Hydrocarbons in Basement Formations E-Book

M. R. Islam

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 895

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2018

Beschreibung

Petroleum and natural gas still remain the single biggest resource for energy on earth. Even as alternative and renewable sources are developed, petroleum and natural gas continue to be, by far, the most used and, if engineered properly, the most cost-effective and efficient, source of energy on the planet. Contrary to some beliefs, the industry can, in fact, be sustainable, from an environmental, economic, and resource perspective. Petroleum and natural gas are, after all, natural sources of energy and do not have to be treated as pariahs. This groundbreaking new text describes hydrocarbons in basement formations, how they can be characterized and engineered, and how they can be engineered properly, to best achieve sustainability. Covering the basic theories and the underlying scientific concepts, the authors then go on to explain the best practices and new technologies and processes for utilizing basement formations for the petroleum and natural gas industries. Covering all of the hottest issues in the industry, from oil shale, tar sands, and hydraulic fracturing, this book is a must-have for any engineer working in the industry. This textbook is an excellent resource for petroleum engineering students, reservoir engineers, supervisors & managers, researchers and environmental engineers for planning every aspect of rig operations in the most sustainable, environmentally responsible manner, using the most up-to-date technological advancements in equipment and processes.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Title page

Copyright page

Dedication

Foreword

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Summary

1.2 Is Sustainable Petroleum Technology Possible?

1.3 Why is it Important to Know the Origin of Petroleum?

1.4 What is the Likelihood of an Organic Source?

1.5 What is the Implication of the Abiogenic Theory of Hydrocarbon?

1.6 How Important are the Fractures for Basement Reservoirs?

1.7 What are we Missing Out?

1.8 Predicting the Future?

1.9 What is the Actual Potential of Basement Hydrocarbons?

Chapter 2: Organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons

2.0 Introduction

2.1 Sources of Hydrocarbon

2.2 Non-Conventional Sources of Petroleum Fluids

2.3 What is a Natural Energy Source?

2.4 The Science of Water and Petroleum

2.5 Comparison between Water and Petroleum

2.6 Combustion and Oxidation

Chapter 3: Non-organic Origin of Basement Hydrocarbons

3.0 Introduction

3.1 Theories of Non-organic Origin of Basement Petroleum

3.2 Formation of Magma

3.3 The Composition of Magma

3.4 The Dynamics of Magma

3.5 Water in the Mantle

3.6 The Carbon Cycle and Hydrocarbon

3.7 Role of Magma During the Formation of Hydrocarbon from Organic Sources

3.8 Abiogenic Petroleum Origin Theory

Chapter 4: Characterization of Basement Reservoirs

4.0 Summary

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Natural and Artificial Fractures

4.3 Developing Reservoir Characterization Tools for Basement Reservoirs

4.4 Origin of Fractures

4.5 Seismic Fracture Characterization

4.6 Reservoir Characterization During Drilling

4.7 Reservoir Characterization with Image Log and Core Analysis

4.8 Major Forces of Oil and Gas Reservoirs

4.9 Reservoir Heterogeneity

4.10 Special Considerations for Shale

Chapter 5: Case Studies of Fractured Basement Reservoirs

5.0 Summary

5.1 Introduction

5.2 Geophysical Tools

5.3 Petro-physics in Fracture Modeling, Special Logs and their Importance

5.4 Case Study of Vietnam

5.5 Case Studies from USA

Chapter 6: Scientific Characterization of Basement Reservoirs

6.1 Summary

6.2 Introduction

6.3 Characteristic Time

6.4 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies

6.5 Redefining Force and Energy

6.6 Natural Energy vs. Artificial Energy

6.7 From Natural Energy to Natural Mass

6.8 Organic Origin of Petroleum

6.9 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum

6.10 Placement of Basement Reservoirs in the Energy Picture

Chapter 7: Overview of Reservoir Simulation of Basement Reservoirs

7.1 Summary

7.2 Introduction

7.3 Meaningful Modeling

7.4 Essence of Reservoir Simulation

7.5 Modeling Fractured Networks

7.6 Double Permeability Models

7.7 Reservoir Simulation Data Input

7.8 Geological and Geophysical Modeling

7.9 Reservoir Characterization

7.10 Risk Analysis and Reserve Estimations

7.11 Recent Advances in Reservoir Simulation

7.12 Comprehensive Modeling

7.13 Towards Solving Non-Linear Equations

7.14 Adomian Decomposition of Buckley-Leverett Equation

Chapter 8: Conclusions and Recommendations

8.1 Concluding Remarks

8.2 Answers to the Research Questions

Chapter 9: References and Bibliography

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Copyright

Contents

Begin Reading

List of Tables

Chapter 2

Table 2.1

General composition of biomass (from Liaw, 2014).

Table 2.2

Typical properties of wood derived crude bio-oil (from Luo

et al.,

2004).

Table 2.3

Composition of specific organic matters (from Liu

et al.,

2004).

Table 2.4

Effect of temperature on pyrolysis (from Liaw, 2014).

Table 2.5

Statistical descriptors of some phytoplankton parameters observed during the seasonal cycle studied in Lake Redó (from Felip and Catalan, 2000).

Table 2.6

Chlorophyll content and phytoplankton biovolume for two biomass estimators. Factors were selected from the literature. The percentage of biovolume of each phytoplanktonic group was used as a descriptor of sample taxonomic composition (from Felip and Catalan, 2000).

Table 2.7

Forest volume and above-ground biomass by region (from FAO, 2012).

Table 2.8

Global biomass production (Data from Ricklefs and Miller, 2000 and Park, 2001).

Table 2.10

Heat of Combustion for some common fuels.

Table 2.11

Constituents and volume concentration of atmosphere.

