity (39).

Chapter 3

Figure 3.1 Monomers for a triblock copolymer.

Figure 3.2 Thermal activity of trisulfides and pentasulfides (4).

Figure 3.3 Adipate esters for defoamers.

Figure 3.3(cont) Phthalate esters for defoamers.

Figure 3.4 3-Allyl oxy-2-hydroxy-1-propanesulfonic acid.

Figure 3.5 Adhesion aids (96).

Figure 3.6 Diphenylsilane diol.

Figure 3.7 Amino silanes.

Figure 3.8 Curing retardants.

Figure 3.9 Adhesion promoters (99).

Figure 3.10 3,5-Dimethyl-1-octyn-3-ol.

Figure 3.11 Organophosphazenes (100).

Figure 3.12 Test fuel oil compounds.

Figure 3.13 Fluorosilicone gums (103).

Figure 3.14 2,5-Dimethyl-2,5-di(

tert

-butyl-peroxy)hexane.

Figure 3.15

N

,

N

’-di-

sec

-Butyl-

p

-phenylenediamine.

Figure 3.16 Organotitanium compounds.

Figure 3.17 Airbag device (110).

Figure 3.18 Adhesion aids (110).

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1 Condensation catalysts.

Figure 4.2 Hemin porcine.

Figure 4.3 Components for an elastomer.

Figure 4.4 Antioxidants.

Figure 4.5 Light stabilizer compounds.

Figure 4.6 Front face of a textile (11).

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1 Imidazolyl monomers.

Figure 5.2 Preparation method of ionic liquid monomers (9).

Figure 5.3 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate.

Figure 5.4 Ionic liquid monomers.

Figure 5.5 Synthesis of 1-(

p

-vinylbenzyl)-3-butyl-imidazolium tetrafluoroborate ...

Figure 5.6 1-Methyl-3-pentylimidazolium bromide.

Figure 5.7 Compounds for solar cells.

Figure 5.8 Scheme of a polymer solar cell (51).

Figure 5.9 Naphthodithiophene compounds.

Figure 5.10 Acceptor and donor compounds.

Figure 5.11 Donor and acceptor monomers.

Figure 5.12 Triboelectric nanogenerator (67).

Figure 5.13 Target molecules.

Figure 5.14 Spherical triboelectric nanogenerator (90).

Figure 5.15 Structure of an S/PAN material (136).

Figure 5.16 Trithiocyanuric acid.

Figure 5.17 Synthesis of a sulfur-embedded poly(benzoxazine) polymer (140).

Figure 5.18 Non-conductive materials.

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1 Hydrophilic methacrylamide-based monomers.

Figure 6.2 Monomers for hydrophilic polymers.

Figure 6.3 Bisacrylamide monomers.

Figure 6.4 Polyfunctional methacrylate compounds.

Figure 6.5 Hydrophobic monomers.

Figure 6.6 Hydrophilic monomers.

Figure 6.7 Hydrophobic strengthening monomers.

Figure 6.8 Crosslinking monomers.

Figure 6.9 Monomers and comonomers.

Figure 6.10 Azo initiators.

Figure 6.10 (cont) Photoinitiators.

Figure 6.10 (cont) Photoinitiators.

Figure 6.11 Tinting agents.

Figure 6.12 2-Alkenyl azlactones.

Figure 6.12 (cont) Cycloalkyl azlactones.

Figure 6.13 2-Isopropenyl-4,4-dimethyl-2-oxazolin-5-one.

Figure 6.14 Diethylene glycol monoethyl ether.

Figure 6.15 Methyl enanthate or Methyl heptanoate.

Figure 6.16 Monomers for telechelic macromonomers (18).

Figure 6.17 Nucleating agents (27).

Figure 6.18 Cross-sectional view of a contact lens mold assembly (27).

Figure 6.19 Synthesis of

N

-carbomethoxymethyl-

N

-methacryloylamidopropyl-

N

,

N

-dime...

Figure 6.20 Sugars in hyaluronic acid.

Figure 6.21 Crosslinking agents.

Figure 6.22 Target biomarkers.

Figure 6.23 Prodan (1-(6-(Dimethylamino)naphthalen-2-yl)propan-1-one).

Figure 6.24 Synthesis of Quin-C18.

Figure 6.25 Block diagram of a sensor (46).

Figure 6.26 Hormones.

Figure 6.27 Chipless functional contact lens (47).

Figure 6.28 Electronic contact lens system (51).

Figure 6.29 Accessory device (51).

Figure 6.30 Beam pattern generated by an accessory device (51).

Figure 6.31 Special contact lens (59).

Figure 6.32 Decentered contact lens structure (67).

Figure 6.33 Front of a stabilized contact lens (68).

Figure 6.34 Carbamazepine.

Figure 6.35 Therapeutic agents for encapsulation.

Figure 6.36 Salbutamol.

Figure 6.37 Felodipine.

Figure 6.38 Human olfactory threshold tests (102).

Figure 6.39 Pharmacologically active agents.

Figure 6.40 Piroxicam.

Figure 6.41 Anti-inflammatory drugs.

Figure 6.42 Vancomycin (128).

Figure 6.43 Methylene di-

p

-phenyl-diisocyanate, poly(caprolactone) diol, and

N

,

N

...

Figure 6.44 Monomers for printing (131).

Figure 6.45 Rasagiline.

Figure 6.46 Loperamide.

Figure 6.47 Functional monomers (137).

Figure 6.48 Drugs for delivery.

Figure 6.49 Shadow printed lens (148).

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1 Decrease in molecular weight of PLA with time (12).

Figure 7.2 Hyaluronic acid.

Figure 7.3 Release of 5-aminosalicylic acid over time (35).

Figure 7.4 Light microscopy image of electrospun fibers (42).

Figure 7.5 Release profiles of tetracycline hydrochloride (43).

Figure 7.6 External surface of dual-pore scaffolds (47).

Figure 7.7 SEM micrograph of a foam (58).

