The Science of Climate Change E-Book

M. R. Islam

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Wiley-Scrivener
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1274

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2019

Beschreibung

It has long been recognized that science is the pursuit of knowledge, knowledge is power, and power is political. However, the fantasy of science being apolitical is a hallmark legacy of the enlightenment era, an era that romanticized pursuit of knowledge, disconnected from the baggage of power, politics, and dogmatic assertions. Yet, while the age of information has exponentially increased our access to knowledge, we can see, as clearly as ever, that scientific knowledge is neither apolitical nor dogma-free, and it certainly is not disconnected from power. It is hard to imagine another era when the separation between science and politics has been this blurred as it is today. At the same time, it is true that no other topic than climate change has been so politically charged, with one side dominating the scientific narration and branding anyone opposing the mainstream as a "climate change denier," and the other standing in staunch defiance that climate change exists. In an age of political and scientific turmoil, how can we navigate out way to coming towards a more objective understanding of the scientific issues surrounding the climate change debate? This book presents the current debate of climate change as scientifically futile, on both sides of the scientific, and often, political, spectrum. The climate change debate has become like obesity, cancer, diabetes or opioid addiction, which is to say that the debate should not be if these maladies exist, but rather, what causes them. Instead of looking for the cause and making adjustments to remove those causes from our lifestyle, a combination of the capitalist drive towards mass production and a lack of identifying the roots of the problems, new solutions, or substitutes, have been proposed as "quick fixes" to the problems. This book identifies the root causes of climate change and shows that climate change is real and it is also preventable, but that it can be reversed only if we stop introducing pollutants in the ensuing greenhouse gases. The book brings back common sense and grounds scientists to the fundamentals of heat and mass transfer, while at the same time disconnecting politicking and hysteria from true scientific analysis of the phenomenon of global climate.

Leseprobe

Contents

Cover

Foreword

Chapter 1: Introduction

1.1 Opening Statement

1.2 Summary

1.3 Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate

1.4 Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO

2

1.5 Chapter 4: Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change

1.6 Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming

1.7 Chapter 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change

1.8 Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids

1.9 Chapter 8: Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria

1.10 Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science

1.11 Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming

1.12 Chapter 11: Conclusions

Chapter 2: State-of-The-Art of the Climate Change Debate

2.1 Introduction

2.2 The Anthropogenic Climate Change (ACC)

2.3 The Climate Change as a Natural Process

2.4 Conclusions

Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO

2

3.1 Introduction

3.2 The Science of Forest Fires

3.3 Climate Change and Forest Fire

3.4 Setting the Stage to Discover a CO

2

Effect

3.5 Conclusions

Chapter 4: Role of Agricultural Practices on Climate Change

4.1 Introduction

4.2 Climate-Water-Food Nexus

4.3 Biofuel

4.4 Pathway Analysis of Biofuels

4.5 Conclusions

Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Global Warming

5.1 Introduction

5.2 The Process of Biodiesel Manufacturing

5.3 Conclusions

Chapter 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change

6.1 Introduction

6.2 The Refining Process

6.3 Additives and Their Functions

6.4 Science of Nanoscale

6.5 Zeolite as a Refining Catalyst

6.6 Conclusions

Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids

7.1 Introduction

7.2 Organic and Mechanical Frequencies

7.3 Redefining Radiation and Energy

7.4 Role of Petroleum Sources

7.5 Scientific Ranking of Petroleum

7.6 Conclusions

Chapter 8: Delinearized History of Climate Change Hysteria

8.1 Introduction

8.2 Climate Change Hysteria

8.3 The Energy Crisis

8.4 Conclusions

Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science

9.1 Introduction

9.2 The Nobel Laureate Economist’s Claim

9.3 Historical Development

9.4 Petroleum in the Big Picture

9.5 Current Status of Greenhouse Gas Emissions

9.6 Comments on the Copenhagen Summit

9.7 The Paris Agreement

9.8 Carbon Tax: The Ultimate Goal of Climate Change Hysteria

9.9 Conclusions

Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming

10.1 Introduction

10.2 Current Status of Greenhouse

10.3 The Current Focus

10.4 Scientific Characterization of Greenhouse Gases

10.5 A New Approach to Material Characterization

10.6 Classification of CO

2

10.7 The Role of Water in Global Warming

10.8 Characterization of Energy Sources

Chapter 11: Conclusions

11.1 Concluding Remarks

11.2 Conclusions of Chapter 2: State-of-the Art of the Climate Change Debate

11.3 Conclusions of Chapter 3: Forest Fires and Anthropogenic CO

2

11.4 Conclusions of Chapter 4: Role of Agricultureal practices on Climate Change

11.5 Conclusions of Chapter 5: Role of Biofuel Processing in Creating Gobal Warming

11.6 Conclusions of Chapetr 6: Role of Refining on Climate Change

11.7 Conclusions of Chapter 7: Scientific Characterization of Petroleum Fluids

11.8 Conclusions of Chapter 8: Delineraized History of Climate Change Hysteria

11.9 Conclusions of Chapter 9: The Monetization the Climate Science

11.10 Conclusions of Chapter 10: The Science of Global Warming

Chapter 12: References

Index

End User License Agreement

Guide

Cover

Table of Contents

Begin Reading

List of Illustrations

Chapter 1

Figure 1.1

Primary energy production (from EIA, 2018).

Picture 1.1

This big solar project in Arizona is just one of the large clean power plants...

Picture 1.2

Few realize wind turbines are inherently unsustainable and nowhere close to...

Picture 1.3

The Woolsey Fire raged near the Ventura-L.A. County line, burning about 2,000...

Picture 1.4

Bush fire burns near Rocketdyne complex Simi Hills, California (Nov. 8, 2018).

Figure 1.2

Heat is energy and when energy is added to any system, changes occur.

Figure 1.3

The propagandizing of consensus.

Figure 1.4

This is the inevitable outcome of the ‘original’ sin model that...

Figure 1.5

The Material Trinity (from Khan and Islam, 2016).

Chapter 2

Figure 2.1

Major greenhouse gases and their contributions (from IPCC, 2014).

Figure 2.2

Temperature variation (from Meehl et al., 2004).

Figure 2.3

crude oil production during the 20

th

century and beyond (data from...

Figure 2.4

Global CO

2

emission during 1900–2010 (from Boden et al.,...

Figure 2.5

Carbon dioxide emissions far various countries in 2014 (from Boden et al.,...

Figure 2.6

Modus operandi of various parties of the ACC debate.

