Mac OS X Lion Bible E-Book

Galen Gruman

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Serie: Bible
• Sprache: Englisch

Seitenzahl: 1523

Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Beschreibung

A comprehensive guide to all aspects of Mac's newest operatingsystem, OS X LionThe latest Mac operating system takes full advantage of thelatest multi-touch trackpads, the new App Store for the desktop,and a host of upgrades that incorporate some of the best elementsof the iPad experience. This book covers every new feature as wellas all the basic Mac information for every level of expertise.Beginners will learn all about Mac OS X Lion and how to use it,while more advanced users can delve into tips, tricks, andhigher-end professional information.* Looks at Mac OS X Lion, the latest version of the Mac operatingsystem, and its features that bring Mac power together with iPadconvenience* Offers comprehensive coverage of all the new features in depth,including multi-touch trackpad gestures, the App Store for Mac,Mission Control, and more* Includes basic coverage to give beginners a thoroughunderstanding of the Mac OS, plus advanced information for thosewho want professional tips, tricks, guidance, and much more* Written by a recognized Apple expert and frequent contributorto MacworldMac OS X Lion Bible gives beginners a sound foundation inthe new Mac operating system and provides experienced users withthe information to take their skills to the next level.

Leseprobe

Mac OS X Lion Bible

Table of Contents

Part I: Getting Started with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

Chapter 1: Getting Your Mac Up and Running

Starting up your Mac

Choosing a startup disk

Logging in to Mac OS X

Turning Off and Logging Out

Logging out of Mac OS X

Putting your Mac to sleep (and waking it up)

Shutting down the Mac

Restarting the Mac

Resuming Where You Left Off

Summary

Chapter 2: Discovering the Finder

Using Input Devices

Working with the keyboard

Working with the mouse

Working with the touchpad

Understanding the Desktop

Working with Menus

Working with drop-down menus

Recognizing menu symbols

Touring the menu bar items

Touring the menu bar icons

Using pop-up menus

Using contextual menus

Working with the Dock

Adding icons to the Dock

Removing icons from the Dock

Moving icons around the Dock

Working with the application side of the Dock

Working with the files and windows side of the Dock

Customizing the Dock

Minimizing windows in the Dock

Using Exposé, Spaces, and Mission Control

Summary

Chapter 3: Using the Finder

Using the Finder's Menus

The Finder menu

The File menu

The Edit menu

The View menu

Opening and Using Finder Windows

Working with the title bar

Investigating the toolbar

Working with the Sidebar

Working with Finder view modes

Changing Finder Behavior for Files and Folders

Using Get Info to change disk, folder, and file permissions

Using Get Info to change files' application owners

Adjusting Finder Preferences

Adjusting Finder View Options

Desktop view settings

Folder and disk view settings

Summary

Chapter 4: Working with Windows, Folders, and Files

Working with Windows

Understanding windows controls

Understanding active and inactive windows

Recognizing Folder, File, and Disk Icons

Interacting with Items

Selecting single items

Selecting multiple items

Moving and copying items

Deleting items

Creating aliases for items

Renaming items

Compressing items

Locking items

Getting Item Information

Using the Info window

Using Quick Look to view file contents

Working with Folders' Unique Operations

Using smart folders

Using folder actions

Touring Mac OS X's special folders

Working with Files' Unique Operations

Summary

Chapter 5: Searching with Spotlight

How Spotlight Works Behind the Scenes

Using Spotlight

Spotlight searches from the menu bar

Spotlight searches from a Finder window

Working with Finder search results

Using Spotlight with applications

Summary

Chapter 6: Working with Disks

Working with Disks and Other Storage Medias

Accessing disks and volumes

Ejecting disks and disconnecting from volumes

Recording to Optical Discs

Creating a burn folder

Using Finder burn

Finishing the burn

Using Disk Utility

Checking and fixing disks

Restoring and copying disks

Adding, partitioning, and formatting disks

Using RAID Redundancy

Understanding RAID

Setting up a RAID in Mac OS X

Summary

Chapter 7: Getting Help within Mac OS X

Touring the Help Center

Browsing the Help Center

Searching the Help Center

Navigating the Help Center

Using Applications' Help

Understanding Help Tags

Working with Command-Line Help

Exploring Other Avenues of Help

Summary

Chapter 8: Using Mac OS X's Universal Access for the Disabled

Setting Up Mac OS X with Universal Access

Enabling Visual Assistance

Hearing your Mac with VoiceOver

Understanding the VoiceOver keys

Navigating with VoiceOver

VoiceOver help

Zooming in on the screen

Adjusting zoom options

Adjusting display options

Enabling Hearing Assistance

Enabling Keyboard Assistance

Pressing more than one key at a time

Pressing keys accidentally

Enabling Mouse Assistance

Getting help with using the mouse or touchpad

Getting help with seeing the pointer

Adjusting touchpad and mouse behavior

Using hot spots

Setting Up Speech Recognition

Using a microphone

Configuring speech recognition

Adjusting speech recognition settings

Using the Speech Feedback window

Investigating the Speech Commands window

Specifying active commands

Setting up the Text to Speech option

Selecting text-to-speech options

Setting Up the VoiceOver Utility

Adjusting the General settings

Adjusting the Verbosity settings

Adjusting the Speech settings

Adjusting Navigation settings

Adjusting Web settings

Adjusting Sound settings

Adjusting the Visuals settings

Adjusting the Commanders settings

Setting up Braille

Setting up Activities

Summary

Part II: Using Applications and Documents

Chapter 9: Working with Applications

Installing Applications in Mac OS X

Installing applications from the Mac App Store

Installing downloaded applications

Installing applications from disc

Updating applications

Removing applications

Opening Applications

Using and Managing the Launchpad

Managing Multiple Open Applications

Switching among applications

Using Hide to reduce application clutter

Knowing when an application wants your attention

Surveying Applications' Controls

Function containers

Controls

Using Full-Screen Applications

Quitting Applications

Quitting from within an application

Quitting an application from the Dock

Quitting by logging out, shutting down, or restarting

Using the Force Quit command

Summary

Chapter 10: Working with Documents

Opening Documents

Opening documents from the Finder

Opening documents within an application

The Open dialog box

Creating Documents

Creating a copy of a document

Creating documents with stationery pads (templates)