Figure 7.8 Biologically active compounds.

Figure 7.8 (cont) Biologically active compounds.

Figure 7.8 (cont) Vasodilators.

Figure 7.8 (cont) Bronchodilators.

Figure 7.9 Epoxydation of dihydrocarvone.

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1 N,N’,N”-Tris(2-aminoethyl)-phosphoric acid triamide.

Figure 8.2 Epoxy resin matrices and curing agents (56).

Figure 8.3 Monomers for poly(sulfide).

Figure 8.4 Dithiol monomers for poly(thiol) sealants.

Figure 8.4 (cont) Epoxide monomers for poly(thiol) sealants.

Figure 8.4 (cont) Vinyl monomers for poly(thiol) sealants.

Figure 8.5 Monomer for a poly(thioether).

Figure 8.6 Monomers for shape-memory poly(urethane) composites.

Figure 8.7 Residual mass viz. ionic radiation (115).

Figure 8.8 Diamino monomers.

Figure 8.9 Anhydride and acid monomers.

Figure 8.10 Polymeric materials.

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1 Weight loss profiles viz. degradation time (12).

Figure 9.2 Siloxane and Silane compounds.

Figure 9.3 Synthesis of a crosslinked stationary phase (39).

Figure 9.4 Setting time with a styrene butadiene copolymer (54).

Figure 9.5 Setting time with a styrene acrylate rubber (54).

Figure 9.6 Compressive strength and polymer content (59).

Figure 9.7 Total porosity and interconnected porosity (59).

List of Tables

Chapter 1

Table 1.1 Homopolymers and uses.

Table 1.2 Copolymers and uses.

Table 1.3 Uses and homopolymers.

Chapter 2

Table 2.1 Phenol derivatives (7).

Table 2.2 Techniques for the removal of phenol (7).

Table 2.3 pervaporation of aqueous phenol solutions (39).

Table 2.4 Classification of membranes and membrane processes for separations via...

Table 2.5 Membrane separation technologies (8).

Table 2.6 Polymeric materials for membranes (8).

Chapter 3

Table 3.1 Temperature ranges.

Table 3.2 Lubricants for hot metal forming applications (7).

Table 3.3 Materials for petroleum drilling.

Table 3.4 Gel stabilizers.

Table 3.5 Thickeners.

Table 3.6 Mechanisms of fluid loss prevention.

Table 3.7 Types of clay stabilizers.

Table 3.8 Adhesion aids.

Table 3.9 Amino silanes (97).

Table 3.10 Curing retardants (98).

Table 3.11 Components of sponge-forming liquid silicone rubber (115).

Chapter 4

Table 4.1 Electrochemical properties of various gas diffusion electrodes (7).

Table 4.2 Components for a copolyester elastomer (9).

Table 4.3 Antioxidants (9).

Chapter 5

Table 5.1 Fields of use of ionic liquids (5).

Table 5.2 Monomers for ionic liquids (9).

Table 5.3 Ionic liquid monomers (24).

Table 5.4 Polymeric materials (51).

Table 5.5 Stability of materials.

Table 5.6 Materials for the polymer film (86).

Table 5.7 Studies with PPY-S composite electrodes (96).

Table 5.8 Non-conductive polymers (96).

Chapter 6

Table 6.1 History of contact lenses (2).

Table 6.2 Monomers for contact lenses.

Table 6.3 Hydrophilic methacrylamide-based monomers (20).

Table 6.4 Hydrophilic polymers (20).

Table 6.5 Multifunctional monomers (20).

Table 6.6 Monomers (17).

Table 6.7 Mechanical properties (17).

Table 6.8 Monomers (23).

Table 6.9 Initiators (23).

Table 6.10 Azlactone monomers (25).

Table 6.11 Nucleating agents (27).

Table 6.12 Crosslinking agents (35).

Table 6.13 Target biomarkers (38).

Table 6.14 Examples of target analytes (47).

Table 6.15 Common species in tear and blood (47).

Table 6.16 Optical design software.

Table 6.17 Inks and pigment levels (64).

Table 6.18 Additives for spraying agents (82).

Table 6.19 Polymer microsphere materials (92).

Table 6.20 Therapeutic agents for encapsulation (92).

Table 6.21 Polymers for stents (124).

Table 6.22 Anti-inflammatory drugs (124).

Table 6.23 Monomers for polymers for internal crosslinking (138).

Table 6.24 Anionic polyelectrolytes (147).

Table 6.25 Cationic polyelectrolytes (147).

Table 6.26 Capping agents (147).

Table 6.27 Drugs for delivery (147).

Table 6.28 Binder polymer for a colored base ink (149).

Table 6.29 Ink composition for contact lenses (151).

Table 6.30 Binder polymer for a clear base ink (148).

Chapter 7

Table 7.1 Natural polymers for drug delivery (6).

Table 7.2 Natural polymers for drug delivery (9).

Table 7.3 Natural polymers for delivery rate control (10).

Table 7.4 Degradation rate by acids (12).

Table 7.5 Properties of copolymers (49).

Table 7.6 Applications of biomarkers (49).

Table 7.7 Macromers for hydrogels (50).

Table 7.8 Methods for manufacture of porous biomaterials.

Table 7.9 Buffering agents for encapsulation (60).

Table 7.10 Tissue growth promoters (62).

Table 7.11 Biologically active agents (62).

Table 7.12 Hydrophobic polymers useful for stents (74).

Table 7.13 Polymers for conjugates (81).

Chapter 8

Table 8.1 Aerospace technical standards (1).

Table 8.2 Aircraft technical standards (1).

Table 8.3 Components for airplanes (41, 42).

Table 8.4 Advantages and disadvantages of various polymer types (43, 44).

Table 8.5 Monomers for poly(sulfide).

Table 8.6 Monomers for poly(thiol) sealants (62).

Table 8.7 Electrically conductive composite systems (44).

Table 8.8 Classification and properties of electroactive polymers (74–77).