Figure 2.7

One-Layer model of greenhouse effects.

Figure 2.8

Characteristic speed (or frequency) can act as the unique function that defines...

Chapter 3

Picture 3.1

Smoke column rising from prairie fire. (Courtesy of National Park Service, n.d.)

Picture 3.2

Within 3 minutes of lightening strike, fire in Beaumont, British Columbia (July...

Figure 3.1

Global map of fire activity (from Pausas and Rebeiro, 2013).

Picture 3.3

Snow flakes are fundamental units of water (From Islam, 2014).

Picture 3.4

Diatoms as fundamental units of charcoal, petroleum (picture from Colorado State...

Picture 3.5

Sun picture taken at 9:19 a.m. EST on Nov. 10, 2004, by the SOHO (Solar and...

Figure 3.2

Natural light pathway.

Figure 3.3

Wavelength spectrum of sunlight (From Islam et al., 2015).

Figure 3.4

Colors and wave lengths of visible light.

Figure 3.5

Artificial and natural lights affect natural material differently.

Figure 3.6

Wavelength spectrum of visible part of sunlight (From Islam et al., 2015).

Figure 3.7

Visible natural colors as a function of various wavelengths and intensity of...

Figure 3.8

Wavelength and radiance for forest fire, grass and warm ground (From Li et al.,...

Figure 3.9

Blue flame radiance for butane (From Islam, 2014).

Figure 3.10

Artificial light spectrum (From Islam, 2014).

Figure 3.11

Comparison of various artificial light sources with sunlight (from Islam et al.,...

Figure 3.12

Comparing within the visible light zone will enable one to rank various...

Figure 3.13

Formation of a shield with dark and clear lenses (From Islam et al., 2010).

Figure 3.14

Natural materials are beneficial whereas unnatural materials are inherently...

Figure 3.15

Periodicity occurs in the movement of each natural object.

Figure 3.16

Forecast uncertaining in weather models (From Slingo and Palmer, 2011).

Figure 3.17

Modern fire deficit, from tree rings (Wallenius, 2011).

Figure 3.18

Fire frequency and extent between 1600 and 1900 for 20 sites in the General...

Figure 3.19

CHAR record for last 14 000 year at Lily Pond, including CHAR and background...

Picture 3.6

Scars from individual fires can be seen on the cross-section of a century-old...

Picture 3.7

Prescribed burn in a giant sequoia grove, Sequoia and Kings Canyon National...

Figure 3.20

Comparisons by pair of dates (1960–1980, 1980–1990 and...

Figure 3.21

All definitions are set in such a way the only possible outcome is the desired...

Figure 3.22

If the model were true, then the theory would be verified. So, what if the model...

Figure 3.23

Unless premises behind science and logical, science and modeling are but tools...

Figure 3.24

A phenomenal model (based on Islam et al., 2010).

Figure 3.25

Reconstruction of historical data. The black line shows total area burned...

Figure 3.26

(a) Annual frequency of large (>400 ha) western U.S. forest wildfires...

Chapter 4

Figure 4.1

The Water-Food-Energy Nexus (from Lal, 2013).

Figure 4.2

The water-Soil-Atmosphere nexus.

Figure 4.3

Biofuel production around the world during last decade.

Figure 4.4

Ethanol and biodiesel production during 2007 and 2017 around the world (Data...

Figure 4.5

US energy consumption and projection (from EIA, 2018).

Figure 4.6

Overall distribution of various energy sources in USA (from EIA, 2018).

Figure 4.7

Bioenergy evolution in USA (from NREL, 2017).

Figure 4.8

US renewable liquid fuels markets (from NREL, 2017).

Figure 4.9

Nesting of biofuel categories under the RFS (From NREL, 2017).

Figure 4.10

Food Price Index (FAO, 2018).

Figure 4.11

The carbon cycle with biofuel (From Interwildi and King, 2009).

Figure 4.12

General framework of the biofuel supply chain (National Bioenergy Center,...

Figure 4.13

Emission intensity of diesel fuel derived from different feedstock, in...

Figure 4.14

Amount of extra biomass accumulated for usage of fertilizer.

Figure 4.15

The world rise in millions of metric tons (Tg) of N in fertilizer, and plotted...

Figure 4.16

The world rise in millions of metric tons (Tg) of N in fertilizer, and plotted...

Figure 4.17

World fertilizer use for various types (data from FAO, n.d.).

Figure 4.18

Approximate composition of soil.

Figure 4.19

Schematic of amino acid metabolism in plants (Redrawn from Fagard et al., 2014).

Figure 4.20

Structures of certain amino acids with uncharged side chains.

Figure 4.21

Structures of certain amino acids with charged side chains.

Figure 4.22

Metabolomic analysis of Arabidopsis plants grown in limiting or non-limiting N...

Figure 4.23

Growth in global pesticide production and import during 1940–2000 (from...

Figure 4.24

Growth in pesticide use in various countries (data from FAO, 2017).

Figure 4.25

Percentage residual of pesticide (from Agrios, 2005).

Figure 4.26

Synthesis of salvarsan (a) initial route of Ehrlich and Bertheim (simultaneous...

Figure 4.27

Recently developed composition of salvarsan: cyclic species (RAs)nwith

n

...

Figure 4.28

Molecular structure of Atoxyl.

Figure 4.29

Pathways followed by natural and artificial matters.

Figure 4.30

Schematic representation of geometrical isomers of ML and ML

2

metal...

Figure 4.31

Molecular structures of coordination polymers 1 p (left) and 2 p (right)...

Figure 4.32

Molecular structures of meridional metal complexes 1b (top left), 2 n (top...

Figure 4.33

Schematic representation of structures of polymeric ML complexes of divalent...

Figure 4.34

Schematic representation of structures of complexes relevant for neutral...

Figure 4.35

The two-step reaction catalyzed by nitric oxide synthases. In the first step...

Figure 4.36

Cadmium metabolic circuit in humans (Redrawn from Coman and Draghici, 2011).

Figure 4.37

Cadmium-metallothionein interaction (Redrawn from Coman and Draghici, 2011).

Figure 4.38

Cadmium acculation in humans for various ages (Redrawn from Coman and Draghici,...

Figure 4.39

Lead metabolic circuit in children.

Figure 4.40

Interactions of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) with ROS and hydroperoxid...

Figure 4.41

Plants absorb carbon dioxide through small openings called stomata that are on...

Figure 4.42

Structure of stomata.

