In quest for the seed idea E-Book

Claudio Mollo

• Herausgeber: Claudio Mollo
• Kategorie: Religion und Spiritualität
• Sprache: Englisch

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2020

Beschreibung

The Phlegrean fields, Naples, Herculaneum, Pompeii, Sorrento, Amalfi and Paestum.
Greek-Roman and Judeo-Christian is our culture.
A special light shines over southern Italy: thoughts, remarks and the considerations of a free thinker.

Leseprobe

First print July 07th 2010

Reviewed December 07 2013

INDEX

Preface

Terms used for the unmentionable

Oldest cities

Chapter 1: Introduction

Time

Mythology origin

Legend and History

Universal flood – Geology – Volcanoes

Greek Olympus

Hesiod – Homer-Considerations

Observations on Religions

Time scale

Dionysus

Villa Mystery

Pandora-Prometheus-Paleontology

Z. Sitchin teory

Egyptian – Prayer

Symbols – Prayers

Birth Death and Rebirth

Fates – Apollo – Artemis

Are we alone? – Cells

Astronomy - Mummification

Pagan sacrifice – Eternity

Relativity

Mom – Soul

Symbols

Sun - Circle -Swastika

Dove – Serpent

Composite Bodies – Mason

Freedom

Marsia – Govern – Cartel-lobbies

Chapter 2:

From Troy to Rome

Helen – Agamemnon – Achilles

Ajax – Briseis – Aeneas –Anchises

Cuman oracle – Deifobe

Greater Greece

Cuma – Averno - Cement

Paestum – Temples – Zeus

Greek artistic inspiration – Sculpture

Olympic games – Philosophy – Philosophers

Rome

Genealogy

Diffusion of Culture

Yezidis - Alphabet – Sailing Med Sea

Jason - Ulysses – Sirens

Expeditions – Alexander - Alexandria

Wonders ancient world

Malta – Jewish – Templar

Pozzuoli – S. Paul - Roads - Corporate mind

Sator

Technology

Chapter 3:

Love Pleasure and Family relations

Paris Judgment -Women – Aphrodite

Daphne – Graces – Priapus

Prostitution – Women status

Love – Symposium – Amorino

Andromeda

Cyparrissus Hades –Persephone – Hypnos

Protesilao – Laodamia - Psyche

Melager – Narcissus – Orpheus

Pyramus - Europa – Ganymede – Io – Danae

Pleasure - Pan - Pasiphae

Family relations – Hera – Heracles

Telephos – Athena – Bellerophon – Chiron

Daedalus – Dirce

Hephaistos – Medea Orestes

Conclusion

Time line

Some Bibliographical Sources

Preface by the Author

In my 40 years in the tourism industry, I had the opportunity to entertain myself among most of the archaeological sites and museums within the Campania region (Italy South) and I had the pleasure to discuss of art, myths, religions and other sciences with hundreds of educated people coming from different countries of mother earth.

The questions I have been asked throughout my activity triggered my curiosity in careful research and exciting cultural discoveries.

These notes are meant to be a tribute to anyone who has ever been interested in reading about our origins, function and end of things. In particular, to those scholars whose works I have read. They all share an irrepressible and sometimes obsessive curiosity in our past, present and future: J. Campbell, with his universal way of conceiving the human needs of the soul, with no distinction of colour or race, A. Morelli, as a field expert with a clear vision of Egyptian and Greek-Roman Mythology, L. De Crescenzo, with his simple comparisons between the software of our ancestors and contemporary man’s, S. Hawking, as a man of science searching for the invisible and visible Universe – a Universe where man has been conceived and is now living in spite of its mysteries and yet, achieving some scientific certitudes; G. Ravasi, whose works should be read in total silence, just as when listening to your favourite music, for his wonderful descriptions of the ancient world, his consideration of ancient transcriptions and translations, and the related interpretations of the sacred writings.

Mythology is the story of our identity, an organization of symbolic narratives and images, which are often metaphorical, but still providing a complete picture of the cultural repertoire of a given society at any given time. When Religions are studied and become a set of theological works in which everything is reduced to a code, Mythology turns into Theology. The question of creation involves a constant reflection on our natural or/and divine origin. At the same time, we analyse the never-ending circle of life transformation, from birth to death to rebirth.