Table 8.9 Thermoset matrix materials for shape-memory polymers (65).

Table 8.10 Vacuum properties of spacecraft materials (112).

Table 8.11 Atomic erosion (120).

Table 8.12 Diamino monomers (124).

Table 8.13 Anhydride and acid monomers (124).

Table 8.14 Polymeric materials (126).

Chapter 9

Table 9.1 Degradation time and change in molecular weight (12).

Table 9.2 Cationic polymers (15).

Table 9.3 Esterases and enzymes (15).

Table 9.4 Compressive strength of a polymer-modified concrete (49).

Table 9.5 Foaming system (60).

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Title Page

Copyright

Preface

Begin Reading

Index

Chemicals

General Index

Also of Interest

End User License Agreement

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Scrivener Publishing

100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J

Beverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at Scrivener

Martin Scrivener ([email protected])

Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Polymers and Additives in Extreme Environments

Application, Properties, and Fabrication

Johannes Karl Fink

Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria

This edition first published 2021 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA

© 2021 Scrivener Publishing LLC

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-1-119-85137-0

Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson

Set in size of 11pt and Minion Pro by Manila Typesetting Company, Makati, Philippines

Printed in the USA

10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1

Preface

This book focuses on polymers for their uses under extreme conditions.

The book begins with a chapter about polymers that are used in extreme environments and includes tables listing their special uses. This allows the interested user to quickly find out about polymeric materials. Related issues will be detailed in subsequent chapters. In addition, if the reader is interested in how particular types of polymers can be used, reverse sorted tables are given. After this introductory text, special issues will be given.

There is a chapter about aqueous environments in which polymeric membranes for water purification and wastewater treatment are described.

In a chapter dealing with extreme pressure environments, oils for combustion engines and lubricants in such environments are described. Furthermore, materials that are used for deep drilling, such as surfactants, scale inhibitors, foaming agents, defoamers, proppants, fracturing fluids, and others, are described.

Finally, this chapter describes the materials used for automotive applications where extreme pressure occurs, in particular their use in airbags.

Next, a chapter deals with materials for extreme temperatures, which are subdivided into high and low temperature applications. These are gasketing materials, fuel tank sealants, expulsion bladders, fuel cell materials; and conversely, cold weather articles and thermoregulatory textiles.

After these basic issues concerning extreme pressure and temperature, the following chapters deal with special uses.

Electrical applications are detailed in a chapter. These are solar cell devices, triboelectric generators, fuel cell applications, electrochromic materials, and batteries.

A chapter dealing with medical applications discusses polymers for contact lenses, materials for tissue engineering; and in another chapter, sophisticated drug delivery systems are detailed.

Another chapter deals with aero and space applications. In outer space applications, besides low temperature and pressure, also cosmic rays, outgassing, and atomic erosion are problematic. Materials for electrostactic dissipative coatings and space suits are also detailed in this chapter.

Finally, the last chapter deals with materials that are used in other extreme environments, such as adhesives and polymeric concrete materials.

This book focuses on the literature of the past decade. Beyond education, it will serve the needs of industry engineers and specialists who have only a passing knowledge of the plastics and composites industries but need to know more.

How to Use This Book

Utmost care has been taken to present reliable data. Because of the vast variety of material presented herein, however, the text cannot be complete in all aspects, and it is recommended that the reader study the original literature for more complete information.

The reader should note that mostly US patents have been cited where available, but not the corresponding equivalent patents in other countries. For this reason, the author cannot assume responsibility for the completeness, validity or consequences of the use of the material presented herein. Every attempt has been made to identify trademarks; however, there were some that the author was unable to locate.

Index

There are three indices: an index of acronyms, an index of chemicals, and a general index.

In the index of chemicals, compounds that occur extensively, e.g., “acetone,” are not included at every occurrence, but rather when they appear in an important context.

Acknowledgements

I am indebted to our university librarians, Dr. Christian Hasenhüttl, Margit Keshmiri, Friedrich Scheer, Christian Slamenik, Renate Tschabuschnig, and Elisabeth Groß for their support in literature acquisition. I also want to express my gratitude to all the scientists who have carefully published their results concerning the topics dealt with herein. This book could not have been otherwise compiled. Last, but not least, I want to thank the publisher, Martin Scrivener, for his abiding interest and help in the preparation of the text. In addition, my thanks go to Jean Markovic, who made the final copyedit with utmost care.

Johannes FinkLeoben, July 22, 2021

1Materials for Extreme Environments

The major applications in which polymers have been subjected to extreme stress are aerospace, geothermal and undersea exposure. All of these environments require an extraordinary behavior of coatings, seals or adhesives (1).

Aerospace uses have received a lot of attention; therefore, the research efforts of the past twenty-five years have concentrated on the development of polymer backbones that are resistant to high temperatures and unusual chemical environments.

Geothermal energy production also has extreme temperature requirements, but in an environment quite different from aerospace. Here, hydrolytic and reductive stresses are seen rather than oxidative stress: therefore, less exotic materials are used, including rubber blends and polymer-concrete composites.

In undersea electronic applications, time is the greatest enemy of a seal meant to provide a barrier to water intrusion. Achieving a fifteen-year lifetime of a rubber-sealed device is quite difficult using economical materials. Here, some additives in rubber can be critical, as are processing and adhesion technology. The most challenging task is developing valid accelerated aging techniques to estimate useful life (1).

In the tables below, the polymeric materials are listed and basic uses are briefly given. The uses are detailed in subsequent chapters. Homopolymers and their uses are listed in Table 1.1. Copolymers and their uses are listed in Table 1.2. In addition, in order to make the basic uses of polymeric types easier to see, the basic uses of homopolymers are listed in Table 1.3.

Table 1.1 Homopolymers and uses.