Picture 4.1

With the galaxy model, it is postulated that the characteristic movement of...

Figure 4.43

Orbital speed

vs

size (not to scale).

Figure 4.44

Water: a source of life when processed naturally but a potent toxin when...

Picture 4.2a

Over Ontario [Canada] (23 May 2014).

Picture 4.2b

Over Potter, NE (20 May 2014). The role of natural processing in rejuvenating...

Figure 4.45

The bio-cycle of the ecosystem.

Chapter 5

Figure 5.1

Pathway of mineral diesel and conventional bio-diesel (Chhetri and Islam 2008).

Figure 5.2

Biodiesel production (Sharma et al., 2008).

Figure 5.3

General equation for transesterification of triglycerides (Ma and Hanna, 1999).

Figure 5.4

Mechanism of base catalyzed transesterification (Ma and Hanna, 1999).

Figure 5.5

First stage transesterification. Effect of the mass ratio of...

Figure 5.6

First stage transesterification. Effect of the molar ratio of ethanol to...

Figure 5.7

First stage transesterification. Effect of reaction temperature on ethyl esters...

Figure 5.8

Co-solvent effect on reaction rate and product yield at 120 °C 20:1 MAOMR...

Figure 5.9

Reaction yield with varying amounts of FAME co-solvent at 120 °C, 20:1...

Figure 5.10

Mechanism of base-catalyzed transesterification reaction (from Sayed, 2006).

Figure 5.11

FAME content on KOH catalyst with various reaction conditions: (a) FAME content...

Figure 5.12

Effect of microwave irradiation exposure time on yield (Refaat et al., 2008).

Figure 5.13

Ethanolysis of oleic catalyzed by Brønsted (H

2

SO

4

)...

Figure 5.14

Effect of nano-MgO content on methyl ester yield of the transesterification of...

Figure 5.15

Effect of mass ratio of CaO to oil on biodiesel yield. Methanol/oil molar ratio:...

Figure 5.16

Share of energy at different stages of biodiesel production (From Chhetri and...

Figure 5.17

A simplified block flow diagram for a typical base-catalyzed process for the...

Figure 5.18

A simplified block flow diagram of the acid-catalyzed process for the production...

Figure 5.19

Production of methanol from methane by microbial conversion.

Figure 5.20

Flow process for production of ethyl alcohol (from Helwani et al., 2009).

Figure 5.21

Schematic diagram of a green biodiesel production process (from Helwani et al.,...

Chapter 6

Figure 6.1

The pathway followed by the refining process.

Figure 6.2

Major steps involved in a refining process.

Figure 6.3

Pictorial view of fractional column.

Figure 6.4

(a) Coordination environment of Cd in complex 1; Symmetry code: A: x, 1 + y, z;...

Figure 6.5

Structure of H

4

dcpa.

Figure 6.6

(a) Emission spectra H4 dpca and 1; (b) CIE chromaticity diagram of H4 dpca (A)...

Figure 6.7 (a)

The N

2

adsorption/desorption isotherms of 1 at 273 K (Zhao et al.,...

Figure 6.7 (b)

CO

2

adsorption isotherms of 1 at 273 K. (Zhao et al., 2018).

Figure 6.8

CO

2

reduction routes commonly proposed for an acid system (From...

Figure 6.9

SPAIR spectra on a Pb electrode after bubbling CO

2

in 0.1 M NaOH...

Figure 6.10

SPAIR spectra on a Pb electrode after bubbling CO

2

in 0.1 M NaOH...

Figure 6.11

Estimates of revenues from nanotechnology applications in USA (updated from...

Picture 6.1

Laboratory name is branded on nanomaterials with focused ion beam.

Figure 6.12

Electronic energy levels depending on the number of bound atoms. By binding more...

Figure 6.13

Electrons in a three-dimensional bulk solid (From Ashcroft and Mermin, 1976).

Figure 6.14

Size dependence of the energy gap for colloidal CdSe quantum dots with diameter...

Figure 6.15

Generalized trend for size-dependent reactivity change of a material as the...

Figure 6.16

Variation in nano viscosity as a function of length ratio (probe size/particle...

Figure 6.17

Effect of particles type on sample viscosity at a fixed temperature (25 C) and...

Figure 6.18

Orbital speed vs size (not to scale) (from Islam 2014).

Figure 6.19

Natural artificial both act the same way, except for the time function.

Figure 6.20

Historically, natural objects were synonymous with sustainability (from Khan and...

Figure 6.21

Lubricity of various artificial fluids as a function of viscosity (From Islam...

Figure 6.22

Chemical composition of zeolites and possibilities for its control. Key...

Figure 6.23

Synergy between Lewis acid sites (AlO+) and Brönsted OH site leading to...

Figure 6.24

Schematic of the shape selectivity for the formation of p-xylene in toluene...

Figure 6.25

Streams contributing to gasoline pools.

Figure 6.26

Simplified mechanism for isobutene–butene alkylation and competing...

Figure 6.27

Elementary processes taking place in FCC.

Figure 6.28

Elementary steps assumed to take place in catalytic cracking on zeolites.

Figure 6.29

Components present in general formulations of a FCC catalyst.

Figure 6.30

Main parameters that influence the catalytic activity of zeolites in FCC...

Figure 6.31

Desulfuration based on catalytic oxidation of sulfur compounds present in heavy...

Figure 6.32

Elementary reactions occurring simultaneously in the reforming of naphtha.

Figure 6.33

Co-processing of benzene in naphtha isomerization.

Figure 6.34

Elementary steps occurring simultaneously during hydrocracking.

Figure 6.35

Diagram of a single-stage (top) and a two-stage (bottom) hydrocracking process.

Figure 6.36

Molecular traffic of gas oil through the 18 membered ring channels reaching acid...

Chapter 7

Figure 7.1

New Science description of the ‘known universe.’ (data from...

Figure 7.2

Depiction of matter with the galaxy model.

Figure 7.3

Number of particles vs. particle size (not to scale, modified from Khan and...

Figure 7.4

Characteristic speed (or frequency) can act as the unique function that defines...

Figure 7.5

Orbital speed

vs

size (not to scale) (From Islam, 2014).

Picture 7.1

Burning vehicles are examples of artificial flame.

Picture 7.2

Depiction of a flame.

Figure 7.6

Natural flame colors and temperature.

Picture 7.3

Fire from wood (top left) is part of the organic cycle whereas smoke from a...