In this notebook I discuss several instances of symbols dealing with mysteries and philosophical questions that have been fascinating humankind since the very beginning.

A book of meditations and notes like this, couldn’t avoid to dwell for some pages on one of the most difficult words in any human language : freedom.

We start our overview of Mediterranean written culture from the Trojan conflict. Its violence is the natural consequence of an explosive combination of love and hatred. Later, In the Æneid, Virgil narrates how these events apparently led to the foundation of Roman civilization.

..at a certain point along the Tiber river, the basket was stranded and the crying of the children in it caught the attention of a she-wolf or..

In a proper chapter on Greater Greece, I look at the relationships between classical culture and ours. In here, I have the opportunity to describe some wonderful sites in Southern Italy which represent the living proof of our close relationship with classical Greek culture.

Great credit to the Ancient Greeks, the brightest civilization that ever flourished on earth.

All civilisations have developed inventions and experiences which have naturally spread in the world, thus achieving the first purpose of culture, i.e. progress.

The last chapter deals with the mysterious and fascinating nature of woman. It deals with topics such as love, pleasure and family relations. Here you can read the story of many mythological female figures involved in the eternal adventure of love.

All in all the reader will encounter some physical principles giving answers to what our ancestors could not explain at that stage of their cultural development.

These notes address a reader who has not spent much time on the topics treated.

They are written in a very simple English, every now and then with a bit of humour and satire.

In here you will find hints to some conclusions and meditate on, at some point in our life. At any point in these notes, I refer to our ancestors' lives, to their awareness and knowledge of their world and to the mysteries and expectations involved in the human vision of the future.

I believe everyone can recognize some of his/her thoughts at some point of this note book.

The most important myth/stories related to the oldest colonizers and heroes/deities were mainly connected to the search of immortality or metals, in particular gold, for its hypnotic power.

In the translation of the Sumerian clay tablets dating back to 6,000 years ago, we read the word DIN.GIR, meaning: “the pure ones of the blazing rockets”. The Akkadians later named those creatures ILU: “those who are in the heights”. From this word came the biblical EL.

Phoenicians called them BA’AL.

In Sanskrit the word DIVO-GA means “born in the sky”.

Zeus in Greek is Djeus, the genitive is Diòs, meaning “shining sky”. Dium in Latin means Day or Sky, while Dyàus means light.

Thus, Deity is a pagan concept, whose development dates back to post-Sumerian civilizations.

The Hebrew word YHW was conceived not to be pronounced.

(From Hera 55/2004, Alfredo di Pinzio).

How could one call something considered invisible but divine?

Only through the explanation of what one thinks is the influence of the Almighty?

Or through the explanation of what one thinks he-she is and what it will cause?

We have to use different terms then from one event to another.

At the same time we have to consider that any linguistic attempt to describe the concept of “the whole” may not be adequate.

Below are some of the words I use to mention the unmentionable:

Supreme Being

Singularity

The Whole

Creator

Conceiver

Almighty

Divine will

Omnipotent

Ubiquitous

Creative thought

Divine Spirit

Creative breeze

Of course, more and more terms were and will be used throughout the different civilizations, scientific trends and cultural evolution.

A civilization is a territory where a considerable number of people develops various forms of art, literature, science, politics, trade and communications.

It is beyond the purposes of these notes to classify chronologically ancient records in order to distinguish between civilizations, tribal societies and farming villages. Ethnic minorities have been marginalized as their historical territories became part of a state.

Puma Punku and Tiwanaku in Bolivia are said to be city states of about 12 millennia ago.

The Natufian culture in Eastern Mediterranean dates back to 11,000 years ago.

Jerico on the West Jordan River is today Palestinian territory. This settlement is 9,000 years old.

Katak Huyuk in Turkey is 8,000 years old.

Mehrgar is a farming village in Pakistan dating back to 8,000 years ago.

Sumer civilization in Southern Mesopotamia dates back to 6,000 years ago.

Egyptians in North Africa is a civilization of 5,500 years ago.

Harappa civilization in Punjab developed around 5,500 years ago on theIndu river.

The Caral-Supe settlement in Peru dates back to 5,500 years ago.

Akkadian civilization in Mesopotamia flourished 5 thousand years ago.