Polymer

Usage

References

Acacia

Drug delivery

(2)

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

Spacecraft

(3)

Acylated insulin

Microspheres

(4)

Agar

Drug delivery

(2)

Albumin

Microspheres

(4)

Alginate

Drug delivery

(2)

Allyl diglycol carbonate

Spacecraft

(3)

Carboxymethyl cellulose

Pore-forming

(5)

Carboxymethyl cellulose

Stents

(6)

Carrageenan

Drug delivery

(2)

Cellophane

Stents

(6)

Cellulose acetate

Spacecraft

(3)

Cellulose acetate

Membranes

(7)

Cellulose acetate butyrate

Stents

(6)

Cellulose acetate

Stents

(6)

Cellulose butyrate

Stents

(6)

Cellulose nitrate

Membranes

(7)

Cellulose nitrate

Stents

(6)

Cellulose propionate

Stents

(6)

Cellulose

Drug delivery

(2)

Cellulose

Stents

(6)

Chitosan

Drug delivery

(2)

Chitosan

Microspheres

(4)

Chitosan

Stents

(6)

Collagen

Microspheres

(4)

Collagen

Stents

(6)

Collagen

Tissue marker

Crystalline poly(vinylfluoride) with white pigment

Spacecraft

(3)

Dextran

Drug delivery

(2)

Dextrin

Drug delivery

(2)

Elastin

Microspheres

(4)

Epoxide or epoxy resin

Spacecraft

(3)

Epoxy Araldite A

Spacecraft, Adhesive

(8)

Epoxy. Araldite F

Spacecraft, Potting

(8)

Epoxy-glass laminate

Spacecraft, Circuit board

(8)

Fibrin

Microspheres

(4)

Fibrinogen

Stents

(6)

Gelatin

Microspheres

(4)

Gelatin

Tissue marker

Gellan Gum

Drug delivery

(2)

Glycoproteins

Microspheres

(4)

Guar Gum

Drug delivery

(2)

Heparin

Contact lenses

(9)

Hyaluronic acid

Stents

(6)

Hydroxylpropyl cellulose

Pore-forming agent

(5)

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

Bilayer tablets

(10)

Inulin

Drug delivery

(2)

Isotactic poly(propylene)

Membranes

(11)

Kapton H film

Spacecraft, Thermal insulation

(8)

Karaya Gum

Drug delivery

(2)

Konjac Glucomannan

Drug delivery

(2)

Laminin

Microspheres

(4)

Locust Bean Gum

Drug delivery

(2)

Nylon 66 Poly(caprolactam)

Stents

(6)

Pectin

Drug delivery

(2)

PETP Mylar film

Spacecraft, Thermal insulation

(8)

Perfluorosulfonic acid polymer

Membranes

(7)

Poly(

D

,

L

-lactic acid)

Stents

(12)

Poly(

D

-glucosamine)

Cationic polyelectrolyte

(13)

Poly(

L

-lactic acid)

Stents

(12)

Poly(

L

-lactic acid)

Stents

(6)

Poly(

L

-lysine)

Triboelectricity

(14)

Poly(

N

,

N

-diethyl acrylamide)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

,

N

-dimethyl acrylamide)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)

Pore-forming agent

(5)

Poly(

N

-acetylglucosamine)

Stents

(6)

Poly(

N

-isopropyl acrylamide)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-methyl-

N

-vinyl acetamide)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-methylvinylamine)

Cationic polyelectrolyte

(13)

Poly(

N

-vinyl acetamide)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl formamide)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl pyrrolidone)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl pyrrolidone)

Wound dressing

(15)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-2-caprolactam)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-2-piperidone)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-3-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-3-methyl-2-caprolactam)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-3-methyl-2-piperidone)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-4-methyl-2-caprolactam)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(

N

-vinyl-4-methyl-2-piperidone)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly-(

p

-phenylene terephthalamide)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(

p

-phenylene-2.6-benzobisoxazole)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(1,6)-α-

D

-glucose sulfate

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate)

Electrolytes

(16)

Poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(2-ethyl oxazoline)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxy-propyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

Contact lenses

(17)

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

Contact lenses

(18)

Poly(2-methacryloxyethyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(2-vinyl-1 methylpyridinium bromide)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(2-vinylimidazole)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(2-vinylpyridine

N

-oxide)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(2-vinylpyridine)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-2-methacroxyethyldimethyl ammonium chloride)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

Heterojunction solar cells

(19, 20)

Poly(4-aminostyrene)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester)

Stents

(12)

Poly(4-vinyl-1 methylpyridinium bromide)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethylammonium chloride)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(4-vinylpyridine

N

-oxide)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(4-vinylpyridine) Poly(acetal)

Spacecraft, Insulating parts

(8)

Poly(acetylene)

Photovoltaics

(21)

Poly(acryl esters)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(acrylamide)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(acrylamide/2-methacryloxyethyl-trimethylammonium bromide)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(acrylate)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(acrylic acid)

Lubricant Additives

(22)

Poly(acrylic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(acrylic acid)

Bilayer tablets

(10)

Poly(acrylonitrile)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(acrylonitrile)

Membranes

(7)

Poly(acryloyl morpholine)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(allylamine hydrochloride)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(amic acid)

Spacecraft Coating

(23)

Poly(amide) 6 or nylon 6

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(amide) 66 or nylon 66

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(aniline)

Electrically conductive polymer

(24–29)

Poly(benzimidazole)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(benzimidazole)

Garment system

(30)

Poly(benzoxazine)

Cathode polymer

(31)

Poly(butylene terephthalate)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(caprolactone)

Stents

(6)

Poly(caprolactone)

Tissue marker

Poly(carbonate)

Contact lenses

(32)

Poly(carbosilane)

Preceramic precursor

(33, 34)

Poly(carboxylate)

Surfactant

(35)

Poly(chonroitin-4-sulfate)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

Ceramics

(36)

Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

Rubber sponge

(37, 38)

Poly(dioxanone)

Tissue marker

Poly(dopamine)

Batteries

(39)

Poly(etherimide)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(etherimide)

Membranes

(7)

Poly(ethersulfone)

Membranes

(7)

Poly(ethylene acrylate)