Picture 7.4

It is reported that two galaxies are on a collision course (Cowan, 2012).

Figure 7.7

Oxygen cycle in nature involving the Earth.

Figure 7.8

Hydrogen cycle in nature involving the Earth.

Figure 7.9

Water cycle, involving energy and mass.

Figure 7.10

The distribution of hydrocarbons in and around igneous rocks according to...

Figure 7.11

Even in the short term, the modern age is synonymous with decoupling of economic...

Figure 7.12

Water plays a more significant role in material production than previously...

Figure 7.13

Current estimate of conventional and unconventional gas reserve.

Figure 7.14

Abundance of natural resources as a function of time.

Figure 7.15

‘Proven’ reserve is miniscule compared to total potential of oil.

Figure 7.16

Crude oil characteristics vary widely, making it difficult to characterize it...

Figure 7.17

Whole rock Rb-Sr isochron diagram, basement samples (From Islam et al., 2018).

Figure 7.18

Natural processing time differs for different types of oils (From Islam et al.,...

Figure 7.19

Natural processing enhances intrinsic values of natural products (From Islam et...

Figure 7.20

The volume of petroleum resources increases as one moves from conventional to...

Figure 7.21

Cost of production increases as efficiency, environmental benefits and real...

Picture 7.5

Images of burning crude oil from shale oil (left) and refined oil (right).

Figure 7.22

Overall refining efficiency for various crude oils (modified from Han et al.,...

Figure 7.23

Crude API gravity and heavy product yield of the studied US and EU refineries...

Chapter 8

Figure 8.1

Public perception toward energy sources (Ipsos, 2011).

Figure 8.2

Energy outlook for 2040 as compared to 2016 under various scenarios (*Renewables...

Figure 8.3

There are different trends in population growth depending on the state of the...

Figure 8.4

Per capita

energy consumption growth for certain countries.

Figure 8.5

A strong correlation between a tangible index and per capita energy consumption...

Figure 8.6

While population growth has been tagged as the source of economic crisis,...

Figure 8.7

Population and energy paradox for China (From Speight and Islam, 2016).

Figure 8.8

Energy content of different fuels (MJ/kg) (from Spight and Islam, 2016).

Figure 8.9

Fossil fuel reserves and exploration activities.

Figure 8.10

Discovery of natural gas reserves with exploration activities (From Islam,...

Chapter 9

Figure 9.1

A policy that changes one of the above aspects changes all aspects and how they...

Figure 9.2

Projection of global temperature change as per Nordhaus (1993).

Figure 9.3

Labour price of light (After Nordhaus, 1998).

Figure 9.4

Energy pricing as seen by Nordhaus.

Picture 9.1

New Science has introduced a version of science that includes fundamental false...

Figure 9.5

Predicted CO

2

emissions tweeted by the The Royal Swedish Academy of...

Figure 9.6

Illustration of how an absurd conclusion cannot be avoided unless true science...

Screenshort 9.1

Twitter feeds in response to the announcement of Universal carbon tax.

Figure 9.7

Reserve production ratio by regions (courtesy BP, 2018).

Figure 9.8

Three is a lot more oil and gas reserve than the ‘proven’ reserve...

Figure 9.9

Major investment in oil sands in Canada (From Islam et al., 2018)

Figure 9.10

Last few decades have seen an increase in efficiency of refineries. (Islam et...

Figure 9.11

As natural processing time increases so does reserve of natural resources (from...

Figure 9.12

‘Proven’ reserves are miniscule compared to total potential of oil...

Figure 9.13

Declared reserve for various countries (From Islam et al., 2018).

Figure 9.14

Production/reserve ratio for various countries (From BP, 2018).

Figure 9.15

Crude oil production continues to rise overall (From EIA, 2017).

Figure 9.16

USA reserve variation in recent history (From EIA, 2018).

Figure 9.17

Technically recoverable oil and gas reserve in USA (From Islamet al., 2018).

Figure 9.18

Sulfur content of USA crude over last few decades (from EIA, 2018).

Figure 9.19

Declining API gravity of USA crude oil.

Figure 9.20

World-wide crude oil quality (From Islam et al., 2018).

Figure 9.21

Human-induced warming reached approximately 1 °C above pre-industrial...

Figure 9.22

Variation in atmospheric CO

2

concentration (NASA, 2018).

Figure 9.23

Temperature fluctuations since 1880.

Figure 9.24

Historical concentration of CO

2

.

Figure 9.25

Past performance and future projections of greenhouse gases by sector. (million...

Figure 9.26

Carbon dioxide emission by sectors (EIA, 2018).

Figure 9.27

Carbon dioxide emission for various fossil fuels (EIA, 2018).

Figure 9.28

Projection relies on technology (From EIA Report, 2018).

Figure 9.29

Greenhouse emissions of gas (Source: IPCC 2014).

Figure 9.30

Source: IPCC (2014) on global emissions from 2010.

Figure 9.31

Trends in Global Emissions (From Boden et al., 2017).

Figure 9.32

Emissions by Country (Source: Boden et al., 2017).

Figure 9.33

Global CO

2

emissions per region from fossil-fuel use and cement...

Figure 9.34

Coal consumption in 2017 by regions (BP, 2018).

Figure 9.35

Coal production by regions (BP, 2018a).

Figure 9.36

Regional energy demand (From BP, 2018).

Figure 9.37

CO

2

emissions from fossil-fuel use and cement production in the top...

Figure 9.38

Fuel economy of new cars (BP, 2018).

Figure 9.39

CO

2

emissions from fossil-fuel use and cement production in the top 6...

Figure 9.40

Shares of greenhouse gas emissions, 2010 (IEA, 2016f). Source: CO

2

...

Picture 9.2.

locations of various international big events regarding Climate Change.

Figure 9.41

The feedbacks of Paris.

Figure 9.42

GDP trends for various presidents (From Islam et al., 2018a).

Figure 9.43

Projected gross revenue from a carbon tax (billions of $2012) (From Goulder and...

Figure 9.44

Projected impacts of carbon tax shifts on GDP (% change), selected results...

Figure 9.45

Falsehood is turned into truth and ensuing disinformation makes sure that truth...

Figure 9.46

A new paradigm is invoked after denominating spurious value as real and...

Picture 9.4

Robotization is embedded into the fundamental assumptions.

Chapter 10

Figure 10.1

IPCC FAR BAU global surfacetemperature projection adjusted to reflectobserved...