Working with a Document's Content

Using Cut, Copy, and Paste

Using drag and drop to move data around

Using clippings

Saving Documents

Using the Save As dialog box

Saving versions and copies

Working with Versions

Working with older documents

Closing Documents

Moving Documents

Sharing Documents with Other Users

Summary

Chapter 11: Backing Up Files

Setting Up for Backup

Choosing a backup medium

Selecting backup software

Using Time Machine to Back Up Files

Using external disks for backup

Setting up Time Machine

Setting up Time Machine with a Time Capsule

Using Time Machine to Restore Files

Using the Time Machine browser

Restoring files with Time Machine

Searching for changes

Exiting the Time Machine browser

Summary

Chapter 12: Working with Services

Understanding Service Availability

A Tour of the Common Services

Development services

Files and Folders services

Internet services

Messaging services

Pictures services

Searching services

Text services

Changing Services Preferences

Summary

Chapter 13: Using AppleScript and Automator

Understanding Messages and Events

Introducing AppleScript

The AppleScript language

Scripting additions

Introducing AppleScript Editor

Scriptable applications and environments

Looking at a script window

Creating a Simple Script

Analyzing a Script

Learning application commands and objects

Inspecting a dictionary

Saving a Script

Creating a More Complex Script

Making a Finder utility

Beginning the script

Seeing the script's results

Using variables

Capitalizing script statements

Getting file information

Using parentheses

Working with an application

Performing script statements conditionally

Breaking long statements

Ending the use of an application

Trying out your script

Creating a Drag-and-Drop Script Application

Retrieving dropped files

Processing dropped files

Using a repeat loop

Extending the script

Enabling the Script Menu

Linking Programs across the Network

Allowing remote Apple events

Scripting across a network

Automating with Automator

Recording Actions

Summary

Part III: Working with Mac OS X's Applications

Chapter 14: Working with Mac OS X Applications, Utilities, and Widgets

Touring the Applications Folder

Address Book

App Store

Automator

Calculator

Chess

Dashboard

Dictionary

DVD Player

FaceTime

Font Book

iCal

iChat

Image Capture

iTunes

Launchpad

Mail

Mission Control

Photo Booth

Preview

QuickTime Player

Safari

Stickies

System Preferences

TextEdit

Time Machine

Touring the Utilities Folder

Activity Monitor

AirPort Utility

AppleScript Editor

Audio MIDI Setup

Bluetooth File Exchange

Boot Camp Assistant

ColorSync Utility

Console

DigitalColor Meter

Disk Utility

Grab

Grapher

Java Preferences

Keychain Access

Migration Assistant

Network Utility

Podcast Capture and Podcast Publisher

RAID Utility

System Information

Terminal

VoiceOver Utility

X11

Touring the Widgets

Managing widgets

Using the widgets that come with Mac OS X

Adding widgets from other sources

Summary

Chapter 15: Enhancing Mac OS X with Utilities

Extending Mac OS X

Audio management

Battery monitoring

Conferencing

Disk management

File synchronization

Font management

Media playback and delivery

Remote access

Screen capture

Wi-Fi monitoring

Adding New Capabilities

Application access

Communications

File transfer

Security

Text entry

Summary

Chapter 16: Playing Music and Videos

Using iTunes as Your Music Library

Setting music preferences

Importing music files

Buying music online

Managing your music

Playing your music

Using iTunes for Podcasts

Listening to Internet Radio

Using iTunes for TV Shows and Movies

Setting video preferences

Importing and buying videos

Managing your videos

Playing your videos

Using Home Sharing and AirPlay

Using Home Sharing

Using AirPlay and Apple TV

Watching Videos with DVD Player

Working with QuickTime Player

Playing media files

Editing media files

Creating media files

Exporting video and screencast files

Exporting audio files

Summary

Chapter 17: Syncing Macs and iOS Devices

Syncing via iTunes on a Mac

The Info pane

The Apps pane

The Books pane

Preferences for iOS devices

Syncing via iCloud

Syncing content and apps purchased from Apple's online stores

Syncing documents and other information via iCloud

Using Cloud Storage Services

Summary

Chapter 18: Integrating with Windows

Working with Windows Files

Dealing with filenames and file extensions

Using disks and storage media

Sharing through servers

Connecting to PCs directly for file sharing

Letting Windows users connect directly to your Mac

Sharing via e-mail, FTP, and web services

Running Windows on Your Mac

Setting up Boot Camp

Using Windows via Boot Camp

Using Windows virtual machines

Summary

Part IV: Using the Internet and Collaboration Services

Chapter 19: Using Safari to Surf the Web

Navigating the Web

Using hyperlinks

Using bookmarks

Using the Reading List

Using history

Working with Safari's Controls

Using navigation buttons

Using window and tab controls

Using view controls

Using sharing controls

Using interface controls

Using specialty controls

Setting Safari Preferences

Using RSS in Safari

Using Other Browsers

Summary

Chapter 20: Using Mail, iChat, and FaceTime

Setting Up Apple's Mail

Setting up new e-mail accounts

Importing existing e-mail accounts

Setting Mail's preferences

Managing E-Mail Accounts and Mailboxes

Understanding mailbox folders

Turning accounts on and off

Using smart mailboxes

Maintaining mailboxes

Monitoring mail activity

Working with E-Mails

Reading messages

Writing messages

Replying, forwarding, and redirecting messages

Deleting, moving, and junking messages

Using RSS Feeds in Mail

Working with Notes in Mail

Using iChat

Setting up iChat

Chatting with people

Using audio and video

Using screen and file sharing

Using FaceTime

Summary

Chapter 21: Using Address Book and iCal

Working with Address Book

Adding and editing cards

Working with groups

Working with distribution lists

Managing cards and groups

Setting Address Book preferences

Working with iCal

Working with iCal accounts

Navigating your calendar

Creating and editing events

Working with invitations

Working with to-do items

Publishing and subscribing to calendars

Setting iCal preferences

Summary

Chapter 22: Working with Microsoft Exchange

How Exchange Works

Using Mac OS X's Mail with Exchange

Setting up Mail for Exchange 2007 or 2010

Setting up iCal for Exchange 2000 or 2003

Working with an Exchange e-mail account in Mail

Using iCal with Exchange

