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- Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
- Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
- Serie: IEEE Press Series on Power Engineering
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2017
An introduction to the analysis of electric machines, power electronic circuits, electric drive performance, and power systems This book provides students with the basic physical concepts and analysis tools needed for subsequent coursework in electric power and drive systems with a focus on Tesla's rotating magnetic field. Organized in a flexible format, it allows instructors to select material as needed to fit their school's power program. The first chapter covers the fundamental concepts and analytical methods that are common to power and electric drive systems. The subsequent chapters offer introductory analyses specific to electric machines, power electronic circuits, drive system performance and simulation, and power systems. In addition, this book: * Provides students with an analytical base on which to build in advanced follow-on courses * Examines fundamental power conversions (dc-dc, ac-dc and dc-ac), harmonics, and distortion * Describes the dynamic computer simulation of a brushless dc drive to illustrate its performance with both a sinusoidal inverter voltage approximation and more realistic stator six-step drive applied voltages * Includes in-chapter short problems, numerous worked examples, and end-of-chapter problems to help readers review and more fully understand each topic
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IEEE Press445 Hoes LanePiscataway, NJ 08854
IEEE Press Editorial BoardTariq Samad, Editor in Chief
Giancarlo Fortino
Xiaoou Li
Ray Perez
Dmitry Goldgof
Andreas Molisch
Linda Shafer
Don Heirman
Saeid Nahavandi
Mohammad Shahidehpour
Ekram Hossain
Jeffrey Nanzer
Zidong Wang
INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC POWER AND DRIVE SYSTEMS
PAUL KRAUSEOLEG WASYNCZUKTIMOTHY O’CONNELLMAHER HASAN
Copyright © 2017 by The Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey. All rights reservedPublished simultaneously in Canada
No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, scanning, or otherwise, except as permitted under Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without either the prior written permission of the Publisher, or authorization through payment of the appropriate per-copy fee to the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc., 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, (978) 750-8400, fax (978) 750-4470, or on the web at www.copyright.com. Requests to the Publisher for permission should be addressed to the Permissions Department, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 111 River Street, Hoboken, NJ 07030, (201) 748-6011, fax (201) 748-6008, or online at http://www.wiley.com/go/permission.
Limit of Liability/Disclaimer of Warranty: While the publisher and author have used their best efforts in preparing this book, they make no representations or warranties with respect to the accuracy or completeness of the contents of this book and specifically disclaim any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for a particular purpose. No warranty may be created or extended by sales representatives or written sales materials. The advice and strategies contained herein may not be suitable for your situation. You should consult with a professional where appropriate. Neither the publisher nor author shall be liable for any loss of profit or any other commercial damages, including but not limited to special, incidental, consequential, or other damages.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available.
ISBN: 978-1-119-21425-0
CONTENTS
About the Authors
Preface and Acknowledgment
Chapter 1 Basic Concepts
1.1 Introduction
1.2 Phasor Analysis and Power Calculations
1.3 Elementary Magnetic Circuits
1.4 Stationary Coupled Circuits
1.5 Coupled Circuits in Relative Motion
1.6 Electromagnetic Force and Torque
1.7 Elementary Electromechanical Device
1.8 Two- and Three-Phase Systems
References
Problems
Chapter 2 Electric Machines
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Fundamentals of Electric Machine Analysis
2.3 Two-Phase Permanent-Magnet AC Machine
2.4 Analysis of A Two-Phase Permanent-Magnet Ac Machine
2.5 Three-Phase Permanent-Magnet AC Machine
References
Problems
Chapter 3 Power Electronics
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Switching-Circuit Fundamentals
3.3 DC-DC Conversion
3.4 AC-DC Conversion
3.5 DC-AC Conversion
3.6 Harmonics and Distortion
References
Problems
Notes
Chapter 4 Performance and Simulation of an Electric Drive
4.1 Introduction
4.2 Operating Modes of a Brushless DC Motor
4.3 Operation of a Brushless DC Drive
4.4 Simulation of a Brushless DC Drive
References
Problems
Chapter 5 Power Systems
5.1 Introduction
5.2 Three-Phase Transformer Connections
5.3 Synchronous Generator
5.4 Reactive Power and Power Factor Correction
5.5 Per Unit System
5.6 Discussion of Transient Stability
References
Problems
Appendix A Trigonometric Relations, Constants and Conversion Factors, and Abbreviations
A.1 Basic Trigonometric Relations
A.2 Three-Phase Trigonometric Relations
A.3 Abbreviations
A.4 Constants and Conversion Factors
Appendix B Winding Inductances
References
Appendix C Animations
Index
EULA
List of Tables
Chapter 3
Table 3.1
Table 3.2
Chapter 4
Table 4.2-1
Guide
Cover
Table of Contents
Preface
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About the Authors
Paul Krause retired from Purdue University School of Electrical and Computer Engineering in 2009 after serving 39 years as a Professor. He also held teaching positions at the University of Kansas and the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He is a life fellow of IEEE and has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and three textbooks, and he was the 2010 recipient of the IEEE Nikola Tesla Award. He received B.S. degrees in electrical and mechanical engineering, and an M.S. in electrical engineering from the University of Nebraska, and a Ph.D. in electrical engineering from the University of Kansas. He is presently Board Chairman of PC Krause and Associates, Inc. (PCKA) with offices in West Lafayette, IN and Dayton, OH.