Figure 10.2

Evolution of global mean surface temperature (GMST) over the period...

Figure 10.3

Greenhouse gasemission in 2016 (EPA, 2018).

Figure 10.4

Nitrousoxide in the atmosphere (from EPA, 2018).

Figure 10.5

Simplifiedschematic representations of the major microbial pathways and microbes...

Figure 10.6

CFC concentration in atmosphere as monitored by NORA (2018).

Figure 10.7

FluorinatedGreenhouse Gas Emissions from HCFC-22 Production (from EPA, 2014).

Figure 10.8

It would be cost-effective to reduce emissions by 0%, compared to the baseline,...

Figure 10.9

Nitrousoxide in the atmosphere (from EPA, 2018).

Figure 10.10

Distribution of greenhouse gas among various sectors in USA (EPA, 2017).

Figure 10.11

Various atmosphericlayers and their principal features (from NOAA, 2018a).

Figure 10.12

Spectrum of variousemissions from a black body (Wm

2

per 10...

Figure 10.13

Top panel: Strong lineintensities (in red) and schematic representation of the...

Figure 10.14

Overall energy balanceof the Earth (From NASA, as reported in Rosen and Egger,...

Figure 10.15

Comparison of (from LC-DFT) with Pauling electronegativity forthe four first...

Figure 10.16

Natural relativeabundance of the elements as a function of their atomic number...

Figure 10.17

Average bindingenergy per nucleon as a function of mass number for nuclides with...

Figure 10.18

Average binding energyper nucleon as a function of mass number for nuclides with...

Figure 10.19

Optimum around iron.

Figure 10.20

Periodic table with selectedelemental properties relevant for stable isotope...

Figure 10.21

Schematic illustrationof fractionation mechanisms for the Hg isotope system...

Figure 10.22

Schematicillustration of the principles of mixing models used for source tracing...

Figure 10.23

Average isotopicanomalies plotted as ∆

199

Hg vs...

Figure 10.24

The global productionand consumption of selected toxic metals during...

Figure 10.25

Global N

2

Oemissions from various sources in 1995, 2005 and 2030...

Figure 10.26

A proposedmethodological framework proposed by Hu et al. (2015).

Figure 10.27

Conventional Mass Balanceequation incorporating only tangibles.

Figure 10.28

Mass-balance equationincorporating tangibles and intangibles.

Figure 10.29

Sustainable pathwayfor material substance in the environment.

Figure 10.30

Synthetic non-biomassthat cannot be converted into biomass will accumulate far...

Figure 10.31

Results from Carboncombustion in a natural reactor and an artificial.

Figure 10.32

The effect of pCO

2

on C

3

land plant carbon isotope...

Figure 10.33

Plot of the isotopic signatures of

δ

13

C

VPDB

...

Figure 10.34

Plot of the isotopic signatures of

δ

18

O

VPDB

...

Figure 10.35

Plot of

δ

18

O

VSMOW

SLAP

...

Figure 10.36

A simplified version of the C3 Calvin cycle (From Grocke, 2002).

Figure 10.37

The CO

2

rejects due to contaminants.

Figure 10.38

Light spectrum for Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b.

Figure 10.39

Absorption spectrum and quantum yield vs. wavelength (From Gale and Wandel).

Figure 10.40

Chlorophyll a and Chlorophyll b (molecular structure)Chlorophyll a: Magnesium...

Figure 10.41

(a) Comparison of atmospheric CO

2

and d

13

C to Cariaco...

Figure 10.41

(b) Comparison of atmospheric CO

2

and d

13

C to Cariaco...

Figure 10.42

Planktonic foraminifera d

13

C over the last three centuries compared...

Figure 10.43

Historical atmospheric forcing datasets for D

14

C in CO

2

...

Figure 10.44

Historical atmospheric forcing datasets for δ

13

C in...

Figure 10.45

Global oil production during 1965-2010 (from Rapier, 2012).

Figure 10.46

Transition mechanism in plants for metal accumulation (From Singh et al., 2011).

Figure 10.47

Natural transport phenomenon (Modified from Islam et al., 2010).

Figure 10.48

Global and local efficiency of different energy sources.

List of Tables

Chapter 3

Table 3.1

Various sources of water on earth (From Islam, 2014).

Table 3.2

Contrasting features of water and petroleum (From Hutchinson, 1957; Attwood,...

Table 3.3

Fundamental properties of oxygen and hydrogen.

Table 3.4

Common and contrasting features of oxygen and hydrogen.

Table 3.5

Fundamental characteristics of carbon.

Table 3.6

Contrasting and unifying features of oxygen and carbon (From Islam, 2014).

Table 3.7

Sun composition (Chaisson and Mcmillan, 1997).

Table 3.8

Wavelengths of various visible colors (From Islam, 2014).

Table 3.9

Wavelengths of known waves (From Islam et al., 2015).

Table 3.10

Artificial sources of various waves (From Islam et al., 2016).

Table 3.11

Various elements in earth crust and lithosphere (From Islam, 2014).

Table 3.12

Table of elements in the human body by mass (From Emsley, 1998).

Chapter 4

Table 4.1

Synergies between water and sustainable growth (modified from UN water, 2013).

Table 4.2

Similarities in biofuel generation (from awudu and zhang, 2012).

Table 4.3

Differences in biofuel generation (from awudu and zhang, 2012).

Table 4.4

Sustainability in biofuel generation (from awudu and zhang, 2012).

Table 4.5

Effect of fertilizer on forage production (from holt and wilson, 1961).

Table 4.6

Major users of nitrogen fertilizer (from fao, n.d.).

Table 4.8

Nutrients present in a typical fertile soil (from holt and wilson, 1961 and...

Table 4.9

Characteristic frequency of “Natural” Objects (from islam, 2014).

Table 4.10

Various products from photosynthesis (from foyer, 1984).

Chapter 5

Table 5.1

Values of FFAs content of different vegetable oils (from atadashi et al., 2013).

Table 5.2

Ffas levels in feedstocks (from atadashi et al., 2013).

Table 5.3

Effect of the catalyst on the biodiesel purity and yield (from vincente et al.,...

Table 5.4

Reaction yield as function of the homogeneous catalyst weight (from cardoso et...

Table 5.5

Different heterogeneous catalysts used for transesterification of vegetable...

Table 5.6

Summarization of the activity of metal oxides and supported catalysts as...

Table 5.7

Different heterogeneous catalysts used for transesterification of vegetable oils...

Table 5.8

Biodiesel feedstocks and economic feasibility.