Minoians from Crete island lived 4,500 years ago.

Assyriawas a SemiticAkkadian kingdom, 4,500 year ago.

Yezidis Kurdish in Iraq was an Indo-Arian ethnic group of 4,000 ago.

Hebrew civilization dates back to 4,000 years ago.

Hittites from Turkey flourished 3,800 year ago.

Maya civilization in Onduras Guatemala and Mexico flourished 4,000 years ago. Palenque used to be one of the capitals.

Henan Xia Dynasty in China dates back to 3,700 year ago.

Phoenicians, an ancient Semitic population from the early Canaanite flourished 3,500 year ago.

Etruscan civilization was based in the Central Northern Italy 2,900 year ago.

Chapter one

Introduction

How do we position ourselves, from the spiritual and material point of view with the macro and micro universes?

The earliest theoretical attempts to describe and explain the universe involved the idea that spirits inhabited natural objects, such as rivers and mountains, including celestial bodies, like the sun and moon and they acted in a very humanlike and unpredictable manner.

These spirits had to be placated and their favors sought in order to ensure fertility of the soil and rotation of the seasons. Gradually, however, someone must have been noticed that there were certain regularities: the sun always rose East and set West, whether or not a sacrifice had been made to the sun deity. At first, these regularities and laws were obviously found only in astronomy and a few other fields.

In ancient Egypt, for instance, the Sun was considered the primary energy creating life and was associated with the male. The second energy was the female creating

duality, when this energy was fecundated by the first energy, the third energy was given birth, the child, the triangle, that is, the sum of the primary and secondary energy. The fourth energy, the square, is the family, the solid base of the pyramid of future.

(NOTA: See Pandora).

However, as civilization developed, and particularly in the last 300 years, more and more regularities and laws were discovered.

TIME

How do we reckon years BC and AD?

Was Jesus born in the year 0? Month and day are also unknown.

The year 1 AD corresponds to:

3761 years after the beginning of the Jewish calendar, which supposedly started the first full moon after the creation of the world, according to the Torah, it was midnight, October 6th.

2637 years after the beginning of the Chinese calendar, which starts on the date of the traditional invention of the calendar.

776 years after the beginning of the Greek calendar, starting from the first Olympic game. The year 1 AD was the 194th Olympic game.

753 years after a.u.c. (ab urbe condita) since the foundation of the city of Rome, (according the tradition April 21st).

622 AH (Anno Hegirae) years before Hegirae, when Mohamed entered Medina, supposedly July 16th.

The concept of a year "zero" is a modern myth.

Roman numerals do not have a figure designating zero.

Our present year was established by Dionysius Exiguus. Dionysius let the year 1 AD start one week after what he believed to be Jesus' birthday.

Therefore, 1 AD follows immediately 1 BC with no intervening year zero. So a person who was born in 10 BC and died in 10 AD, would have died at the age of 19, not 20.

Furthermore, Dionysius' calculations were wrong: it is written in the Gospel of Matthew that Chrestòs was born under the reign of king Herod the Great (son of Antipatro), Herod died in 749 a.u.c. this means that Jesus was born at least 2 years before, probably 747 a.u.c., whereas Exiguus had established the year zero in 753 a.u.c.

The result is that the year 2014 is at least the year 2020.

(Monk from latin monos, one, he who lives in solitude). (NOTE: I Vangeli, new version from the original. Edizioni Paoline 1985).

The story is as follows:

In about 523 AD, the papal chancellor, Bonifacius, asked monk Dionysius Exiguus – in English known as Denis the Little – of the Roman Curia, to make calculations in order to establish dates for Easter.

Dionysius wrongly set Jesus' birth with respect to Diocletian's reign in such a manner that it falls on 25 December 753 a.u.c., thus making the current era start with 1 AD on 1 January 754 a.u.c.

How Dionysius Exiguus reached this conclusion is unknown.

Does the lack of the year zero cause a problem?

Yes it does, to astronomers who frequently use another way of numbering the years BC. Instead of 1 BC they use 0, instead of 2 BC they use -1, instead of 3 BC they use -2, and so on.

In ancient Rome, December 25th used to be the festivity in honor of Saturn. He was the deity who revealed the secrets of agriculture so bringing healthiness, wealth, peace and love. During these festivities all social diversities were abolished.