Stents

(6)

Poly(ethylene amide)

Stents

(6)

Poly(ethylene glycol)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(ethylene glycol)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(ethylene glycol)

Pore-forming agent

(5)

Poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(ethylene glycol)mono methyl ether

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(ethylene imine)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(ethylene oxide)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(ethylene oxide)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(ethylene oxide)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

Membranes

(7)

Poly(ethylene)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(ethylene) glycol dimethacrylate

Contact lenses

(40)

Poly(ethylene-dioxythophene)

Electrically conductive

(29)

Poly(glycolic acid)

Stents

(6)

Poly(glycolide)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(glycolide)s

Tissue marker

Poly(heparan sulfate)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(hexamethylene oxamate)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(hydroxybutyrate)

Stents

(12)

Poly(hydroxybutyrate)

Stents

(6)

Poly(hydroxymethylethylene hydroxymethylacetal)

Biodegradable

(41)

Poly(hydroxymethylethylene hydroxymethylacetal)

Contact lenses

(17)

Poly(hydroxyvalerate)

Stents

(12)

Poly(hydroxyvalerate)

Stents

(6)

Poly(imide)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(imide)

Spacecraft, Solid lubricant

(8)

Poly(imide) (BPDA)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(imide) (PMDA)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(imide) resin, high temperature

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(isopropyl

N

-polyacrylamide)

Contact lenses

(42)

Poly(lactide)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(lactide)s

Tissue marker

Poly(lauryl methacrylate)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(lysine)

Contact lenses

(43)

Poly(maleic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(metaphosphate)

Scale inhibitors

(44, 45)

Poly(methacrylic acid)

Lubricant Additives

(22)

Poly(methacrylic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(morpholinedione)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(organo siloxane)

Airbag

(46)

Poly(ornithine)

Contact lenses

(43)

Poly(oxyethylene)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(oxymethylene)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(phenylene isophthalate)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(phenylene oxide)

Membranes

(7)

Poly(phenylene vinylene)

Photovoltaics

(47)

Poly(phosphate)

Lubricant Additives

(48)

Poly(phosphazene)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(propylene glycol)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(propylene oxide)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(propylene)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(pyrrole)

Electrically conductive polymer

(24–29)

Poly(saccharide)

Thickeners

Poly(saccharide)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(sebacic anhydride)

Microspheres

(4)

Poly(silazane)

Preceramic precursor

(33, 34)

Poly(siloxane)

Contact lenses

Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(styrene)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(styrene)

Stents

(6)

Poly(styrenephosphoric acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(sulfide)

Lubricant Additives

(49)

Poly(sulfide)

Batteries

(50)

Poly(sulfide)

Fuel tank

(51)

Poly(sulfone)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

Membranes

(7)

Poly(tetramethylene oxide)bis-4-aminobenzoate

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(tetramethyleneoxide)

Shape memory

(52)

Poly(thiophene)

Electrically conductive polymer

(24–28)

Poly(trimethylene carbonate)

Stents

(6)

Poly(urethane)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(urethane) composite

Shape memory

(53, 54)

Poly(urethane) H 32

Spacecraft, Conducting Paint

(8)

Poly(urethane) Z 306

Spacecraft, Paint

(8)

Poly(urethane)

Scaffold

(55)

Poly(vinyl acetate)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(vinyl acetate)

Clay stabilizers

Poly(vinyl acetate)

Stents

(6)

Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel

Contact lenses

(56)

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

Contact lenses

(9)

Poly(vinyl fluoride)

Spacecraft

(3)

Poly(vinyl methyl ether)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(vinyl methyl ether)

Stents

(6)

Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

Capping agent

(13)

Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

Contact lenses

(17)

Poly(vinylamine)hydrochloride

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(vinylidene chloride)

Stents

(6)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Membranes

(7)

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

Electroactive

(57–60)

Poly(vinylphosphoric acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(vinylsulfonic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Polymeric ionic liquids

(61)

Polyolefin

Spacecraft, Heat-shrink sleeving

(8)

Psyllium Husk

Drug delivery

(2)

Pyrolytic graphite

Spacecraft

(3)

Rayon triacetate

Stents

(6)

Rayon

Stents

(6)

Silicone elastomer

Spacecraft, Seals

(8)

Siloxane poly(ether)

Wetting agent

(46)

Soy protein

Microspheres

(4)

Scleroglucan

Drug delivery

(2)

Starch

Drug delivery

(2)

Starch

Stents

(6)

Teflon

Spacecraft, Wire sleeving

(8)

Teflon film

Spacecraft, Thermal insulation

(8)

Teflon-glass-MoS

2

Spacecraft, Bearings

(8)

Viton A

Spacecraft, Seals

(8)

Xanthan Gum

Drug delivery

(2)

Table 1.2 Copolymers and uses.

Polymer

Usage

References

1,5-Dioxepan-2-one

L

-lactide copolymers

Microspheres

(4)

3-Oxacaprolactone copolymers

Microspheres

(4)

6-Caprolactone copolymers

Microspheres

(4)

Acrylate copolymer

pH-Responsive Thickeners

(62)

Acrylic acid ethyl acrylate tristyrylpoly(ethyleneoxy)

x

methyl carboxyl terminated poly(butadiene/acrylonitrile)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Copolyester elastomer

Cold weather articles

(63)

Methacrylate triblock copolymer

Engine oils

(64)

Pluronic™

Surfactant

(65)

Poly(

D

,

L

-lactic acid-

co

-

L

-as-partic acid)

Stents

(12)

Poly(

D

,

L

-lactic acid-

co

-ethylene glycol)

Stents

(12)

Poly(

D

,

L

-lactide-

co

-caprolactone)

Implant

Poly(

L

-lactic acid-

co

-

L

-aspartic acid)

Stents

(12)

Poly(

L

-lactic acid-

co

-ethylene glycol)

Stents

(12)

Poly(

N

-vinylpyrrolidone/2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)