Oleg Wasynczuk is a Professor of Electrical and Computer Engineering at Purdue University and also serves as Chief Technical Officer of PC Krause and Associates, Inc. He has authored or co-authored more than 100 technical papers and two textbooks on electric machines. He is a fellow of the IEEE and was the 2008 recipient of the IEEE PES Cyril Veinott Electromechanical Energy Conversion Award. He received a B.S.E.E. degree from Bradley University in 1976, and the M.S.E.E. and Ph.D. degrees from Purdue University in 1977 and 1979, respectively.
Timothy O'Connell is a Senior Lead Engineer with PC Krause and Associates, Inc. (PCKA), in West Lafayette, IN. He jointly holds an Adjunct Research Assistant Professorship in the Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering (ECE) at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign (UIUC). He is a senior member of IEEE, has served as Chair of the IEEE Central Illinois Section since 2015, and is the Department of Defense aerospace industry liaison for the IEEE Transportation Electrification Community (TEC). He has authored or co-authored more than 20 technical papers on a wide variety of topics, including electric machine analysis and design, aerospace power systems, and modeling and simulation. He received a B.A. degree, summa cum laude, in physics from Carleton College in Northfield, MN and M.S. and Ph.D. degrees in ECE from UIUC. He has been teaching a course on Green Electric Energy at UIUC since 2012.
Maher Hasan is currently a Senior Lead Engineer with PC Krause and Associates, Inc., which he joined in 2005. He received a B.S. in electrical engineering, an M.S. in electrical and computer engineering, and a Ph.D. degree from Purdue University in 2004, 2007, and 2009, respectively. He has authored or co-authored several technical papers in the fields of modeling and simulation techniques for circuits and electromechanical systems.
Preface and Acknowledgment
TRADITIONALLY, the lead-in to the study of electric power engineering has been a junior-level course on electric machines. However, due to the advent of power electronics and the computer, the present-day electrical engineering student interested in the power area has several areas from which to choose, including electric machines, power electronics, electric drives, and power systems. This has caused some concern as to the most appropriate lead-in course to the power discipline. Although the analysis of electric machinery is fundamental to power systems and electric drives, it may not be the most effective way to introduce the power area to a student who is trying to decide on a career path. As an alternative, some schools have instituted a survey course; however, this often takes the form of a broad and general review lacking the sufficient depth to give the student an indication of the physical concepts and analyses common to the areas or to provide an analytical foundation on which to build in follow-on courses. From the standpoint of the faculty, who must make full use of every credit hour allotted to their area of study, an introductory course that establishes a useful foundation seems appropriate.