Table 5.9

List of homogeneous catalyst used for transesterification reaction.

Table 5.10

List of heterogeneous catalyst commonly used for biodiesel production.

Table 5.11

Difference in average toxic effects at two biodiesel blend levels (from chhetri...

Chapter 6

Table 6.1

Details of oil refining process and various types of catalyst used.

Table 6.2

Various processes and products in oil refining process.

Table 6.3

Emissions from refinery.

Table 6.4

Primary wasters from oil refinery.

Table 6.5

Chemicals used in refining.

Table 6.6

Pollution prevention options for different activities in material transfer and...

Table 6.7

Catalysts and materials used to produce catalysts base metals and compounds.

Table 6.8

Equilibrium potentials for various co

2

electroreduction reactions...

Chapter 7

Table 7.1

Various colors vs. Temperature for an organic flame (from islam, 2014).

Table 7.2

Colors and sources of artificial flames.

Table 7.3

Chemical composition (wt%) of minerals from plagiogneis (from ivanov et al.,...

Table 7.4

Published isotopic mineral ages for precambrian basement in southwestern...

Chapter 8

Table 8.1

Per Capita energy consumption (In TOE) for certain countries.

Table 8.2

US Crude oil and natural gas reserve (Million barrels).

Chapter 9

Table 9.1

Reserve recovery ratio for different countries (from islam, 2014)

Table 9.2

Summary of proven reserve data as of (Dec) 2016 And related reserve/production...

Table 9.3

The paris agreement process (from Kemp, 2018).

Chapter 10

Table 10.1

Atomic absorption data for certain elements (From Sansonettia and Martin, 2005).

Table 10.2

Direct radiative effects and indirect trace gas chemical-climate Interactions...

Table 10.3

B/A Ratio for a Optimum Elements (From Wapstra and Bo, 1985).

Table 10.4

Most Abundant Metals and Their Concentration.

Table 10.6

Isotopic Composition of Selected Isotopes (From Vanhaecke, and Kyser, 2010 and...

Table 10.7

Mercury Isotopes.

Table 10.8

Carbon and Oxygen Isotope Compositions in Bulk Coal and Gases Collected From...

Table 10.9

The Minimum and Maximum Concentrations of a Selected Isotope in Naturally...

Chapter 11

Table 11.1

Major conclusions from the ‘97% consensus’ camp.

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Scrivener Publishing100 Cummings Center, Suite 541JBeverly, MA 01915-6106

Publishers at ScrivenerMartin Scrivener ([email protected])Phillip Carmical ([email protected])

The Science of Climate Change

M. R. Islam

M. M. Khan

This edition first published 2019 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, USA and Scrivener Publishing LLC, 100 Cummings Center, Suite 541J, Beverly, MA 01915, USA © 2019 Scrivener Publishing LLC For more information about Scrivener publications please visit www.scrivenerpublishing.com.

All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except as permitted by law. Advice on how to obtain permission to reuse material from this title is available at http://www.wiley.com/go/permissions.

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For details of our global editorial offices, customer services, and more information about Wiley products visit us at www.wiley.com.

Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty While the publisher and authors have used their best efforts in preparing this work, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this work and specifically disclaim all warranties, including without limitation any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives, written sales materials, or promotional statements for this work. The fact that an organization, website, or product is referred to in this work as a citation and/or potential source of further information does not mean that the publisher and authors endorse the information or services the organization, website, or product may provide or recommendations it may make. This work is sold with the understanding that the publisher is not engaged in rendering professional services. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a specialist where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor authors shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages. Further, readers should be aware that websites listed in this work may have changed or disappeared between when this work was written and when it is read.

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

ISBN 978-0-470-62612-2

Dedication

Authors would like to dedicate this book to the scientists of the Islamic golden era that personified research for sake of discovering the truth. Their true scientific approach is dearly missed in today’s culture of ‘science’ of tangibles.

Foreword

In the name of ‘science’, there has been a growing trend of dogmatic solutions forced on the world by the ruling elite. Upon the election of President Donald Trump to the most powerful office on the planet, this modus operandi has reached an unprecedented hype. Among the vast majority of the ‘scientific’ world, there is a natural tendency to mock President Trump, much like they do in liberal states, such as California, New York, etc. For them, anyone advancing any argument against the so-called ‘97% consensus’ is immediately identified as a suspect and climate change denier, and, therefore, is worthy of being intellectually lynched by categorizing him/her as a Trump supporting, MAGA hat-wearing hillbilly. At this point, anything the ‘scientist’ would say, no matter how egregious, be it manufacturing cow-free burgers and milk or dimming the sun with toxic chemicals, would pass for ‘science’ while anyone advancing ‘alternate’ explanation would be ridiculed. This is not a scholarly forum, where real science can survive1. As such, this book, titled, “The Science of Global Warming” is a remarkably courageous undertaking. It is no surprise that this book starts with the deconstruction of existing ‘settled’ science. It exposes the hollowness of New Science in general and climate change hysteria in particular. The book reminds the readership, that it is New Science that has made the following transition in the past and is poised to continue along the same path.

In the 70s, there was this coming of second ice age;

In the 80s, acid rain was considered the villain that was ruining the planet earth;

In the 90s, global warming was said to bring the earth at the brink of the tipping point;

In the 2000s, climate change was declared real and carbon designated the enemy;

In the 2010s, engineering the earth began, and the natural ecosystem, carbon, water, sunlight were designated the enemy;

In 2019, we prepare for the 2020s, in which an apology to acid rain is being offered and the plans are underway with billions of dollars of funding to “dim” the sun with acid and let the entire world wear toxic sunglasses - all funded by universal carbon taxes.

This is the much-dreaded environmental scheme propped up by institutions such as the United Nations. Yet, the science that others have been working with have no avenue to evaluate, let alone critique, the only ‘scientific’ recourse being promoted. It is as if the world has gone insane and cannot fathom the fundamental question as to what is wrong with carbon, water, or sunlight. This book not only asks those questions, but it goes beyond giving satisfactory answers to each of these questions, showing the lunacy of the schemes that promote ‘new wave’ nuclear energy as the panacea while vilifying natural resources as ‘evil’. In a society in which Judges and lawyers cringe at the thought of asking the ‘why’ questions, medical doctors are utterly clueless about why diseases occur, and scientists are engineers would not touch those questions in fear of losing funding, this book is as revolutionary as it gets. At the end, this book leaves no question regarding the global climate unanswered and recommends fundamental changes that can offer hope for the future. The solutions will not make more money for to do the corporations or tax-happy big governments, but who said those things have anything with proper science? The book lives up to the expectation of the name the ‘Science of Climate Change’. You have to read the book to appreciate how real science is different from dogmatic nonsense that we have been indoctrinated to believe as ‘science’.