According to tradition, some deities like Horus, Mithras and Dionysus were born in December, due to the winter solstice, considered as the date when light begins to return.

780 a.u.c. Tiberius emperor wrote a dispatch to the Roman senate, concerning the trial against a certain Chrestòs in Judea.

(NOTE: sources Tacitus and Svetonio).

MYTHOLOGY

Introduction

Mythology is the story of our identity, an organization of symbolic narratives and images that are sometime metaphorical, recounting of the possibilities of human experience in a given society at a given time.

In order to find something new, one has to leave the old and go in quest of the seed idea, an idea that would have the potentiality of bringing forth the new.

(J.Campbell, The Hero’s Journey).

Myths have to do with the serious matters of living life in terms of the order of society and nature, whereas fairy-tales are told for entertainment.

Religions are stories that connect us to “the divine”.

The mystery is a versatile tool for the creation of stories, faith, dominions, philosophies and religious systems, but you need the right social position to have time enough to experience meditation, pleasures, conversations, journeys, observations and to learn how to use it at right moment in the right place.

(J. Campbell).

“”Faith and reason are the wings taking to truth.”” St. John.

The question is;

A world without suffering and solitude would it still require a religion?

In Athens in order to ensure that all the deities were represented they even built a temple dedicated to the unknown one.

LEGENDS AND HISTORY

Fecundity, birth, fertility, thunder, lightning, cyclones, earthquakes, eruptions, fire, day, night, sun, moon, stars and others, are phenomena that had no scientific answers for thousand years.

Men could find no answers to questions such as: why crops die every winter or where the sun goes at night. These incomprehensible phenomena were often associated with idols. Once you have deities, you can influence them in different ways. They were then venerated in the attempt to appease them and catch their favours, and decrease or increase their activity.

In the mythological tradition of Polynesian culture, the moon was the delight of man, providing the tepid and natural light, useful not only for the sentimental aspect of human life, but also for planting the “Taro” (potato), the nutrition base for Polynesians, that needed full moon in order to ensure an abundant harvest.

Each civilisation has had its own ceremonies and sacrifices to the different deities. The first inhabitants of the Earth who started the tales of myth also customized the practices for venerating their idols. Those people who stood out from the others, because of either their intelligence or special gifts, became the interpreters of divine responses. These "priests" handed down from generation to generation, by word of mouth, the roots of mythology.

Mithos in Greek means tale, and mythology was the only thing that really unified the Greek Empire. Religion and politics are always a powerful combination: for example, the Romans proclaimed their emperors divine, as the Egyptians did, which meant that their word was law.

In order to control people, one could use the threat of punishment in after life, if they did not keep in line.

Most of the Greek deities and myths have roots in the previous civilizations.

Between the IX and VI century BC there were many kinds of poets and street singers that for a bowl of hot soup, used to entertain people with tales of heroes and deities, inventing and exaggerating for the astonishment of their audience as much as they could.

Before maps were drawn, these tales were often used for teaching geography: for example, they taught that after crossing a particular mountain one could find a narrow pass followed by a dangerous precipice, and so on. (Myth. by Roni Jay).

From the Aborigines to the Greeks, from the Babylonians to the Indians, from the Polynesians to the Chinese, from the Egyptians to the American Indians, and so on, Myth has been an invisible life-code creating traditions.

Ancient myths were useful to create harmony between mind and body. These stories are alive in us and they often unconsciously influence our behaviour.

Sometimes myths change as the understanding of people increases. Suppose you believe it rains because the rain deity is happy, and you have a myth explaining that. As time goes on, you observe that it actually rains anytime the sky is full of black clouds.

So you adjust your myth accordingly, explaining why the rain deity has filled the sky with black clouds. To some extent, the function of deities is different from place to place. For instance a sea deity having the power to keep the sea-water calm and safe will be far more important to peoples living on the coast than to those living inland.

(Myth. by Roni Joy).

It is assumed that the earliest form of society used to get nutrition by hunting. Then, maybe, someone who was not really able to hunt started to observe carefully the reproductive system of vegetation, and noticed it was possible to get nutrition from it without taking the risk of killing animals.