Setting up iCal for Exchange 2007 or 2010

Setting up iCal for Exchange 2000 or 2003

Using iCal with Exchange 2007 or 2010

Using Address Book with Exchange

Setting up Address Book for Exchange 2007

Setting up Address Book for Exchange 2000 and 2003

Using an iPhone, iPad, or iPod Touch with Exchange

Summary

Part V: Setting Up and Using Networks

Chapter 23: Setting Up a Network and the Internet

Understanding Network Technologies

Wired connections

Wireless connections

Setting Up a Mac for a Local Network

Setting up Ethernet connections

Setting up Wi-Fi connections

Setting up a Bluetooth network

Setting up a VPN

Connecting Macs Directly

Ethernet direct connection

FireWire direct connection

Wi-Fi direct connection

Bluetooth direct connection

Connecting to the Internet

Using Internet connection devices

Setting up connections manually

Setting up connections with assistance

Disconnecting from the Internet

Using Network Utility

Summary

Chapter 24: Sharing Files and Other Resources

Enabling File and Other Sharing

Accessing Files and Other Resources

Sharing files with other Macs

Sharing files with Bluetooth

Sharing files with AirDrop

Sharing screens

Sharing other resources

Summary

Chapter 25: Using Mac OS X as a Server

Serving Web Pages from Mac OS X

Using Mac OS X Lion Server

Setting Up Mac OS X Lion Server

Using the Server application

Working with configuration profiles

Using the Server Admin tool

Using the Workgroup Manager tool

Using the System Image Utility tool

Summary

Part VI: Securing Your Mac and Your Users

Chapter 26: Securing Your Mac

Identifying the Four Key Vulnerabilities

Securing the Mac itself

Securing your personal data

Securing your files

Securing your Mac environment

Using Password Protection

Setting the user account

Enforcing password use

Preventing startup from other disks

Setting passwords for applications

Using Keychain Access

Using Encryption

Protecting your Location Information

Plugging Security Holes

Protecting yourself from network attacks

Protecting yourself from malware

Summary

Chapter 27: Managing User Accounts

Setting Up User Accounts

Adjusting personal settings

Managing additional user accounts

Switching among accounts

Using Parental Controls

Apps pane

Web pane

People pane

Time Limits pane

Other pane

Getting activity logs

Settings management

Summary

Part VII: Configuring Mac Preferences and Services

Chapter 28: Setting System Preferences

Adjusting System Preferences

Personal preferences

Hardware preferences

Internet and wireless preferences

System preferences

Summary

Chapter 29: Managing Fonts

Exactly What Is a Font?

Font Formats

PostScript Type 1

TrueType

PostScript Multiple Master

OpenType

dfont

Where Fonts Reside

Managing Fonts in Font Book

Automatic font monitoring

Adding fonts

Previewing fonts

Working with font collections

Managing fonts

Finding fonts

Accessing Special Characters

Using keyboard shortcuts

Using other tools

Summary

Chapter 30: Printing, Faxing, and Scanning

Setting Up Printers, Fax Modems, and Scanners

Adding devices

Configuring printers

Configuring fax modems

Configuring scanners

Printing

Using the Print dialog box

Managing the print queue

Faxing

Scanning

Summary

Part VIII: Appendixes

Appendix A: Installing Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

Setting up a Mac for installation

Making a note of system settings

Backing up your data

License agreement window

Disk selector window

Preparing to Install window

Installation progress window

Welcome window

Select Your Keyboard window

Server settings window

Transfer Information to This Mac window

Enter Your Apple ID window

Registration Information window

Create Your Computer Account window

Select a Picture for This Account window

Select Time Zone window

Secure My Mac window

Don't Forget to Register window

Thank You window

Launching the Recovery System

Getting help online

Reinstalling Mac OS X

Restoring from Time Machine

Using Disk Utility

Appendix B: What's New in Mac OS X Lion

Application and window navigation

Gestures

Finder menus

Shortcuts

The Dock

Finder, application, and document windows

Icons, files, and folders

Spotlight

Desktop & Screen Saver

Displays

Dock

Energy Saver

General

Language & Text

Mail, Contacts & Calendar

Mission Control

Mouse and Trackpad

Profiles

Sound

Time Machine

Application core capabilities

Application document controls

Application helper services

Mac OS X's general-purpose applications

Preview

Safari web browser

Media playback applications

Mail application

Address Book application

iCal application

Appendix C: Mac OS X Lion's Key Technologies

Darwin

XNU kernel

64-bit kernel

Grand Central Dispatch

Symmetric multi-processing

Preemptive multi-tasking

OpenCL

Protected memory and advanced memory management

Quartz

OpenGL

QuickTime

Aqua

Cocoa

Carbon

Frameworks

Java

Core Location

BSD and X11

Appendix D: Commanding Unix

Multiple sessions

The command prompt

Remote access

The shell's special characters

Scripting the shell

Reading man pages

Managing files and directories

Changing file and folder permissions

Getting disk and file system statistics

Logging in as a different user or as a superuser

Using standard input, standard output, and pipes

Glossary

Mac OS© X LionTM Bible

Galen Gruman

Mac OS© X LionTM Bible

Published byJohn Wiley & Sons, Inc.10475 Crosspoint Blvd.Indianapolis, IN 46256www.wiley.com

Copyright © 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey

Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Indianapolis, Indiana

Published simultaneously in Canada

ISBN: 978-1-118-02376-1

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Dedication

To my partner Ingall and my mother Leah.

To my two felines, Henry and Ghost, who've forlornly watched each evening as I played with a lion instead of with them.

And a toast to everyone at Apple past and present who has made Mac OS X the wonderful example of how technology that actual people use should work.

—Galen Gruman

About the Author

Galen Gruman is the principal at The Zango Group, an editorial development and book production firm. As such, he has produced books for Wiley. He also is author or coauthor of 28 books on desktop publishing, as well as coauthor of the Mac OS X Snow Leopard Bible and Exploring iPad 2 For Dummies. Gruman has covered Macintosh technology for several publications, including the trade weekly InfoWorld, for which he began writing in 1986 and of which he is now executive editor, and Macworld, whose staff he was a member of from 1991 to 1998.

