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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Sprache: Englisch
The focus of this book is the chemistry of environmental engineering and its applications, with a special emphasis on the use of polymers in this field. It explores the creation and use of polymers with special properties such as viscoelasticity and interpenetrating networks; examples of which include the creation of polymer-modified asphalt as well as polymers with bacterial adhesion properties. The text contains the issues of polymerization methods, recycling methods, wastewater treatment, types of contaminants, such as microplastics, organic dyes, and pharmaceutical residues. After a detailed overview of polymers in Chapter 1, their special properties are discussed in the following chapter. Among the topics is the importance of polymers to water purification procedures, since their use in the formation of reverse osmosis membranes do not show biofouling. Chapter 3 details special processing methods, such as atom transfer radical polymerization, enzymatic polymerization, plasma treatment, and several other methods, can be used to meet the urgent demands of industrial applications. Chapter 4 addresses the important environmental issue of recycling methods as they relate to several types of materials such as PET bottles, tire rubbers, asphalt compositions, and other engineering resins. And wastewater treatment is detailed in Chapter 5, in which the types of contaminants, such as microplastics, organic dyes and pharmaceutical residues, are described and special methods for their proper removal are detailed along with types of adsorbents, including biosorbents. Still another important issue for environmental engineering chemistry is pesticides. Chapter 6 is a thorough description of the development and fabrication of special sensors for the detection of certain pesticides. A detailed presentation of the electrical uses of polymer-based composites is given in Chapter 7, which include photovoltaic materials, solar cells, energy storage and dielectric applications, light-emitting polymers, and fast-charging batteries. And recent issues relating to food engineering, such as food ingredient tracing, protein engineering, biosensors and electronic tongues, are presented in Chapter 8. Finally, polymers used for medical applications are described in Chapter 9. These applications include drug delivery, tissue engineering, porous coatings and also the special methods used to fabricate such materials.
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Table of Contents
Cover
Preface
Preface
Acknowledgements
1 Special Polymers
1.1 Poly(ethylene)
1.2 Poly(styrene)
1.3 Poly(ethylene terephthalate)
1.4 Silicones
1.5 Self-healing Polymers
1.6 Fibers and Smart Polymers
1.7 Porous Materials
References
2 Special Properties of Polymers
2.1 Viscoelasticity
2.2 Impact response of Hybrid Carbon/Glass Fiber Reinforced Polymer Composites
2.3 Mechanical Properties
2.4 Bacterial Adhesion
References
3 Processing Methods
3.1 Radiation Processing
3.2 Additive Manufacturing
3.3 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization
3.4 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization
3.5 Enzymatic Polymerization
3.6 Surface Patterning
3.7 Friction Welding
3.8 Interfacial Engineering
3.9 Plasma Treatment
References
4 Recycling
4.1 Recycling Methods
4.2 Materials
References
5 Wastewater Treatment
5.1 Properties and Contaminants
5.2 Adsorbents
References
6 Pesticides
6.1 Pesticide Carriers
6.2 PCL Nanocapsules
6.3 Self-Decontamination Mechanisms
6.4 Controlled Release of Pesticides
6.5 Sensors
References
7 Electrical Uses
7.1 Photovoltaic Materials
7.2 Solar Cells
7.3 Energy Storage and Dielectric Applications
7.4 Light Emitting Polymers
7.5 Fast Charging Batteries
7.6 Electrical Power Cable Engineering
References
8 Food Engineering
8.1 Software
8.2 Materials
8.3 Protein Engineering
8.4 Instrumentation and Sensors
8.5 Ultrasonic Methods
References
9 Medical Uses
9.1 Drug Delivery
9.2 Porous Bioresorbable Polymers
9.3 Tissue Engineering
References
Index
Acronyms
Chemicals
General Index
Also of Interest
End User License Agreement
List of Tables
Chapter 1
Table 1.1 Chemical composition of natural fibers (87).
Table 1.2 Natural fiber composite applications in industry (87, 89, 90).
Table 1.3 Methods and monomers for synthesis (96).
Table 1.4 Properties of a PMMA foam (105).
Table 1.5 Mixture proportions porous Concrete (124).
Chapter 2
Table 2.1 Polymers for asphalts (16).
Table 2.2 Branched chain monomers (29).
Table 2.3 Crosslinking agents (29).
Table 2.4 Preferred molecular weights (30).
Chapter 3
Table 3.1 Main methods of additive manufacturing (8).
Table 3.2 Monomers for RAFT polymerization (42).
Table 3.3 Melt flow index with various reinforcements (47).
Table 3.4 Mechanical, chemical and thermal properties of ABS and PA6 (50).
Table 3.5 MFI with with different amounts of Fe (50).
Table 3.6 Experimental conditions (91).
Chapter 4
Table 4.1 Chemical recycling processes for PET (1, 23).
Table 4.2 Properties of the aerogel (22).
Chapter 5
Table 5.1 Properties of Wastewater and their Sources (5).