This is how rural society developed. Obviously, the rules of life adjusted to the new customs, such as propitiation ceremonies for harvesting, which had similar goals, to those made for hunting, in terms of wished benefits.

Here are two similar stories from two different civilisations:

An American-Indian legend tells of a boy having visions of another young man approaching him with a wreath of plums, inviting him to fight and eventually defeating him. The fight occurred again and again with the same result. One day the young man with the wreath ordered the boy to kill him during the next fight and to bury him, and made the boy promise to take care of the land where he was going to be buried.

After some time on the grave of the young man with the wreath of plums, the first Maize (corn) started to grow.

A Polynesian legend tells of a girl who used to bathe in a small bay where an enormous sea eel was also swimming.

The eel started to swim closer and closer to the girl, until one day it turned into a handsome boy for a short time, or to better say, for just enough time to become her lover.

The time went by and this love story went on and on, as the sea eel kept turning in to a handsome young man. One day he told the girl that she had to kill him and bury his head, which she did. On the land where the head was buried, the first coconut tree sprouted.

(Power of Myth, J. Campbell).

Why should we defend the value of the past?

Because in the past we can find the values of our ancestors.

For example: 3200 years ago, that is, a 100 generations before us, one of our ancestors was living at the same time as the Trojan War.

Of course, they may not be Aeneas, Priamus, Ulysses and so on, but nobody is preventing us to think so.

(Dei e Miti, A. Morelli).

Each one of us descends necessarily from 2 parents. If we calculate only 10 generations including ours, we reach the number of 1024 persons with whom we share the same genetic. This number increases up to 1.077.336 for 20 generations.

(Archeo, issue Novembre 2010, page 32).

Many aspects of Western culture and history have roots in ancient Greek and Roman civilizations or in earlier Eastern civilizations.

Through the heritage of the ancient world it is possible to recover the connecting thread of a large part of our mentality. The ancient world is deeply rooted in us, and to some extent it has shaped our basic feelings towards life and nature, influenced our spiritual life and framed our traditional forms of entertainment - such as the Drama.

While studying evidence of these, we thus become conscious of our roots.

Gazing at the marvels of a starry sky regardless of the places where our ancient ancestor were living their thoughts were naturally brought to think that this was the deities home.

Civilizations that have never been in touch with each other, share many spiritual stories and myths, as a common result of their need to understand. This proves that human instinct is essentially similar all over the world.

THE UNIVERSAL FLOOD - One of the most troubling questions in mythology and history.

(estimated date 13000 years ago) Genesis 7;10 beginning of the Universal flood. Up to this point the Bible is writing about people living during the pre-flood era (Genesis 6;1-9) when men began to multiply on the face of the earth, and daughters were born unto them, the sons of Deities (DIN.GIR) saw the daughters of men that they were fair; and they took them wives of all which they chose. There were giants (in Hebrew NEPHILIM 6;4) on earth in those days.

From an Hebrew manuscript of the Dead sea scroll one can read that Noah was conceived by the Nephilim as it is mentioned in the Bible Genesis. Noah was the son of Lamech and grandson of Methuselah. The book of Enoch says he was born white like snow and red like a rose. While his hairs were curly white like sheep's wool.

This remarkable story is contained in the tales of about 60 different cultures in various continents. These tales deals with an angry deity who decides to destroy mankind by causing a great flood, and giving instruction to build a large boat, and the way of saving only a couple of each living creatures for each species in order to pursue their reproduction. (Dei e Miti, Morelli).

Almost every mythological system belonging to cultures living close to the water explains the origin of life out of water itself, and every culture holds water as the elixir of life.

The collection of over 20000 clay boards found by the archaeologist George Smith has been recognized as the so-called library of the Assyrian king Assurbanipal in Nineveh. The writing was in cuneiform characters IV millennium BC.

On the XI board, there is the following description:

The construction of the ark

…as soon as the dawn dulled, all the country had gathered around me; the carpenter carried its axe…

…the young men brought houses of brick. The children carried pitch. The fifth day I designed the outline of the ship; its surface was large as a field, its walls were high 120 cubits… XI, vv.113-126. In this report Noah is Utnapistim.

Another important Babylonians library was in Ebla (today Mardikh in Syria) where, in 1975, 17.000 clay boards were found, written between 4500 and 4200 years ago.