Credits

Acquisitions Editor

Aaron Black

Project Editor

Martin V. Minner

Technical Editor

Paul Sihvonen-Binder

Copy Editor

Gwenette Gaddis

Editorial Director

Robyn Siesky

Business Manager

Amy Knies

Senior Marketing Manager

Sandy Smith

Vice President and Executive Group Publisher

Richard Swadley

Vice President and Executive Publisher

Barry Pruett

Project Coordinator

Katie Crocker

Graphics and Production Specialists

Carrie A. CesaviceSamantha K. Cherolis

Quality Control Technician

Melissa Cossell

Proofreading and Indexing

Evelyn WellbornBIM Indexing & Proofreading Services

Introduction

For those who've used the Mac since the mid-1980s as I have, it's hard to believe that it's been 10 years since the first desktop version of Mac OS X (10.0 Cheetah) was released, in March 2001, at a period when Apple's very survival seemed uncertain after years of chaotic management. Returned CEO Steve Jobs changed that chaos into focus and innovation, and a steady stream of improved Mac OS X “big cats” have followed: Mac OS X 10.1 Puma in September 2001, Mac OS X 10.2 Jaguar in August 2002, Mac OS X 10.3 Panther in October 2003, Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger in April 2005, Mac OS X 10.5 Leopard in October 2007, and Mac OS X 10.6 Snow Leopard in August 2009. Now it's time for the biggest cat of all in Apple's feline menagerie: Mac OS X 10.7 Lion. (What's next? Mac OS X Sabertooth? Cougar? Lynx? Tabby?)

Mac OS X Lion moves Mac OS X (pronounced “Mac Oh Ess Ten,” by the way) into a new direction, adopting many of the user interface innovations in iOS, the mobile operating system used in iPhones, iPads, and iPod Touches. There's expanded support for gestures, which are easier than ever to use on Macs given that touchpads are standard in MacBooks and add-on touchpads like the Apple Magic Trackpad and Apple Magic Mouse (a touchpad-on-a-mouse) are widely available. Several features are directly lifted from iOS:

• The new full-screen view for applications designed to use it gets rid of the menu bar—something iOS did without from the very beginning.

• The Auto Save feature for applications designed to use it ensures that what you do is saved as you do it—just as on an iOS device.

• The resume feature pays attention when you log out, restart, or shut down, and it has Mac OS X load whatever applications and documents you were working the next time it starts up (or you log back in) to simulate the instant-on capabilities of iOS. It's not instant-on, but at least it brings you back to where you left off.

• The pop-over user interface element—sort of a pop-up menu–like small dialog box—has been adopted from iOS.

• The new Launchpad is a copy of the iOS home screens, where the screen is one big set of application icons. (I have to say I think this feature is unnecessary, because the Dock does a better job of providing application access. Of all the iOS derivations, it has the least natural fit in Mac OS X. Maybe I'll grow to like it over time. And Mac OS X doesn't make you use it.)

• The iCal and Address Book applications have adopted much of the look and feel of their iPad versions, and Mail has adopted the columnar layout of its iPad version.

But don't think for a minute that Mac OS X Lion is Mac OS X with some slapped-on iOS interface elements, or that Apple has run out of steam on the Mac and can only bring iOS features to it. Mac OS X has many enhancements that have nothing to do with iOS:

• AirDrop is one of those incredibly simple ideas that you wonder why it hadn't been done before. Mac OS X Lion users on your network automatically show up in the Finder window's Sidebar; click a user to be able to drag files into that user's Documents folder (with their permission). It's instant file sharing. But note that it works only with Macs that have the right Wi-Fi hardware, which restricts it mostly to Macs made in 2010 and later.

• Mission Control makes Exposé very powerful. Exposé is a nice feature that lets you see all windows open when you click and hold an application icon in the Dock. But it's a pain to go from icon to icon to see what document windows are open. Mission Control shows all open applications with their windows so you now see everything open in Mac OS X and can easily navigate among them. Plus Mission Control lets you switch spaces, those application groups that I think are underused by most people; maybe being available via Mission Control will expose more people to Mac OS X's Spaces capability.

• The new Versions capability keeps a copy of each version of a file within that file as you save it, so you can go back in time to a previous version as necessary. The idea of internal version histories is hardly new, but I've never seen it done as elegantly and simply as in Mac OS X Lion. And the use of the Time Machine interface to navigate previous versions was genius.

• A nice accompaniment to Versions is file locking, where after a document has been unchanged for a specific period (two weeks is the default), you can't accidentally save it. You also can lock a document immediately using a new icon menu in compatible applications. Many of us have trained ourselves to press Ô+S periodically just to be safe, and when we open an old file and do that without thinking, we sometimes save stray changes we didn't intend to. With this feature, Mac OS X makes you confirm that you want save a file that's been unopened for that period, just to be sure.

• The message-threading capability in Mail has been enhanced so that in the revised Message Viewer mode, you see all messages—not just their subject lines—in the thread. Now you really can follow the whole thread (which Mac OS X calls a conversation).

• You can now encrypt your entire startup disk in Mac OS X Lion using the FileVault capability, as well as your Time Machine backups and any disks you format with Disk Utility. Encryption is not new to Mac OS X, but before it was restricted to each user's Home folder using the FileVault feature—which frankly left too many holes in Mac OS X's data security. That's no longer an issue, and in Apple style, the encryption process is easy and stays out of your way (like it is and does in iOS).

• Mac OS X Lion Server is now an optional $50 add-on to Lion; it's no longer a separate operating system product. Lion Server has some great features for a workplace, including the ability to let iPads sync wirelessly to it and to create configuration profiles for Mac OS X and iOS users. Some home users may find Lion Server useful, but it's not a media/mobile server. Still, it's easier to use and does everything regular Lion does, so you can try it out and ignore the server applications if they end up being too complex or not useful for you.

• Then you'll find lots of subtle changes in the Finder, such as crisper icons in the Sidebar to an indicator of how many files will be copied when you drag-copy them. Well, mostly subtle. Mac OS X Lion by default gets rid of the scroll bars in windows if you use a gesture-based input device such as the Magic Trackpad, relying on your actions to clue it in when you need them so it can display them as temporary overlays. It's a shocking change that I still haven't gotten used to, and am not sure I will. Fortunately, you can turn that behavior off and leave scroll bars always on.