G.V. Chilingarian

University of Southern California

1.

Kraychik, R., 2019, Greenpeace Founder: Global Warming Hoax Pushed by Corrupt Scientists ‘Hooked on Government Grants’,

Breitbart.

March 7

Chapter 1Introduction

1.1 Opening Statement

The evolution of human civilization is synonymous with how it meets its energy needs. Few would dispute the human race has become progressively more materially advanced with time. Yet, for the first time in human history, an energy crisis has seized the entire globe and the very sustainability of this civilization itself has suddenly come into question. If there is any truth to the claim that humanity has actually progressed as a species, it must exhibit, as part of its basis, some evidence that overall efficiency in energy consumption has improved. In terms of energy consumption, this would mean that less energy is required per capita to sustain life today than, say, 60 years earlier. Unfortunately, exactly the opposite has happened. We used to know that resources were infinite, and human needs finite. After all, it takes relatively little to sustain an individual human life. Things have changed, however, and today we are told, repeatedly: resources are finite, human needs are infinite. What’s going on?

Some Nobel Laureates (e.g., Robert Curl) and environmental activists (e.g., David Suzuki) have blamed the entire technology development regime, except certain disciplines of their choosing. For instance, Robert Curl would not see anything wrong with chemicals and David Suzuki would actually make living out of selling solar panels, calling them ‘renewable’ (it is these panels that guzzle cancer causing SiO2 fume that are far worse than car exhaust). Others have the blamed fossil fuel and chemical industries. It was a common saying over a century ago, that we would run out of coal; therefore, coal needs to be replaced with petroleum. Ever since the politics-related oil crisis of 1970s, we have heard the declaration that the end of the global reserve is near. It was widely believed that oil price would rise to $200/bbl by 2000 and we must seek an alternate source of energy because petroleum will soon become out of reach. The opposite happened during the Clinton era, with peace dividend due to cessation of the cold war (due to dismantling of the Soviet Union), economy flourished and oil price hovered around $10/bbl. A new crisis had to be invented. Starting from the Clinton era, another concern has been added; that is, the environmental concern. With former Vice President, Al-Gore’s newfound contempt for fossil fuel and love for anything not carbon (including nuclear technology, which was curiously synonymous with Tennessee – a state Al Gore1 once represented), the world started to believe carbon was the enemy. This drumbeat against petroleum continued even during the Bush 43 era and President George W. Bush talked about ‘oil addiction’ (Islam et al., 2010). Even his most ardent detractors embrace that comment as some sign of deep thinking. Then came the Obama era – the era of contradictions and paradoxes (Brown and Epstein, 2014). If President Clinton gained notoriety by admitting to doing drugs but not inhale, Obama could admit to get ‘high’ and yet maintain his saintly aura. The Obama era is marked with unprecedented surge in oil and gas production activities that catapulted USA to energy solvency (Islam, 2014), looking to an unprecedented position of net exporter of energy (CNBC, 2018). In a paradoxical move, however, Obama increased investments in so-called renewable projects, painting the US administration as environment-friendly, with the fundamental premise that oil is not sustainable but renewable energies, such as solar, wind, biofuel are. The president who ran on the slogan ‘yes we can’, invested heavily on promises of a vast network of high-speed rail, a “smart” electric grid, a million electric cars on the roads, a “clean energy economy” creating millions of new green jobs. The ‘yes we can’ slogan turned out to be ‘no he cannot’ after spectacular failure of his promises (Editorial, 2017). After spending over $105 billion on a road system he called the “largest new investment in America’s infrastructure since President Eisenhower built the Interstate Highway System,” the American Society of Civil Engineers graded the state of the nation’s overall infrastructure when from a “D” to a “D+.” In other words, it went from poor to only slightly less poor. In fact, the Transportation Department reports (USDT, 2018) that highway congestion was worse in 2016 (4 hours 43 minutes) than it was in 2008 (4 hours 20 minutes). It is the same for electric cars that saw heavy subsidies and generous tax breaks only to see a $8 billion investment see only a tiny niche market, subsidized by millions of taxpayers who have no interest in owning one (Editorial, 2017). Similarly, Obama’s high-speed rail fantasy that was supposed to take root in 10 regions ended up being a ‘California’ dream with a price tag of $8 billion in stimulus package and $3.5 billion in grants from the federal government. This is the same California ranked no. 32 in overall ranking among 50 states (USNews, 2018), the same California that became a national disgrace for its ‘cruel’ and ‘inhuman’ homelessness crisis (Bendix, 2018). Obama’s most spectacular failure was in renewable energy spending. He spent billions of taxpayer dollars subsidizing windmills and solar plants as part of his vision of a “clean energy” future. However, despite his repeated claims about a huge increase in renewable energy production, renewables today make up just 11% of the nation’s total energy production, according to the Energy Information Administration. Figure 1.1 shows how it was oil and gas production that met the bulk of the energy need of the USA. In mid-1983, the share of energy production comprised of renewables was 11%. The biggest shift in energy under Obama came not from a government program, but from fracking, which vastly expanded the supply of domestic oil and natural gas. But, what all these have to do with the science of climate change?

Figure 1.1 Primary energy production (from EIA, 2018).