Assyrian–Babylonese Olympus

Nannathe creator

Anthe sky

Kithe earth

Sinthe moon

Shamashthe sun

Ishtardeity of the love

According to the Maori people, “Rangi” was the Father Sky and his wife was “Papa” the Mother Earth. At the beginning of time, Rangi, the male sky, and Papa, the female Earth, were entwined in a steady embrace. Rangi wanted to keep this embrace in order to prevent the creation of the world.

Greek deities were similar in appearance to mortals: they could get angry or jealous, fell in love, fought and generated children by sexual intercourses either with other deity or human being.

They were using extra-terrestrial power and strange weapons, becoming invisible at will.

Distances were not a problem as these could be covered at great speed.

Some deities had an astral association;

Gaea - Heart, Hermes - Mercury, Aphrodite - Venus, Ares - Mars, Cronus - Saturn, Zeus - Jupiter.

The great deities were associated to the number twelve, in the Vedas, Hittite, Greek and Roman traditions.

According to Greek mythology, URANUS (the sky), was generated by Gaea, (the earth), and together they conceived :

12 Titans

-6 males: Oceanus, Coio, Crio, Hyperion, Giapeto and

Chronos.

-6 females: Teia, Rhea, Temi, Mnemosine, Phoebe and

Thetus and

-3 Cyclops (with one frontal eye): Bronte "the thunder",

Sterope "the lightning" and Arge "the brightness" and

-24 more Giants, Alcioneo, Porphyrius, Ephialtes, Eurito,

Clizio, Mima, Pallante, Enceladus, Polibute, Hippolytus,

Grazio, Tizio, Taone, etc...

They were very tall beings (12 m according to the myth), they were evil creatures and some had long snakes as legs. When Uranus saw them, he understood that he had to do something to make them disappear.

In order to avoid further problems, Uranus chased some of them back into the Underworld. All these children terrified by their father, were forced to stay into the depths of Gaea's body.

At this point the earth, Gaea, started to have pains in her womb because of the restlessness of her children, and in order to stop Uranus from impregnating her, she convinced Chronos (Saturn) to emasculate his father. When the night came and Uranus, the sky, covered Gaea, the earth, in a warm embrace, the sharp sickle of Chronos, which was made of diamonds, fell on Uranus' genitals. The phallus, falling into the Ocean, generated Aphrodite, and from Uranus’ blood the Nymphs were born. (see Aphroidite).

Soon after, the nasty Giants felt free to come out of the Tartarus (the Underworld). Because of the pressure that had pushed them back for a long time, they came out in such a violent way that they gave origin to earthquakes and eruptions of fire, starting to challenge the deities of Mt. Olympus in a tremendous battle. This fight was resolved mainly because of Hercules, who came to help his father Zeus and killed all the Giants with his poisoned arrows.

According to the Greek mythology, this took place in the Phlegrean Fields, near Naples, a large volcanic area with over 20 craters.

What is the Earth made of, on which we transit for a fraction of time as lightning?

The earth (GAEA), is 4,500 billion years old.

A cloud of stellar dust compressed into the planet Earth.

The nucleus of the Earth is as large as the Moon. The heart of the nucleus revolves in one direction while the outer shell revolves the opposite way.

The inner core is of about 1,300 km thick, mostly of iron and nickel, whose temperature is close to 4,000°C. In spite of such high temperature, the inner core is solid because of the gravity force of 3.5 million of atmosphere, which does not allow the metals to melt. The outer core of molten metal is around 2,200 km thick.

Surrounding the Nucleus is the inner and outer mantel, about 2,900 km thick, above which is the crusts, the earth’s hard outer shell. The crust is from 6 to 15 km tick under the Oceans and from 30 to 50 thick under the emerging land arranged in continental plateau.

The heat from the earth centre and the contrasting rotation of the layers, generates the gravity, the magnetic field, heat and gas pressure, which once on the earth surface generates several phenomena such as:

- atmosphere kept around the world by gravity, consequently allowing life.

- motion-cause of the floating plateau at a speed of more or less one centimeter per year.

In correspondence of the collision areas it allows for mountains formation, while on the breaking areas it causes the following seismic phenomena; (NOTE: the Bay of Naples (Southern Italy) is along the fault of the African and European tectonic plates. (see also Uranus).