Cationic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(1,10-decanediol-

co

-

L-

lactic acid)

Stents

(12)

Poly(1,10-decanodiol-

co

-

D

,

L-

lactic acid)

Stents

(12)

Poly(1,2,6-hexanetriol-

co

-trimethylorthoacetate)

Stents

(12)

Poly(butadiene/maleic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(butyl acrylate/acrylic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(ether urethane)

Shape-memory foams

(66)

Poly(ethylene glycol-

co

-butylene terephthalate)

Stents

(12)

Poly(ethylene/maleic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(hydroxybutyrate-

co-

valerate)

Stents

(6, 12)

Poly(lactide-

co

-glycolide)

Stents

(6)

Poly(lactide-

co

-glycolide)

Wound dressing

(15)

Poly(maleic acid-

co

-sebacic acid)

Stents

(12)

Poly(methyl methacrylate/methacrylic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(stearyl methacrylate)-poly(benzyl Poly(vinyl methyl ether/maleic acid)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(vinyl methyl ether/-mono ethyl maleate)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(vinyl methyl ether/-monobutyl maleate)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Poly(vinyl methyl ether/-mono-iso-propyl maleate)

Anionic electrolyte

(13)

Table 1.3 Uses and homopolymers.

Usage

Polymer

References

Airbag

Poly(organo siloxane)

(46)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(1,6)-α-

D

-glucose sulfate

(13)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(acrylic acid)

(13)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(lauryl methacrylate)

(13)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(maleic acid)

(13)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(methacrylic acid)

(13)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

(13)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(styrene sulfonic acid)

(13)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(styrenephosphoric acid)

(13)

Anionic electrolyte

Poly(vinylphosphoric acid)

(13)

Batteries

Poly(dopamine)

(39)

Batteries

Poly(sulfide)

(50)

Bilayer tablets

Hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose

(10)

Bilayer tablets

Poly(acrylic acid)

(10)

Biodegradable

Poly(hydroxymethylethylene hydroxymethylacetal)

(41)

Capping agent

Poly(acrylamide)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(ethylene glycol)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(ethylene glycol)dimethyl ether

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(ethylene glycol)mono methyl ether

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(ethylene oxide)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(oxyethylene)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(propylene glycol)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(propylene oxide)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(vinyl acetate)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(vinyl methyl ether)

(13)

Capping agent

Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

(13)

Cathode polymer

Poly(benzoxazine)

(31)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(2-dimethylaminoethyl methacrylate)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(2-methacryloxyethyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(2-vinyl-1 methylpyridinium bromide)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(2-vinylpyridine

N

-oxide)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(2-vinylpyridine)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl-2-methacroxyethyldimethyl ammonium chloride)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(4-aminostyrene)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(4-vinyl-1 methylpyridinium bromide)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(4-vinylbenzyltrimethyl-ammonium chloride)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(4-vinylpyridine

N

-oxide)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(acrylamide/2-methacryloxyethyl-trimethylammonium bromide)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(allylamine hydrochloride)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(ethylene imine)

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(tetramethylene oxide)bis-4-aminobenzoate

(13)

Cationic electrolyte

Poly(vinylamine)hydrochloride

(13)

Cationic polyelectrolyte

Poly(

D

-glucosamine)

(13)

Cationic polyelectrolyte

Poly(

N

-methylvinylamine)

(13)

Ceramics

Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

(36)

Clay stabilizers

Poly(vinyl acetate)

Contact lenses

Heparin

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

,

N

-diethyl acrylamide)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

,

N

-dimethyl acrylamide)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-isopropyl acrylamide)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-methyl-

N

-vinyl acetamide)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl acetamide)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl formamide)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl pyrrolidone)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl-2-caprolactam)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl-2-piperidone)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl-3-ethyl-2-pyrrolidone)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl-3-methyl-2-caprolactam)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl-3-methyl-2-piperidone)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl-4,5-dimethyl-2-pyrrolidone)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl-4-methyl-2-caprolactam)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(

N

-vinyl-4-methyl-2-piperidone)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(2-ethyl oxazoline)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

(17)

Contact lenses

Poly(2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate)

(18)

Contact lenses

Poly(2-vinylimidazole)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(acryl esters)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(acrylate)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(acryloyl morpholine)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(carbonate)

(32)

Contact lenses

Poly(ethylene oxide)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(ethylene) glycol dimethacrylate

(40)

Contact lenses

Poly(hydroxymethylethylene hydroxymethylacetal)

(17)

Contact lenses

Poly(isopropyl

N

-polyacrylamide)

(42)

Contact lenses

Poly(lysine)

(43)

Contact lenses

Poly(ornithine)

(43)

Contact lenses

Poly(saccharide)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(siloxane)

Contact lenses

Poly(vinyl alcohol)

(9)

Contact lenses

Poly(vinyl alcohol) hydrogel

(56)

Contact lenses

Poly(vinyl pyrrolidone)

(17)

Drug delivery

Acacia

(2)

Drug delivery

Agar

(2)

Drug delivery

Alginate

(2)

Drug delivery

Carrageenan

(2)

Drug delivery

Cellulose

(2)

Drug delivery

Chitosan

(2)

Drug delivery

Dextran

(2)

Drug delivery

Dextrin

(2)

Drug delivery

Gellan Gum

(2)

Drug delivery

Guar Gum

(2)

Drug delivery

Inulin

(2)

Drug delivery

Karaya Gum

(2)

Drug delivery

Konjac Glucomannan

(2)

Drug delivery

Locust Bean Gum

(2)

Drug delivery

Pectin

(2)

Drug delivery

Psyllium Husk

(2)

Drug delivery

Scleroglucan

(2)

Drug delivery

Starch

(2)

Drug delivery

Xanthan Gum

(2)

Electrically conductive

Poly(ethylene-dioxythophene)

(29)

Electrically conductive polymer

Poly(aniline)

(24–29)

Electrically conductive polymer

Poly(pyrrole)

(24–29)