Table 2.12

Major elements of Earth crust.

Table 2.13

Elemental composition of a human body.

Table 2.14

shows various sources of water on Earth (data from USGS).

Table 2.15

Contrasting features of water and petroleum (from Hutchinson, 1957; Attwood, 1949;

Handbook of Chemistry and Physics

, 1981).

Table 2.16

Fundamental properties of oxygen and hydrogen.

Table 2.17

Common and contrasting features of oxygen and hydrogen.

Table 2.18

Fundamental characteristics of carbon.

Table 2.19

Contrasting and unifying features of Oxygen and Carbon.

Table 2.20

Range of composition (% v/v) of natural gas.

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Various mafic rocks.

Table 3.2

Common igneous rocks classified by silicon dioxide content.

Table 3.4

Magma composition (From Brophy, 2012).

Table 3.5

Composition of various mantle materials (from Carlson

et al.

, 2005).

Table 3.6

Most abundant elements of the solar body.

Table 3.7

Various layers of the Earth.

Table 3.11

Possible Deep Carbon Reservoirs (From Hazen

et al.,

2012).

Table 3.12

The experimental results received in a CONAC high-pressure chamber and in a split-sphere high-pressure device (from Kutcherov, 2013).

Table 3.13

Results of Investigation of Gas Mixtures from Native Diamonds, Carbonado and Kumberlites (From Kutcheron, 2013).

Table 3.14

Giant and Supergiant Petroleum Deposits in the Precambrian Crystalline Basement.

Table 3.15

Giant fields with Volcanic and Volcano-sedimentary rocks (from Kutcherov and Krayushkin, 2010).

Table 3.16

Supergiant Oil and Gas Deposits in Saudi Arabia.

Table 3.17

Estimations of the Volume of Oil/Bitumen in Place in West Canada (from Kutcherov and Krayushkin, 2010).

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Various stages of fracture data collection.

Table 4.2

Quality ranking scheme for borehole breakouts in a single well interpreted from image logs (Heidbach

et al.,

2010). S.D. denotes circular deviation.

Table 4.3

Quality ranking scheme for drilling induced fractures from image logs (Heidback

et al.,

2010).

Table 4.4

Elastic parameters used by Shen (1998).

Table 4.5

Elastic Parameters And Fracture parameters of Model 1 and Model 2.

Table 4.7

Length of lateral sections, average true vertical depth of lateral sections, and average reservoir pore pressures for corresponding true vertical depth for Wells A-1 and A2 (from Corbeck, 2010).

Table 4.8

Results of fracture identification in Well A-1.

Table 4.9

Results of fracture identification in Well A-2.

Table 4.10

Comparison of estimated fracture aperture between pairs of conductive natural fractures for Wells A-1 and A-2 (pairs numbered from North to South).

Table 4.12

List of borehole imaging tools from which BGS holds digital data, details of tool specification, horizontal resolution and wall coverage.

Table 4.13

Geological characterization from GR Spectralog.

Table 4.14

Physical characteristics of the reservoir rock (Batini

et al.,

2002).

Table 4.15

Core analysis results (Batini

et al.

, 2002).

Table 4.16

Well test results.

Table 4.17

Comparison between geophysical logs and well testing. W

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Summary of geophysical logs, their conventional application in sedimentary formations, and their application in fracture interpretation.

Table 5.2

Economically successful oil/gas fields with fractured igneous and metamorphic basement highs, where the unaltered host rock had little or no permeability (from Cuong and Warren, 2009).

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

The tangible and intangible nature of yin and yang (From Islam, 2014).

Table 6.2

Characteristic frequency of “natural” objects

Table 6.3

Sun composition (Chaisson and McMillan, 1997).

Table 6.4

Wavelengths of various visible colors.

Table 6.5

Wavelengths of known waves.

Table 6.6

Artificial sources of various waves.

Table 6.7

Various colors vs. temperature for an organic flame.

Table 6.8

Colors and sources of artificial flames.

Table 6.9

Various elements in Earth’s crust and lithosphere.

Table 6.10

Table of Elements in the Human Body by Mass (from Emsley, 1998).

Table 6.11

Chemical composition (wt%) of minerals from plagiogneis (from Ivanov

et al.

, 2014).

Table 6.12

Published isotopic mineral ages for Precambrian basement in southwestern Ontario, Michigan, and Ohio.

Table 6.13

Total proved reserves.

Table 6.14

Summary of Proven Reserve Data as of (Dec) 2016.

Table 6.15

Depositional environments and rock units selected for study of reserve growth, and geologic age and general location of units.

Table 6.16

Norphlet Formation, Gulf of Mexico Basin—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.17

Minnelusa Formation, Powder River Basin—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.18

Frio Formation, Gulf of Mexico Basin—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.19

Morrow Formation, Anadarko and Denver Basins—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.20

Barnett Shale, Fort Worth Basin—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve-growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.21

Bakken Formation, Williston Basin—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve-growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.22

Ellenburger Group, Permian Basin—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve-growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.24

Mackover Formation, Gulf Coast region—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve-growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.25

Spraberry Formation, Midland Basin—Summary of geological characteristics and reserve-growth potential of reservoirs.

Table 6.26

Wasatch Formation, Uinta-Piceance Basin. Summary of Geological Characteristics and Reserve-Growth Potential of Reservoirs

Table 6.28

Location of, number of fields and wells in, cumulative production of, and largest fields in each reservoir category analyzed in this study.

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Capillary pressure data

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

Hydrocarbons in Basement Formations

M. R. Islam

Dalhousie University; Emertec R&D Ltd.

M.E. Hossain

Nazarbayev University

A. O. Islam

Emertec R&D Ltd.

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