This book is an attempt to provide students with an analytical base on which they can build in follow-on courses in electric machines, power electronics, electric drives, and power systems. This is accomplished with only sophomore-level calculus, physics, and basic electric circuits as pre- or co-requisites, allowing the course to be taught early in most engineering disciplines by a professor with either an engineering or physics background. The text is suggested for use in a 3-hour course in electrical engineering at the second-semester sophomore-level or first-semester junior-level in schools with a viable power program. Alternatively, it supports a junior/senior technical elective course in schools without a power program, or in non-electrical engineering disciplines such as mechanical engineering. It is written so that the professor can select the material to fit the school's power program and interests. Although most of the material in Chapter 1 is common to all areas of power and should be covered in its entirety, each of the subsequent chapters contains material fundamental to the areas of electric machines, power electronics, electric drives, and power systems, respectively, along with material that is somewhat more advanced in each of these disciplines. This allows the instructor to choose between a brief and an in-depth coverage of each of the areas. It is not intended that the entirety of the text be covered in a three-credit course.
Electric machines are covered in Chapter 2, focusing on the analysis of the round-rotor permanent-magnet ac machine. This device, when used as an inverter-driven brushless dc motor, has become the low-power electric drive of choice. Since this is a synchronous machine, the analysis applies, in part, to the synchronous generator that is covered in Chapter 5 on power systems. Tesla's rotating magnetic field is shown to be the key to machine analysis in that it provides a sound basis for a concise analytical derivation of all known mathematical transformations that are used in machine and power system analyses. Moreover, it provides an analytical means of positioning the stator and rotor poles on the phasor diagram, thereby providing a straightforward and instructive illustration of machine operation that adds credence to the approach of analyzing the two-phase devices first and then the three phase. Tesla not only invented the ac machine, his work is instrumental in analyzing and visualizing its operation. An animation described in Appendix C will help the student to visualize Tesla's rotating magnetic field. All animations can be accessed at www.wiley.com/go/krause/electricpower.
Basic power electronic circuit analysis is covered in Chapter 3, including switching-circuit fundamentals, dc-dc converters, ac-dc rectifiers, dc-ac inverters, and a brief introduction to harmonics and distortion. This includes an analysis of the three-phase six-step inverter, which establishes basic relationships between the transistor switching signals and the input (dc) and output (ac) voltages. This inverter is ubiquitous in the electric drives area; as such, its analysis in Chapter 3 is built upon in Chapter 4 on electric drives.
The performance and simulation of an electric drive are covered in Chapter 4. The drive chosen for analysis is the round-rotor permanent-magnet machine described in Chapter 2 powered by the three-phase six-step inverter introduced in Chapter 3. Although this so-called brushless dc drive represents only a small subset of the electric-drives area, it is widely used and its salient features can be presented without becoming too involved. Three methods of brushless dc motor operation – traditional, maximum torque per volt, and maximum torque per ampere – are demonstrated by changing the phase angle and effective value of the applied stator voltages. A direct comparison is made between the simulated performance of the drive with both sinusoidal and six-step applied voltages. The chapter concludes with a straightforward method for simulating the drive system. An animation described in Appendix C will help the student visualize the operation of a brushless dc drive.
Finally, the power systems area, including transformer connections, the synchronous generator, power factor correction, and the per-unit system, is introduced in Chapter 5. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of transient stability, provided to illustrate some of the basic challenges faced in the power systems area.
This text covers several power engineering sub-disciplines. It is not surprising, then, that throughout its pages, some differences in notation, variable naming conventions, and analysis methods exist. However, rather than attempt to standardize, we have chosen to recognize and explain any discrepancies as they arise. We have done this so that each chapter may more easily be taught separately from the others and, if the instructor desires it, be incorporated into existing curricula that uses common notation. We hope that this approach will aid the power engineering student to anticipate, understand, and accept these differences.
Obviously, there are other aspects of the power area that would be appropriate for an introductory text; however, the choices we have made seem to be representative at this time. Nevertheless, as the power area continues to evolve through the twenty-first century, so must an introductory text.
We would like to acknowledge Dr. Brett Robbins of PC Krause and Associates for developing the drawings and formatting the computer traces for the text. We would also like to acknowledge the efforts and assistance of the reviewers, in particular Mohamed El-Hawary, the staff of IEEE Press and John Wiley & Sons, especially Mary Hatcher, Danielle Lacourciere, Victoria Bradshaw, Jeanne Audino and finally the Production Editor Suresh Srinivasan of Aptara for the final typesetting of the manuscript.
Paul Krause
Oleg Wasynczuk
Timothy O'Connell
Maher Hasan