Electrically conductive polymer

Poly(thiophene)

(24–28)

Electroactive

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

(57–60)

Electrolytes

Poly(1-butyl-3-vinylimidazolium hexafluorophosphate)

(16)

Fuel tank

Poly(sulfide)

(51)

Garment system

Poly(benzimidazole)

(30)

Heterojunction solar cells

Poly(3-hexylthiophene)

(19, 20)

Lubricant Additives

Poly(acrylic acid)

(22)

Lubricant Additives

Poly(methacrylic acid)

(22)

Lubricant Additives

Poly(phosphate)

(48)

Lubricant Additives

Poly(sulfide)

(49)

Membranes

Polymeric ionic liquids

(61)

Membranes

Cellulose acetate

(7)

Membranes

Cellulose nitrate

(7)

Membranes

Isotactic poly(propylene)

(11)

Membranes

Perfluorosulfonic acid polymer

(7)

Membranes

Poly(acrylonitrile)

(7)

Membranes

Poly(etherimide)

(7)

Membranes

Poly(ethersulfone)

(7)

Membranes

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

(7)

Membranes

Poly(phenylene oxide)

(7)

Membranes

Poly(tetrafluoroethylene)

(7)

Membranes

Poly(vinylidene fluoride)

(7)

Microspheres

Acylated insulin

(4)

Microspheres

Albumin

(4)

Microspheres

Chitosan

(4)

Microspheres

Collagen

(4)

Microspheres

Elastin

(4)

Microspheres

Fibrin

(4)

Microspheres

Gelatin

(4)

Microspheres

Glycoproteins

(4)

Microspheres

Laminin

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(chonroitin-4-sulfate)

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(ethylene glycol)

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(glycolide)

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(heparan sulfate)

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(hexamethylene oxamate)

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(lactide)

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(morpholinedione)

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(phosphazene)

(4)

Microspheres

Poly(sebacic anhydride)

(4)

Microspheres

Soy protein

(4)

Photovoltaics

Poly(acetylene)

(21)

Photovoltaics

Poly(phenylene vinylene)

(47)

Pore-forming

Carboxymethyl cellulose

(5)

Pore-forming agent

Hydroxylpropyl cellulose

(5)

Pore-forming agent

Poly(

N

-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)

(5)

Pore-forming agent

Poly(ethylene glycol)

(5)

Preceramic precursor

Poly(carbosilane)

(33, 34)

Preceramic precursor

Poly(silazane)

(33, 34)

Rubber sponge

Poly(dimethyl siloxane)

(37, 38)

Scaffold

Poly(urethane)

(55)

Scale inhibitors

Poly(metaphosphate)

(44, 45)

Shape memory

Poly(tetramethyleneoxide)

(52)

Shape memory

Poly(urethane) composite

(53,54)

Spacecraft

Acrylonitrile butadiene styrene

(3)

Spacecraft

Allyl diglycol carbonate

(3)

Spacecraft

Cellulose acetate

(3)

Spacecraft

Crystalline poly(vinylfluoride) with white pigment

(3)

Spacecraft

Epoxide or epoxy resin

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly-(

p

-phenylene terephthalamide)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(

p

-phenylene-2.6-benzobisoxazole)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(acrylonitrile)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(amide) 6 or nylon 6

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(amide) 66 or nylon 66

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(benzimidazole)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(butylene terephthalate)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(etherimide)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(ethylene oxide)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(ethylene)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(imide)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(imide) (BPDA)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(imide) (PMDA)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(imide) resin, high temperature

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(methyl methacrylate)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(oxymethylene)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(phenylene isophthalate)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(propylene)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(styrene)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(sulfone)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(urethane)

(3)

Spacecraft

Poly(vinyl fluoride)

(3)

Spacecraft

Pyrolytic graphite

(3)

Spacecraft Coating

Poly(amic acid)

(23)

Spacecraft, Adhesive

Epoxy Araldite A

(8)

Spacecraft, Bearings

Teflon-glass-MoS

2

(8)

Spacecraft, Circuit board

Epoxy-glass laminate

(8)

Spacecraft, Conducting Paint

Poly(urethane) H 32

(8)

Spacecraft, Heat-shrink sleeving

Polyolefin

(8)

Spacecraft, Insulating parts

Poly(acetal)

(8)

Spacecraft, Paint

Poly(urethane) Z 306

(8)

Spacecraft, Potting

Epoxy. Araldite F

(8)

Spacecraft, Seals

Silicone elastomer

(8)

Spacecraft, Seals

Viton A

(8)

Spacecraft, Solid lubricant

Poly(imide)

(8)

Spacecraft, Thermal insulation

Kapton H film

(8)

Spacecraft, Thermal insulation

PETP Mylar film

(8)

Spacecraft, Thermal insulation

Teflon film

(8)

Spacecraft, Wire sleeving

Teflon

(8)

Stents

Carboxymethyl cellulose

(6)

Stents

Cellophane

(6)

Stents

Cellulose

(6)

Stents

Cellulose acetate

(6)

Stents

Cellulose acetate butyrate

(6)

Stents

Cellulose butyrate

(6)

Stents

Cellulose nitrate

(6)

Stents

Cellulose propionate

(6)

Stents

Chitosan

(6)

Stents

Collagen

(6)

Stents

Fibrinogen

(6)

Stents

Hyaluronic acid

(6)

Stents

Nylon 66 Poly(caprolactam)

(6)

Stents

Poly(

D

,

L

-lactic acid)

(12)

Stents

Poly(

L

-lactic acid)

(12)

Stents

Poly(

L

-lactic acid)

(6)

Stents

Poly(

N

-acetylglucosamine)

(6)

Stents

Poly(4-hydroxy-L-proline ester)

(12)

Stents

Poly(caprolactone)

(6)

Stents

Poly(ethylene acrylate)

(6)

Stents

Poly(ethylene amide)

(6)

Stents

Poly(glycolic acid)

(6)

Stents

Poly(hydroxybutyrate)