- earthquakes of different natures measured mainly by the scales of Mercalli or Richter. These Scales were conceived to estimate an earthquake according to the intensity, speed, range, energy, acceleration and damage caused. Every year our earth, shakes more or less 300,000 times, although fortunately only 4,000 of these times it overcomes the first grade of the scales.

(In the Bay of Naples there are from 10 to 15 earthquakes between 0.8 to 1.0 Mercalli scale daily).

- eruptions; they are caused by the underground pressure, that leads melt metals to overflow from the craters.

(Note : there are twenty-four craters in the Bay of Naples. Vesuvius is considered an explosive volcano and the Phlegrean Fileds volcanic system is considered a super-volcano).

- bradis - seismos is a slow movement or slow earthquake. It is negative when the earth crust raises due to heat increase; it is positive when the land shrinks due to temperature decrease.

For example, from 1984 to 1987, part of the city of Pozzuoli, Phlegrean Fields the earth surface raised 1.70 m.

In Greek mythology Uranus, in Roman Vulcan refers to the sky, while the natural powers, such as volcanoes, earthquakes and similar, are associates to Cyclopes and Titans.

Below some of the most well-known volcanoes are listed, starting from our Giant, “the Vesuvius”:

Vesuvius 1,324 m – in the bay of Naples

It is a siliceous volcano, the result of the friction of the continental plates (Euro-Asia and Africa).

The explosion of this particular volcano can be caused by the gases produced in the magma chamber or by water infiltration that may improve the pressure. The most well-known eruption occurred in 79 AD, a powerful and violent explosion, whose estimated blast power was 500 megatons.

This eruption caused a jet of volcanic material shot to the height of over 20 km. It is said that the finestand light volcanic dust, was brought as far as Egypt, by the high altitude breeze.

Soon after, a white hot surge rich of dioxide sulphur came down from the height of 4000 feet, at the speed of over 100 km per hour (30 meters per second).

79 AD eruption buried some Roman cities located around Mt Vesuvius slopes. The most famous was Pompeii. The town was preserved under 22 feet of volcanic material for almost 17hundred years.

Exploration started during the 17century followed by the proper excavation started in 1860. Up to now only the 2/third out of 66 hectares were brought to light. About 800 houses.

The Archeosite that can be visited today shows the damage done by the Bourbons explorations, the wrong restorations, exposition to the inclemency of the weather for over a century, the II world war bombing, the 1980’s earthquake and the millions of visitors.

Beside all above Pompeii and the nearby Herculaneum are still the most well preserved cities of the ancient Roman world.

Today 2013 we have 18 modern cities lying around Vesuvius slops and valleys that in case of an eruption warning, six hundred thousand people should dislodge.

Etna 3323 m – Sicily

This good giant is an isolated volcano that originated from a huge white hot bubble which broke away from the inflamed lower mantle of the Earth.

The basaltic lava comes out directly through the upper mantle and, perforating the terrestrial crust, is erupted in spills of lava that built the Volcano itself.

The lava rises because it is lighter than the materials around it; the volatile elements, the gases, come out transforming the magma into a sort of volcanic foam of 1070/1090 °C.

Mt St. Helen – USA. Washington State

Last eruption was on May 18th 1980; the initial explosion power was around 50 megatons. The rain of white hot volcanic material killed any form of life up to 250 km. In a few hours the volcanic cloud had covered a distance of 800 km.

Kracatoa – in Sumatra

The explosion that took place in August, 1883, the energy released was equivalent to an explosion of 150 megatons. The rumble was heard as far as Melbourne, 4,800 km away. Number of victims: 35,000.

Thera – a Greek island

Probably one of the most violent eruptions ever recorded was in Thera, 1628 BC (J.V.Luce “The changing face of Thera Problem”), in the area of today’s Santorini island. Probably this was the event that put an end to the Minoan civilization.

It is a widespread opinion that Thera was part of the Homeric Atlantis. The crater was about six times larger than Krakatoa. According to volcanologists Ninkowich and Heezen, from Columbia University, the crater is around 51 km2. A cloud of 114 km3 was shot in the sky, travelling probably towards Egypt.(“Moses” by Graham Phillips).