As you can see, Mac OS X Lion is coming in with a roar. (Appendix B describes all the changes.) And I think that roar will only get louder a people move up to it and spend more time with it. Apple never ceases to amaze me in how it pushes Mac OS X forward, without making changes for change's sake or messing up what came before. If you've watched Microsoft's bumpy journey from Windows 95 to 98 to 2000 to XP to Vista to 7, and how it's foundered in the mobile market, you've seen how a company can really mess up what it has and how hard it is to repair the damage.

Not only has Apple avoided that sad fate, it's expanded from Mac OS X to iOS and kept cross-pollinating the two to make both stronger. Mac OS X Lion is a very visible example of that, but that cross-pollination has been there since the first iPhone was released in 2007 (iOS, after all, is based on the core of Mac OS X, not some totally separate technology). Apple CEO Steve Jobs has said that this cross-pollination is intentional, part of Apple's vision of making easy computing accessible to everyone across the spectrum of devices. Mac OS X Lion delivers on that.

What This Book Offers

So, given Mac OS X's reputation for being intuitive, why do you need this book? For one, because Mac OS X packs lots of capabilities that you may never realize exist unless you go looking for them. This book does the looking for you, so you can take advantage of Mac OS X's many capabilities.

I should note that the Lion edition of the Mac OS X Bible is significantly reorganized and rewritten to focus more on using Mac OS X. Also, I've found that many people, even longtime Mac users, aren't familiar with some of Mac OS X's capabilities. So I expanded the first part of the book significantly and broke it into more manageable chunks (chapters) to really show you the power of the Finder, and not assume you knew its ins and outs.

In addition to pointing out and explaining how to take advantage of Mac OS X's many strengths, I also identify any weaknesses or ambiguities in Mac OS X's interface and tools and explain how to overcome them—these situations are rare, but they do exist.

Macintosh users fall into several classes, and this book is designed to address them all:

• Users new to the Mac but familiar with other computer operating systems (namely, Windows)

• Users new to computers, period (though there are fewer of those these days!)

• Mac users who know the basics of Mac OS X but have decided to get a deeper understanding of what Mac OS X can do for them so they can take better advantage of it

• Experienced Mac users looking to see what's new and different in the latest version of Mac OS X

No matter which class you're in, this book addresses your needs. Regardless of your level of experience with Macs, this book can help you use Mac OS X efficiently and guide you to discovering more of the operating system's potential.

How to Read This Book

Mac OS X Lion Bible is made up of 30 chapters divided into seven parts, plus five appendixes. The parts cover different aspects of Mac OS X, so you're likely to read parts in the order of interest to you. Still, I suggest that everyone read Part I first to get the basic lay of the land in how Mac OS X operates, so you have the fundamentals in place for the rest of the book.

The following sections provide a brief description of the parts in Mac OS X Lion Bible.

Part I: Getting Started with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

This part walks you through the basic Finder user interface and navigation tools in Mac OS X. After a brief chapter on how to turn on and start up your Mac, and how to shut it down, this part gets deep into the Finder, starting with a chapter in the Finder's basic interface: the Finder's menu bar, Dock, and desktop, plus the Mission Control, Exposé, and Spaces functions that let you switch among applications and windows. That chapter also explains the Mac's special keys, how to use the mouse, and how to use gestures on a touchpad. The next two chapters explain the other two fundamental aspects of the Finder: how to use it and its Finder windows, and how to use the Finder to manipulate files, folders, and disks. The rest of this part investigates specialty aspects of the Finder, including the Spotlight search capability, the help system, Disk Utility to format and repair disks, and the Universal Access extensions to the Finder that help people with disabilities use Mac OS X.

Part II: Using Applications and Documents

The Finder is critical to using Mac OS X, but the whole point of a computer is to do stuff. Mac OS X does stuff by working with applications and documents (from text reports to movies). Mac OS X provides a common set of capabilities for working with applications and documents—how to run them, how to work within them, how to save them, and how to safeguard them via backup. The chapters in this part explain each of these aspects of using any standard application or document. They also show how to work with the special application helpers that come with Mac OS X (called services) and how to use scripting and the Automator to create your own applications.

Part III: Working with Mac OS X's Applications

In addition to enabling applications, Mac OS X comes with a whole bunch of applications to do the basics that we all need done. Chapter 14 tours all these applications and utilities, and Chapter 16 delves into the media applications that come with Mac OS X: iTunes and QuickTime Player. Other chapters look at third-party utilities you might want to consider using in addition to what Mac OS X provides, how to run Windows applications on your Mac and connect to Windows users elsewhere, and how to use Apple's iCloud and other cloud services.

Part IV: Using the Internet and Collaboration Services

Everyone is online these days, using the Internet for communicating, collaborating, accessing services, and getting information. This part looks at Mac OS X's applications that help you do all that: the Safari web browser, the Mail e-mail client, the iChat messaging tool, the FaceTime videoconferencing utility, the Address Book contacts manager, and the iCal calendar manager. It also explains how to use Mac OS X with Microsoft's popular corporate e-mail server, Exchange.

Part V: Setting Up and Using Networks

Many Mac users connect to each other via networks, not just via the Internet—even at home, where it's common to have multiple computers and other devices (printers, TiVos, and Apple TVs, for example) connected via a wired (Ethernet) and/or wireless (Wi-Fi) network. Or they connect to the Internet via a network, using a shared DSL modem or cable modem—or a network at the office. This part explains how to connect to various networks, as well as how to share files over the network and even control and observe other users' Macs from your Mac (a great way to help your retiree parents remotely, or for your college-age kids to help you).

Part VI: Securing Your Mac and Your Users

Because Macs are usually connected to the Internet, share files, and/or have multiple users, there's a strong chance that your confidential or personal information will get exposed. There's also the threat of getting a computer virus on your Mac. This part explains how to protect your data and your Mac, how to manage multiple user accounts on a Mac, and how to manage the information the Mac collects on your current location. It also shows how parents can set and manage their kids' Macs to keep them safe from the outside world—and be sure they don't spend all night on their Macs.

