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- Herausgeber: Lebooks Editora
- Kategorie: Geisteswissenschaft
- Sprache: Englisch
- Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2024
Sigmund Freud (1856-1939) was a neurologist and important Austrian psychologist. He is considered the father of psychoanalysis and still a strong influencer of contemporary Social Psychology. The article "Mourning and Melancholia" by Sigmund Freud first appeared in 1917 in the Internationale Zeitschrif furArztlich Psychoanalyse, and was later published in the first set of books of Freud's metapsychological works and General Writings on the Theory of Neuroses in 1918. In this text, Freud seeks to make considerations regarding the nature of melancholia by comparing it to the normal affect of mourning and discussing its manifestations of psychogenic origin. The correlation Freud draws between mourning and melancholia is justified by the similarity in the overall picture of these two manifestations. "Mourning and Melancholia" is a small masterpiece among the vast series of texts published by the great Austrian psychologist.
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Sigmund Freud
ON MURDER, MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA
Original Title:
“Trauer und Melancolief”
Contents
INTRODUCTION
ON MURDER, MOURNING AND MELANCHOLIA
INTRODUCTION
1856 - 1939
Sigmund Freud was an Austrian physician considered the founder of psychoanalysis. This method caused a great stir in its time and is based on attempting to explain human behavior to solve mental problems. Its goal is to work with the unconscious to make problems and traumas that exist conscious and begin to change them to help the patient. Sigmund Freud is one of the most influential figures in the field of psychology.
Freud was born in 1856 in Austria. Later, he graduated in medicine and specialized in the nervous system of fish, working as a researcher. Later, he began working at the General Hospital of Vienna and started developing the theory of psychoanalysis.
He traveled to Paris thanks to a scholarship, and his work with the neurologist Jean-Martin Charcot was a real revelation to him. He began to learn about hypnosis and became interested in suggestion.
Upon returning to Vienna, he shared his theories with his colleagues, but was rejected by all except Josef Breuer, who supported him financially to open his own practice. They even worked together, but their differences in the scientific field and the implementation of various techniques eventually led to their separation.
In the early 20th century, the Austrian neurologist Sigmund Freud began laying the foundations of psychoanalysis, a novel approach to the human psyche that is both a theory of personality and a method of treatment for patients with disorders. Freud's main contribution to psychology would be his concept of the unconscious. Freud argued that a person's behavior is deeply determined by repressed thoughts, desires, and memories; according to his theory, painful childhood experiences are pushed out of consciousness and become part of the unconscious, from where they can strongly influence behavior. As a treatment method, psychoanalysis aims to bring these memories into consciousness to free the individual from their negative influence.
Oedipus Complex
In 1897, Freud began to study the sexual nature of infantile traumas that cause neuroses and started to outline the theory of the "Oedipus Complex," according to which the physical love for the mother is part of men's mental structure. In the same year, he already observed the importance of dreams in psychoanalysis. In 1900, he published "The Interpretation of Dreams," the first proper psychoanalytic work.
Father of Psychoanalysis
In a short period of time, Freud managed to take a decisive and original step that opened up perspectives for the development of psychoanalysis by abandoning hypnosis and replacing it with the method of free associations. He then delved into the darkest regions of the unconscious, being the first to discover the instrument capable of reaching and exploring it at its core.
For ten years, Freud worked alone on the development of psychoanalysis. In 1906, Adler, Jung, Jones, and Stekel joined him, and in 1908 they gathered at the first International Psychoanalytic Congress in Salzburg. The first sign of acceptance of psychoanalysis in academic circles came in 1909 when he was invited to lecture in the United States at Clark University in Worcester.
In 1910, during the second international psychoanalytic congress held in Nuremberg, the group founded the International Psychoanalytic Association, which brought together psychoanalysts from various countries. Between 1911 and 1913, Freud was subjected to hostilities, mainly from fellow scientists who, outraged by his new ideas, did everything to discredit him. Adler, Jung, and the entire Zurich school separated from Freud.
End of Life
In 1923, already ill, Freud underwent his first surgery to remove a tumor in the palate. He began to have difficulty speaking and experienced pain and discomfort. His final years coincided with the expansion of Nazism in Europe. In 1938, when the Nazis took Vienna, Freud, of Jewish origin, had his property confiscated and his library burned. He was forced to flee to London, after paying a ransom, where he spent the last days of his life. Sigmund Freud died in London, England, on September 23, 1939.
Some concepts developed by Freud: include the unconscious, psychic conflict, repression, Oedipus complex, infantile sexuality, and death instinct.
Major Works
Freud wrote a significant number of important books: "The Psychopathology of Everyday Life" (1901), "Civilization and Its Discontents" (1929), "Totem and Taboo" (1913), "The Interpretation of Dreams" (1899), "The Ego and the Id" (1923), among others.
In these works, the "Father of Psychoanalysis," as he is known for having coined the term "psychoanalysis" for his method of treating mental illnesses, blamed the repression of society at that time, which did not allow the expression of certain feelings, deeming them wrong from a social, moral, and religious standpoint.