Table 5.2 Treatment methods for wastewater.
Table 5.3 Biomass-based sorbents (29).
Chapter 6
Table 6.1 Effect of Pluronic P123 and F68 on the properties (20).
Chapter 7
Table 7.1 Ceramic fillers for polymers (9).
Table 7.2 Performances of PLEDs with PFNBr-BTDZ05 emitter (40).
Table 7.3 Colors of light emitting polymers.
Chapter 8
Table 8.1 Polysaccharides (12).
Table 8.2 Applications of low power ultrasound (49).
Table 8.3 Applications and characteristics of high power ultrasound in some...
Chapter 9
Table 9.1 Role of trace elements in the human body (3).
Table 9.2 Compositions of nano carriers (10).
Table 9.3 Materials for a bioactive ceramic scaffold (11).
Table 9.4 Properties of the PDLLA foams prepared by freeze-drying a 5wt:v% ...
Table 9.5 Glass formulations (26).
Table 9.6 Common Bioactive Glass Compositions for Manufacturing Coatings on...
Table 9.8 3D-printed PLA-based materials with fused deposition modelling (4...
List of Illustrations
Chapter 1
Figure 1.1 Ethylene-bis(tetrahydroindenyl) zirconium dichloride.
Figure 1.2 Vinyl triethoxysilane.
Figure 1.3 Young’s modulus versus CNT volume fraction (9).
Figure 1.4 polymerization of amino-containing styrenic monomers (15).
Figure 1.5 Terpenes.
Figure 1.6 3-Tris(trimethylsiloxy)silylpropyl sulfonate.
Figure 1.7 Surfactants.
Figure 1.8 Cationic silicone surfactants.
Figure 1.9 Synthesis silicone surfactant (37).
Figure 1.10 Poly(oxyethylene trisiloxane).
Figure 1.11 Variation of the surface tension with the concentration of sur...
Figure 1.12 Si4-PEGn, Si4Ph3-PEGn, Si4Ph6-PEGn.
Figure 1.13 Synthesis of BAAM copolymers (78).
Figure 1.14 compounds for fluorine-containing nanocontainers.
Figure 1.15 2-(3-(3-Imidazolylpropyl)ureido)ethyl acrylate.
Figure 1.16 Spiropyran mechanophore (84).
Figure 1.17 Histidine.
Figure 1.18 Diols.
Figure 1.19 Diisocyanate monomers.
Figure 1.20 Polythiol crosslinking agents.
Figure 1.21 2,2´-Dimethoxy-2-phenylacetophenone.
Figure 1.22 Isosorbide.
Chapter 2
Figure 2.1 1H,1H,2H,2H-Perfluorodecyltrichlorosilane.
Figure 2.2 Antibiotics.
Figure 2.3 Branched chain monomers.
Figure 2.4 Crosslinking agents.
Figure 2.5 Adsorption isotherms of colloids and activated carbon (30).
Figure 2.6 Monomers for esterification reaction.
Figure 2.7
N
-Isopropylmethacrylamide.
Figure 2.8
N
-Methylaniline.
Figure 2.9 Tobramycin.
Figure 2.10 Aqueous monomers.
Figure 2.11 2-(Methacryloyloxy)ethyl dimethyl-(3-sulfopropyl) ammonium hyd...
Chapter 3
Figure 3.1 Components for vinyl macromonomers.
Figure 3.2 Polymethine compounds.
Figure 3.3 Dithioesters.
Figure 3.4 Xanthates.
Figure 3.5 Synthesis of 4-cyano-4-[(thiobenzoyl)sulfanyl]pentanoic acid (4...
Figure 3.6 Monomers for RAFT polymerization.
Figure 3.7 Laccase.
Figure 3.8 Nisin.
Figure 3.9 Contact Angle Versus Soaking Time (101).
Chapter 4
Figure 4.1 Recovered products.
Figure 4.2 Products from chemical recycling of PET.
Chapter 5
Figure 5.1 Atenolol.
Figure 5.2 Acetaminophen.
Figure 5.3 Methyl violet.
Figure 5.4 Colors.
Chapter 6
Figure 6.1 Avermectin B1a.
Figure 6.2 Atrazine.
Figure 6.3 Methyl paraoxon.
Figure 6.4 Hydrolysis kinetics of methyl paraoxon (3).
Figure 6.5 2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid.
Figure 6.6 Thiram.
Figure 6.7 Pesticides.
Figure 6.8 Agrochemicals.
Figure 6.9 Dichlorvos.
Figure 6.10 Brilliant cresyl blue.
Figure 6.11 Materials for an amperometric carbaryl biosensor.
Figure 6.12 Compounds for Electrochemical Sensing.
Figure 6.13 Phoxim .
Figure 6.14 Compounds for molecularly imprinted sensor.
Figure 6.15 Thiamethoxam.
Chapter 7
Figure 7.1 1H,1H,2H,2H-perfluorooctyl trimethoxysilane.