Part VII: Configuring Mac Preferences and Services

Because everyone's different, Mac OS X must accommodate different preferences and working styles. It does so using the System Preferences application, which lets you set controls for as many as 31 sets of aspects of Mac OS X, from the background of your desktop to how your data is secured. Mac OS X also provides tools to manage the fonts used on the Mac (for all those fancy documents you create) and to connect to printers, fax modems, and scanners. This part explains how to use those tools.

Part VIII: Appendixes

The five appendixes cover a range of items: how to install (or recover) Mac OS X, what's new in Mac OS X Lion, the key technologies under the hood of Mac OS X, how to use Unix on a Mac, and a glossary of all the special Mac and computer terms that you may not be 100-percent clear on their meaning.

Conventions Used in This Book

Before I begin showing you the ins and outs of Mac OS X Lion, I need to spend a few minutes reviewing the terms and conventions used in this book.

Menu commands

The Mac OS X commands that you select using the program menus appear in this book in normal typeface. When you choose some menu commands, a related pop-up menu appears. If this book describes a situation in which you need to select one menu and then choose a command from a secondary menu or list box, it uses an arrow symbol. For example, “Choose File⇒Open” means that you should choose the Open command from the File menu.

Shortcuts

Many functions in Mac OS X are accomplished by pressing one or more keys. If more than one key is involved, you press all but the last in the shortcut sequence I provide, then press the last key, and finally release them all. For example, Ô+K means to press and hold Ô, then press K, and finally release both keys. Likewise, Control+Option+Shift+U means to press and hold Control, Option, and Shift and—when all three are being held down—press U, then release all four keys. Note that you do not press the + key in such shortcuts; I use that symbol so you know these keys are pressed together.

Note that Mac OS X's menus and dialog boxes typically don't show the + symbol when they display keyboard shortcuts—but some applications' help systems do.

Cross-Reference

Macs have several keyboard characters you won't find on a PC or typewriter (remember those?), plus it supports the use of mouse movements and finger gestures on a touchpad to work with onscreen objects. Chapter 2 explains these keys, mouse actions, and gestures.

Literal text

This book uses boldface to indicate literal text; that is, text that you should type exactly as is. I use boldface to indicate text that I instruct you to type. For example, “Type localhost, and press Return to see local services.”

This book also uses typewriter font to indicate URLs (web addresses), AppleScript and other code, and pathnames for Mac OS X folders—computerese text, basically. For example, “Go to www.apple.com and search for the Migration Assistant for Windows Utility” and “The fonts are stored in the \username\Library\Fonts folder.” (By the way, the italicized text means “fill in the actual user name here.”)

When I use both boldface and typewriter font, I'm saying type that computerese into some field or other location.

Windows, dialog boxes, and panes

Mac OS X has a mechanism called a window that opens in an application for its contents, such as text or movies. Some applications have an application window that contains all its controls and contents; most applications have document windows that contain the contents of whatever you're working on within the application. The Finder—the application that you use to work with disks, folders, and files—has its own type of window called the Finder window. And there are other windows you may see—such as informational and status windows—that show the progress of a disk copy or the details on a disk's contents and settings.

Within applications, Mac OS X uses dialog boxes to offer up a bunch of related features in one place. Dialog boxes may have options that open a subsidiary group of options, called a settings sheet. Dialog boxes are the most common way to access options in programs; when a dialog box is open, you can't use other features in that application.

In many dialog boxes and in some windows, you may see a feature that has proved to be quite popular called tabbed panes. This is a method of stuffing several dialog boxes into one dialog box or window. You see tabs, somewhat like those in file folders, and when you click a tab, the pane of options for that tab comes to the front of the dialog box or window. This book tells you to go to the pane, which you do by clicking the tab where the name of the pane is to display the pane. For example, “Go to the General pane” means click the General tab in the current dialog box or window. But some panes don't have tabs; instead, they are accessed via a button. And some panes are essentially subdivisions of a dialog box or window, a defined space in the existing dialog box or window, rather than something you switch to via a button or tab.

Cross-Reference

Chapter 9 shows all the kinds of user interface elements—including the new pop-over element borrowed from iOS—you can expect to work with in applications, and Chapter 4 explains how windows and their controls work.

Labels

I've used big, bold labels throughout this book to call your attention to points that are particularly important or worth noting.

New Feature

The New Feature label indicates a technique or action that is new to or revised in Mac OS X Lion.

Tip

The Tip label indicates a technique or action in Mac OS X that will save you time or effort.

Note

The Note label indicates information that you should remember for future use—something that may seem minor or inconsequential but will, in reality, resurface.

Caution

The Caution label is used to warn you of potential hang-ups or pitfalls you may encounter while using Mac OS X (and how to avoid them).

Cross-Reference

The Cross-Reference label points you to different parts of the book that contain related or expanded information on a particular topic.

Please note that some special symbols used in this eBook may not display properly on all eReader devices. If you have trouble determining any symbol, please call Wiley Product Technical Support at 800-762-2974. Outside of the United States, please call 317-572-3993. You can also contact Wiley Product Technical Support at www.wiley.com/techsupport.

Part I: Getting Started with Mac OS X 10.7 Lion

IN THIS PART

Chapter 1Getting Your Mac Up and RunningChapter 2Discovering the FinderChapter 3Using the FinderChapter 4Working with Windows, Folders, and FilesChapter 5Searching with SpotlightChapter 6Working with DisksChapter 7Getting Help within Mac OS XChapter 8Using Mac OS X's Universal Access for the Disabled

Chapter 1: Getting Your Mac Up and Running

IN THIS CHAPTER

Starting up and logging inLogging off and turning off your MacPutting your Mac to sleepResuming where you left off

There's something about the Mac's startup chime. Most computers today play a sound as they start up, but the Mac started the whole idea decades ago. And even today, its sound has the right length and warmth—not too long, not too loud, and comfortably familiar.

That chime tells you that the Mac has in fact started and that basic hardware elements inside your Mac (hard disk, processor, memory, and so on) are all operational. After this chime sounds, Mac OS X tests the Mac's hardware (that's when you see the gray screen with the Apple logo and the spinning-wheel indicator), and then actually loads Mac OS X itself (that's when the screen turns blue). When you see the menu bar at the top of the screen and your desktop background has loaded, you know Mac OS X is ready to go.