(12)

Stents

Poly(hydroxybutyrate)

(6)

Stents

Poly(hydroxyvalerate)

(12)

Stents

Poly(hydroxyvalerate)

(6)

Stents

Poly(styrene)

(6)

Stents

Poly(trimethylene carbonate)

(6)

Stents

Poly(vinyl acetate)

(6)

Stents

Poly(vinyl methyl ether)

(6)

Stents

Poly(vinylidene chloride)

(6)

Stents

Rayon

(6)

Stents

Rayon triacetate

(6)

Stents

Starch

(6)

Surfactant

Poly(carboxylate)

(35)

Thickeners

Poly(saccharide)

Tissue marker

Collagen

Tissue marker

Gelatin

Tissue marker

Poly(caprolactone)

Tissue marker

Poly(dioxanone)

Tissue marker

Poly(glycolide)s

Tissue marker

Poly(lactide)s

Triboelectricity

Poly(

L

-lysine)

(14)

Wetting agent

Siloxane poly(ether)

(46)

Wound dressing

Poly(

N

-vinyl pyrrolidone)

(15)

References

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27. X. Liang, Z. Wen, Y. Liu, H. Zhang, J. Jin, M. Wu, and X. Wu, A composite of sulfur and polypyrrole–multi walled carbon combinatorial nanotube as cathode for Li/S battery, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 206, p. 409, 2012.

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32. J.C. Yoo, Y.L. Kang, and M.Y. Kong, Transparent hydrogel membrane including hyaluronic acid, and contact lens including same, US Patent Application 20 200 262 985, assigned to JCBio Co. Ltd., August 20, 2020.

33. E. Ionescu, H.-J. Kleebe, and R. Riedel, Silicon-containing polymer-derived ceramic nanocomposites (PDC-NCs): preparative approaches and properties, Chemical Society Reviews, Vol. 41, p. 5032, 2012.

34. G. Mera, M. Gallei, S. Bernard, and E. Ionescu, Ceramic nanocomposites from tailor-made preceramic polymers, Nanomaterials, Vol. 5, p. 468, 2015.

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38. M. Irie, Sponge-formable silicone rubber composition and silicone rubber sponge, US Patent Application 20 180 057 652, assigned to Dow Corning Toray Co. Ltd., March 1, 2018.

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50. J. Zhu, P. Zhu, C. Yan, X. Dong, and X. Zhang, Recent progress in polymer materials for advanced lithium-sulfur batteries, Progress in Polymer Science, Vol. 90, p. 118, 2019.

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2Aqueous Environments

2.1 Water Purification

2.1.1 Synthetic Membranes

Synthetic membranes have been described, and also the use of these synthetic membranes for the isolation of volatile organic compounds and purification of water (1).

A new class of synthetic brush hydrophobic polymer membranes was developed. Such a synthetic membrane includes a hydrophobic polymer layer located on a polymeric membrane support layer, wherein the hydrophobic polymer layer includes a plurality of polymer units covalently bonded to the polymeric membrane support layer. Here each polymer unit consists of a polymerized plurality of vinyl monomers.

The synthetic membrane can be used in both pervaporation methods and reverse osmosis.

Pervaporation is a combination of a membrane (rate governed) and thermal (equilibrium) process and is most widely used alone or in combination with distillation. The advantage of using this process is that it easily breaks azeotropes and fractionates close to boiling liquids, in contrast to thermal processes (2).

An important example is the dehydration of ethanol and isopropanol water mixtures in the pharmaceutical and fine chemical industries. The first step is to distill water from ethanol until the azeotrope is formed (at 10% water) and then, in the second step, using pervaporation to yield a final water content of <1%. This purity of ethanol allows it to be used as a fuel. An aqueous stream containing alcohol is passed across a pervaporation membrane allowing the alcohol to dissolve into the membrane and then diffuse down a chemical potential gradient to the second face of the membrane where the alcohol evaporates into a carrier gas or is allowed to recondense at a cooled surface, while the retained polar component (water in this case) concentrates on the feed side. The difference in chemical potential between the two phases is the driving force for permeation. Passing water through the membrane in preference to alcohol necessitates a hydrophilic membrane while the reverse requires a hydrophobic membrane. Thus, the choice of material is critical for selectivity of pervaporation membranes, since the mechanism of transport is based on the solution-diffusion model (3).

Here, rubbery poly(dimethyl siloxane), also called silicone rubber or Sil5 and Sil20, is used commercially to selectively pass ethanol in preference to water, and relies on sorption selectivity rather than diffusion selectivity (4), while the opposite holds for poly(vinyl alcohol), which is hydrophilic and is both sorption and diffusion selective for water passage (5).

These materials plus cellulose acetate have been used in asymmetric or composite structures for the past 30 years (1).

A synthetic membrane contains a hydrophobic polymer layer located on a polymeric membrane support layer, wherein the hydrophobic polymer layer contains a plurality of polymer units covalently bonded to the polymeric membrane support layer, wherein each polymer unit is composed of a polymerized plurality of vinyl monomers the method consists of (1):

Contacting a volatile organic mixture with the hydrophobic polymer layer of the synthetic membrane, the volatile organic mixture composed of water and volatile organic compounds, and

Removing volatile organic compounds from the polymeric membrane support layer of the synthetic membrane by a process of pervaporation.

Also, methods of isolating non-polar gases by gas fractionation can be performed (1).

2.1.2 Anaerobic Wastewater Treatment

A perspective view that shows an apparatus for anaerobic wastewater treatment with a membrane is shown in Figure 2.1.

Figure 2.1 Apparatus for anaerobic wastewater treatment (6).

110:

Anaerobic reactor

120:

First media

130:

Baffle

140:

First biogas tank

150:

Water level sensor

210:

Anaerobic bioreactor

220:

Submerged membrane

230:

Rotating disk

240:

Second media

250:

Baffle

260:

Second biogas tank

271:

Motor

272:

Shaft

280:

Water level sensor