One would think scientists are the first ones to recognize inherent flaws in political decisions, involving billions of public funding. The sad reality is that scientists have abandoned objective research. In this case of energy policy and climate change strategies, 97% of scientists have pandered the liberal line, that is carbon is the enemy and as long as an energy source is not carbon, we are safe (Nuccitelli, 2018). Before we talk about the 3% who at least opposed the 97%, let us review some of the public reaction to Obama’s no-carbon policy. Biello (2015) painstakingly described how Obama’s energy policy was actually a ‘seed of clean-energy revolution’. Biello proudly displays a picture of a giant collection of 5.2 million solar panels, A blue-black field of 5.2 million solar panels (Picture 1.1) turning 300 megawatts of silicon photovoltaics (PV) into electricity. He (Biello, 2015a) connects to equally glamourous feat of a giant wind farm equipped with wind turbines (Picture 1.2) to green energy, totally oblivious of the facts that these technologies are not renewable, efficient (Chhetri et al., 2008) or safe for the environment (Islam et al., 2015). To cap it up, the loans from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Loan Programs Office (LPO) is flaunted as if this public fund that made the projects possible is a testimony that the project is a scientific marvel. To be clear, this loan program was attached to innovative technologies, defined as “new or significantly improved technologies as compared with commercial technologies” (with commercial defined as used in three or more other projects over more than five years). Some $16 billion was available before September 2011 on top of the $56 billion already available – all in name of innovative technology. So, one must wonder what great innovation these huge loans were connected to? Those innovations range from the basic layout of solar farms of more than 100 megawatts to storing sunshine in molten salts and using lens to concentrate it and improve photovoltaic efficiency. Translation? As long as it does not involve petroleum, it is innovative. Inherent to all these is the premise, is that anything related to carbon is unsustainable whereas anything related to solar, wind, or so-called ‘renewable’ is sustainable or ‘green’. As pointed out by former President Barack Obama, “There is such a thing as being too late when it comes to climate change,” President Barack Obama said in unveiling the administration’s Clean Power Plan at the White House on August 3, “The science tells us we have to do more.” All of a sudden, a president with law degree sanctifies ‘science’ and none of the 97% scientists could ask the research questions:

What is the long-term consequences of the ‘renewable’ energy?

What is the real cause of global warming?Instead of seeking to answer these research questions, the debate now moves on to the phase, where the research question become

How the economics of ‘renewable’ energy can be improved?

How can we reduce our ‘oil addiction’?

Picture 1.1 This big solar project in Arizona is just one of the large clean power plants enabled by the Energy Department’s Loan Program Office. Credit: Courtesy of NRG.

Picture 1.2 Few realize wind turbines are inherently unsustainable and nowhere close to being renewable.

Not surprisingly, the solution becomes Carbon tax, so the ‘oil addiction’ is minimized and with added revenue more can be spent to offset the poor economy of ‘renewable’ energy sources or worse, some absolutely preposterous idea. What could be more preposterous than taxing people to offset so-called renewable energy sources that account for less than 20% of the total energy? Well, it seems scientists lived up to the insanity that would make flat earthers look logical. In 2018, Smith and Wagner came up with the ‘brilliant idea’ that the solution to global warming is to spray the stratosphere with aerosol, containing sulfates – the very kind that contributed to the current crisis. It is reminiscent of Stephen Hawking’s claim that the solution to global crisis that is a fruit of colonization is to colonize the Mars. But, at least Stephen Hawking didn’t have an axe to grind. He wasn’t waiting to cash in a large grant out of his insane comment. For Smith and Wagner, it is a lucrative business. They propose developing a new, purpose-built high-altitude tanker with substantial payload capabilities. That’s a great ticket to instant cash considering that a 15 year span for the spraying project is proposed. These are the scientists that give credibility to politicians, who have been vocal about academic ‘corruption’ akin to corporate greed2. As Sen. Rick Santorum said, “If there was no climate change, we’d have a lot of scientists looking for work. The reality is that a lot of these scientists are driven by the money that they receive,” if one consensus that’s worth a mention it is the fact that scientists have made funding to be their primary motivator.

The response of the 3% ‘disbeliever’ scientists have been first denial that global warming exists, then challenge the prospect of replacing fossil fuel with a workable alternative, arguing that the economics of scale offered by fossil fuel cannot be overcome with alternative energy sources. This line of argument buries the possibility of answering pivotal Questions 1 and 2.

This book brings back real science to answer the most important questions regarding climate change. These questions have eluded both sides of the Climate change debate. Because one side of the debate (the 97%) starts off the premise that ‘Carbon is the enemy’ and this book starts off the premise that carbon is essential to life, this book may appear to be taking side of the 3% ‘climate change denier’. This perception is inaccurate. In this book, the mistakes of both sides are corrected and, as such, it opposes both current views of climate change. The only stance the book backs is the pure logic – free from dogmatic assertions. As such, it criticizes all dominant physics and chemistry theories that have been built on illogical, aphenomenal and unnecessary premises. It is, however, found that mainstream scientists have resorted to take a stance that can be considered liberal (anti-Carbon). We see no excuse for such bias other than ‘monetary axe to grind’. In this process, economists have played a role in what we call monetizing ignorance or bias. This is not just an economics problem (Islam et al., 2018a), this is also a scientific integrity problem. This book will show how every time the most logical options have been avoided in explaining natural phenomena, instead resorting to dogmatic solutions that would support the desired conclusion. Whenever someone critiqued this process and pointed out obvious fallacies, he/she has been a target of attack by people who have little or no understanding of fundamental processes at play. In that process, even the likes of US President has not been spared (Nuccitelli, 2018). In the meantime, it has become fashionable even to promote nuclear energy pitting against fossil fuel and that too by the likes of Al Gore

and even Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia (Frantzman, 2018). This book brings back logic and isolates politicking from science and delivers scientific findings in their purest forms.

1.2 Summary

Even though petroleum continues to be the world’s most diverse, efficient, and abundant energy source, due to “grim climate concerns”, global initiatives are pointing toward a “go green” mantra. When it comes to defining ‘green’, numerous schemes are being presented as ‘green’ even though all it means is the source of energy is not carbon. In fact the ‘left’, often emboldened with ‘scientific evidence’, blames Carbon for everything, forgetting that carbon is the most essential component of plants. The ‘right’, on the other hand, denies climate change altogether, stating that it is all part of the natural cycle and there is nothing unusual about the current surge in CO2 in the atmosphere. Both sides ignore the real science behind the process. The left does not recognize the fact that artificial chemicals added during the refining process make the petroleum inherently toxic.

This book is aimed at examining science behind global warming and climate change. Avoiding the conventional approach of looking into ‘greenhouse gases’ that are recognized to be from anthropogenic activities, this book looks beyond the usual suspect of fossil fuel. By using a detailed pathway analysis, this book identifies flaws of various energy production schemes, including petroleum resource development. The source of alteration of CO2 quality that renders the CO2 unabsorbable by the ecosystem is identified for cases of forest fire, agricultural activities, fossil fuel as well as biofuel. The nature of CO2 emission from various processes, including biomass (during the agricultural process and beyond) is analyzed and decisions made as to what role it will play to the global scenario. CO2 emission data from the pre-industrial age all the way to current era are then analyzed, showing clear correlation between CO2 concentration in the atmosphere with ‘corrupt’ CO2