The entire startup—also called boot—process takes about 30 to 45 seconds, depending on the speed of your Mac. Note that on faster Macs, some of the events may pass too quickly for you to notice.

Starting up your Mac

You start a Mac running Mac OS X 10.7 Lion in the following ways:

• Press the power button on the Mac.

• Press the power button on some Apple Cinema Display LCD monitors. Note that on some older models, the power button may simply switch the display off; the Apple LED Cinema Display does not have a power button.

Dealing with Startup Problems

If your Mac does not start up correctly or at all, try booting up from another boot disk (if you have one; it can even be the installation DVD of the previous [Snow Leopard] version of Mac OS X) and make sure the startup disk still contains its folders and files (in case it was accidentally wiped out or corrupted, such as during a power failure). You also can run utilities such as Disk Utility from a Snow Leopard installation DVD to try to repair any disk issues, as Chapter 6 explains. Third-party fix-it tools such as TechTool Pro ($100; www.micromat.com) enable you to create a bootable partition on your hard disk from which you can run its repair utilities.

If you're an advanced user (or a brave one), the Mac has three special startup modes you can use to troubleshoot a Mac that is not starting up correctly. One is single-user mode (press and hold Ô+S during startup), which boots you into the Mac's Unix core, where you can type Unix commands to explore and troubleshoot the system. Appendix D has more information on working with Unix.

The second special startup mode is verbose mode (press and hold Ô+V during startup), which displays a list of all startup activities and any error messages. This may help you identify the problem (such as a login item that is corrupt and needs to be deleted); you'll have to boot from a different disk to delete or modify any such files if the Mac won't boot from its normal startup disk. Note that neither single-user or verbose mode works if you've used Firmware Password Utility to protect the Mac from unauthorized use, as Chapter 26 explains.

The third special startup mode is the new Recovery System (press and hold Ô+R during startup), from which you can run diagnostic utilities such as Disk Utility (see Chapter 6) and reinstall Mac OS X if necessary, as Appendix A explains.

Note

Check whether the Mac has already been turned on and is in sleep mode. In this case, the screen is dark, so it's easy to believe the Mac is turned off. You can tell if the Mac is in sleep mode if a light is pulsating on its case. This is a visual cue that the Mac is asleep; the pulsing light is meant to evoke snoring. If the Mac is asleep, tapping the mouse, touchpad, or keyboard wakes it up. But don't panic if the Mac is asleep and you press its power button: That wakes it up as well, though usually you'll get a dialog box asking if you want to shut it down, put it to sleep, or restart it; just click Cancel to keep it on.

Choosing a startup disk

By default, Mac OS X starts up from your primary disk—the hard disk inside your Mac. But it can start from other disks as well, such as DVDs and external hard disks. It can even start up from a disk image on the network. You might start from a DVD—such as the previous Mac OS X Snow Leopard's installation DVD—to run Disk Utility on a non-starting primary disk. You might start up from a bootable external disk that contains applications (including the Mac OS X Lion installer) or setup configurations you are testing (something developers and IT staff might do, but not regular users).

To choose your startup disk, you have several choices:

• Press and hold Option as the Mac's startup chime begins; a screen appears showing icons for each disk available to boot from (you can release Option then). Select the desired disk by using the mouse or touchpad or by pressing ← or → until the desired disk is highlighted (an ↑ icon button appears below it). Then press Return or click the ↑ icon button to boot into the selected disk.

• Press and hold the C key as the Mac's startup chime begins to start up from a CD or DVD. Note that this method is guaranteed to work with Apple's SuperDrives, which come with every Mac but the MacBook Air (and you can buy an external one for that laptop). If you have another manufacturer's DVD drive in or attached to your Mac, it may or may not be bootable.

• Press and hold the D key as the Mac's startup chime begins to start up from the first internal disk in a Mac that has multiple internal disks (meaning a Mac Pro).

• Press and hold the N key as the Mac's startup chime begins to start up from the network. (A network startup disk image must be properly configured and enabled, and the Mac must be connected to the network server that hosts the disk image.)

• Press and hold the T key as the Mac's startup chime begins to boot the Mac into Target Disk mode, which lets another Mac connected to it via a FireWire cable see it as an external disk.

• Boot your Mac from its default disk, and then choose ⇒System Preferences. Go to the Startup Disk system preference (by clicking its icon or choosing View⇒Startup Disk), choose a startup disk from the list, and click Restart. Note that this startup-disk choice remains in effect each time you start the Mac until you change the Startup Disk system preference again. (By contrast, pressing and holding one of the keys during startup changes the default startup disk for just that one time.)

Note

A system preference is the method that Mac OS X uses to store user preferences on how Mac OS X operates. Some third-party services that work across applications also install system preferences. They're all presented in the Systems Preferences application, which is available at all times from the Ú menu. Chapter 28 surveys the system preferences.

Logging in to Mac OS X

After the Mac has finished its startup process, the login procedure begins. The login procedure essentially identifies you to the computer, as a security measure, to ensure that only people authorized to use your Mac can access it; it also serves a second purpose of activating your personal workspace (called a user account, explained in Chapter 27), which contains your applications, preferences, and documents.

The login process is mandatory when you start (or restart) the Mac, but you may never see it occur. That's because by default Mac OS X automatically logs into the primary user account that was created when you first installed Mac OS X. Thus, whenever a user turns on the Mac, he or she is taken directly to the desktop and can begin using the computer.

Login window options

It is possible to disable the automatic login (Chapter 27 explains how to set up user accounts and login options). If you disable automatic login, the Mac asks for your username and password before logging in to your user account and taking you to the desktop.

New Feature

The login window in Mac OS X Lion has been redesigned for a slicker look. But it works the same way as in previous versions of Mac OS X.

You might disable automatic login for a Mac used at an office or other public space, so no one but you can use your computer after it is shut down. If automatic login is disabled, you might see one of two login windows when you start the Mac:

• List of users: One login window option presents a list of users, where you click your name or the icon representing you from the list of users (for Macs that have multiple accounts set up, such as for a family computer), and then enter your password in the field that appears. A check mark appears to the left of the currently logged-in user name. (If you accidentally selected the wrong user from the list, you can click the ← icon button to the left of the username to return to the list of users.)