Figure 7.2 Poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-
alt
-benzothiadiazole).
Figure 7.3 poly [9,9-dioctyl fluorene-9,9-(bis(3,(
N
,
N
-dimethylamino)-
N
-eth...
Figure 7.4 Bromophenylethynyl trimethylsilane.
Figure 7.5 Bis(4-methoxyphenyl) maleimide.
Figure 7.6 Tris(1-phenylisoquinoline)iridium(III).
Figure 7.7 PF-CzBTO structure.
Figure 7.8 Monomers for PEDOT and PSS.
Figure 7.9
N
-([1,1’-Biphenyl]-4-yl)-
N
-(9,9-dimethyl-9H-fluoren-2-yl)-9,9’-...
Figure 7.10 Acridine monomers.
Figure 7.11 1-(4-Bromophenyl)-2-phenylbenzimidazole.
Figure 7.12 Thiophene and triazole derivatives.
Figure 7.13 Meldrum’s acid, 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione.
Chapter 8
Figure 8.1 Activating reagents.
Figure 8.2 Histamine.
Chapter 9
Figure 9.1 1,2-Dioleoyloxy-3-trimethylammonium propane.
Figure 9.2 Cholesterol.
Figure 9.3 Hyaluronic acid.
Figure 9.4 Synthesis of a biodegradable conducting monomer (13).
Figure 9.5 2-(Trichloroacetyl)pyrrole.
Figure 9.6 Isobornyl acrylate.
Figure 9.7 Uptake at room temperature in weight percent of PLA (41).
Guide
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Scrivener Publishing
100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J
Beverly, MA 01915-6106
Publishers at Scrivener
Martin Scrivener ([email protected])
Phillip Carmical ([email protected])
The Chemistry of Environmental Engineering
Materials, Processing and Applications
Johannes Karl Fink
Montanuniversität Leoben, Austria
This edition first published 2020 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA© 2020 Scrivener Publishing LLCFor more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-119-70774-5
Cover image: Pixabay.ComCover design by Russell Richardson
Preface
Preface
This book focuses on the chemistry of environmental engineering and applications. Special attention is receiving the use of polymers in this field. Polymers can be created with special properties, such as viscoelasticity, interpenetrating networks, and others. Also, a polymer modified asphalt with special properties can be created. Further, another issue is the creation of polymers with special bacterial adhesion properties. The formation of reverse osmosis membranes that do not show biofouling are of importance for water purification procedures.
In another chapter, special processing methods are detailed, such as atom transfer radical polymerization, enzymatic polymerization, plasma treatment, and several other methods.
Recycling methods are now important environmental issues for several types of materials, such as PET Bottles, tire rubbers, asphalt compositions, and other engineering resins. Also, wastewater treatment has been detailed. Here, the types of contaminants, such as microplastics, organic dyes, pharmaceutical residues are described and also special methods for proper removal are detailed. Also the types of adsorbents, including also biosorbents are detailed.
Still another important issue for environmental engineering chemistry are pesticides. Here also the development and fabrication of special sensors for the detection of certain pesticides are detailed.
In a further special chapter, electrical uses are detailed. These include photovoltaic materials, solar cells, energy storage and dielectric applications, light emitting polymers, and fast charging batteries.
The recent issues of food engineering, such as food ingredient tracing, protein engineering, biosensors and electronic tongues have been detailed.
Finally, medical uses have been described. These fields include drug delivery, tissue engineering, porous coatings and also the special methods of fabrication of such materials.
The text focuses mainly on the literature of the past decade. Beyond education, this book will serve the needs of industry engineers and specialists who have only a passing contact with the plastics and composites industries but need to know more.
How to Use This Book
Utmost care has been taken to present reliable data. Because of the vast variety of material presented here, however, the text cannot be complete in all aspects, and it is recommended that the reader study the original literature for more complete information.
The reader should be aware that mostly US patents have been cited where available, but not the corresponding equivalent patents in other countries. For this reason, the author cannot assume responsibility for the completeness, validity or consequences of the use of the material presented herein. Every attempt has been made to identify trademarks; however, there were some that the author was unable to locate.
Index
There are three indices: an index of acronyms, an index ofchemicals, and a general index.
In the index of chemicals, compounds that occur extensively, e.g., “ace-tone,” are not included at every occurrence, but rather when they appear in an important context.
Acknowledgements
I am indebted to our university librarians, Dr. Christian Hasenhüttl, Margit Keshmiri, Friedrich Scheer, Christian Slamenik, Renate Tschabuschnig, and Elisabeth Groß for support in literature acquisition. I also want to express my gratitude to all the scientists who have carefully published their results concerning the topics dealt with herein. This book could not have been otherwise compiled.
Last, but not least, I want to thank the publisher, Martin Scrivener, for his abiding interest and help in the preparation of the text. In addition, my thanks go to Jean Markovic, who made the final copyedit with utmost care.
Johannes Fink
Leoben