• Name and password: The other login window option presents a Name text field and a Password text field, and you must type both to log in. This is meant to be more secure, so a visitor must know or guess both the username and password.

The login window also appears after you log out of Mac OS X (a process explained later in this chapter) or when you switch users by using Mac OS X's Fast User Switching feature to let people switch from one user account without restarting or logging out; Chapter 27 explains how to set up and switch accounts.

Password entry

If you enter your username or password incorrectly, the login window shakes sideways. The Password text field also clears so you can reenter the password. Note that the Name text field does not automatically clear; for security reasons, Mac OS X does not inform users if they have entered a wrong username. If you incorrectly entered the username, press the Tab key to highlight the text in the Name text field, so you can reenter it.

Note

Passwords are case-sensitive, so capitalization must match that of the password as originally set up.

If you enter the password incorrectly three times in a row, a password hint appears at the bottom of the screen. Clicking the Forgot Password button also reveals the password hint. (You enter password hints when creating a user account.)

New Feature

Clicking the ? icon button on the right side of the password field when logging in opens a pop-over that has an option for resetting the password using your Apple ID, if you enabled that capability during installation (see Appendix A). That pop-over also shows your password hint, should you want to see if before it's automatically displayed after three failed login attempts.

The login window's icon buttons

In the login window, three icon buttons appear at the bottom of the window: Sleep, Restart, and Shut Down. You can use these immediately, instead of having to log in to the Mac first. They come in handy when you accidentally turn on the Mac and want to put it back to sleep or shut it down.

You can configure Mac OS X so that the Sleep, Restart, and Shut Down buttons do not appear in the login window. To do so, choose ⇒System Preferences and go to the Users & Groups system preference, click the Login Options button, and then deselect the Show Sleep and Shut Down Buttons option. By coupling this setting with the use of the Firmware Password utility explained in Chapter 26, you can make it all but impossible for someone to circumvent the requirement to log in.

Turning Off and Logging Out

When you've finished using your Mac, you have several options:

• Put the Mac to sleep.

• Leave the Mac on until the screen saver engages and then, later, the Energy Saver system preference settings put the computer to sleep automatically. (See Chapter 28 for details about the Desktop & Screen Saver and Energy Saver system preferences.)

• Log out of your account so people cannot access your Mac without first entering your (or their) login password.

• Shut down the Mac, which logs out of your account and closes the operating system, before switching off the power. This option saves energy and provides greater safety in case of power failure.

• Restart the Mac. This isn't really a way to finish working with your Mac; rather, it's an option typically used to complete the installation of certain system updates or to change startup disks.

Caution

If you cut the power to a Mac without first switching it off (either by pulling the plug or by removing the battery from a MacBook), you risk damaging the files on your Mac. Although this damage may not be immediately noticeable, an accumulation of damage could eventually cause problems, such as applications no longer working correctly or files missing data. Always shut down before disconnecting the power source.

Logging out of Mac OS X

You can log out of Mac OS X when you have finished using your computer. This provides an additional level of security over putting the Mac to sleep because it requires people to enter a password before they can begin using the computer. Logging out of Mac OS X is also a way to switch from one user account to another.

You can log out of Mac OS X by choosing ⇒Log Out username or by pressing Shift+Ô+Q. Either way, a dialog box appears that provides two buttons: Log Out and Cancel. Click Log Out or press Return to immediately log out, or wait 60 seconds for the Mac to do it for you. Click Cancel to resume working on the Mac, using your current user account.

You also log out when switching to another user account, as Chapter 27 explains.

When you log out, Mac OS X quits all running applications and then displays the login window. From there, select a user account and enter the corresponding password to log in as that user. You also can click the Sleep, Restart, or Shut Down icon buttons if you meant to do one of those actions instead of logging out.

Putting your Mac to sleep (and waking it up)

When you're not going to use your Mac for a while, you can save energy by putting it to sleep. When you want to start using your Mac again, you can quickly wake it up. Waking up the Mac is much quicker than starting it up from being powered off.

It's usually good to let the Mac sleep during the day when you're not using it, because Mac OS X does some background maintenance when asleep that helps keep it operating smoothly.

You can put your Mac to sleep in any of the following ways:

• If you have a MacBook, simply close the screen lid.

• Choose ⇒Sleep.

• If you are using a keyboard with an Eject key, press Control+Shift+Eject or Option+Ô+Eject to immediately put the Mac to sleep. Or press Control+Eject, and either click the Sleep option from the dialog box that appears or press the S key.

• Press the power button on your computer (or on your Apple display, if it has a power button). Then click the Sleep button in the dialog box that appears or press the S key.

• Log out of your Mac, and click the Sleep icon button in the login window that appears.

• Choose ⇒System Preferences, go the Energy Saver system preference (see Chapter 28), and set the automatic “go to sleep” time by using the Computer Sleep slider. That makes the Mac go to sleep automatically after it's been inactive for the specified time (meaning you haven't touched the mouse, touchpad, or keyboard and that no applications are running that are reading from or writing to a disk).

You can wake up your Mac in any of the following ways:

• If you have a MacBook, simply open the lid.

• Press any key on the keyboard. (To prevent the keypress from inserting text into an active document or text field, it's wise to get into the habit of using the Shift key as your wake-up key.)

• Click or move the mouse or touchpad.

Note that when you awaken a sleeping Mac, you may get a login window in which you have to enter your password. The login window also has two icon buttons: Cancel, which puts the Mac back to sleep, and Switch User, which lets you log into a different user account. (The login window appears if you configured the Security & Privacy system preference to require a password to reawaken a Mac, as Chapter 26 explains.)

Shutting down the Mac

While you can leave your Mac permanently running or let it go to sleep, you may want to completely switch it off at the end of the day. That reduces energy usage and makes it less likely the Mac could be damaged due to heat buildup or an electrical surge.

You can shut down a Mac several ways, including:

• Press the power button on your Mac (or your keyboard if it has one), and click Shut Down or press Return when the confirmation dialog box appears onscreen.

• If you are using a keyboard with an Eject key, press Control+Eject and click Shut Down or press Return in the dialog box that appears.

• Choose ⇒Shut Down. Click Shut Down or press Return when the confirmation dialog box appears, or you can wait 60 seconds and the Mac shuts down automatically.

• Log out and click the Shut Down icon button in the login window.