Radio Access Networks for UMTS E-Book

Chris Johnson

• Herausgeber: John Wiley & Sons
• Kategorie: Wissenschaft und neue Technologien
• Sprache: Englisch
• Veröffentlichungsjahr: 2011

Seitenzahl: 1334

Beschreibung

This book provides a comprehensive description of Radio Access Networks for UMTS . The main content is based upon the release 6 version of the 3GPP specifications. Changes since the release 99 version are described while some of the new features from the release 7 version are introduced. Starting from the high-level network architecture, the first sections describe the flow of data between the network and end-user. This includes a dedicated chapter describing the Iub transport network. Detailed descriptions of both HSDPA and HSUPA reflect the increasing importance of efficient high data rate connections. Signalling procedures are described for speech, video and PS data connection establishment, SMS data transfer, soft handover and inter-system handover. The more practical subjects of link budgets and radio network planning are also addressed. * More than 180 example log files reinforce the reader's understanding * Summary bullet points allow rapid access to the most important information * Focus upon how data is transferred between the network and end-user * Dedicated chapters provide detailed descriptions of both HSDPA and HSUPA * Step-by-step analysis of common signalling procedures * Key radio network planning subjects addressed Radio Access Networks for UMTS is ideal for mobile telecommunications engineers working for equipment vendors, operators and regulators. It will also appeal to system designers, technical managers and students.

Leseprobe

Contents

Preface

Acknowledgements

Abbreviations

1 Introduction

1.1 Network Architecture

1.2 Radio Access Technology

1.3 Standardisation

2 Flow of Data

2.1 Radio Interface Protocol Stacks

2.2 RRC Layer

2.3 RLC Layer

2.4 MAC Layer

2.5 Frame Protocol Layer

2.6 Physical Layer

3 Channel Types

3.1 Logical Channels

3.2 Transport Channels

3.3 Physical Channels

4 Non-Access Stratum

4.1 Concepts

4.2 Mobility Management

4.3 Connection Management

4.4 PLMN Selection

5 Iub Transport Network

5.1 Protocol Stacks

5.2 Architecture

5.3 Overheads

5.4 Service Categories

6 HSDPA

6.1 Concept

6.2 HSDPA Bit Rates

6.3 PDCP Layer

6.4 RLC Layer

6.5 MAC-d Entity

6.6 Frame Protocol Layer

6.7 Iub Transport

6.8 MAC-hs Entity

6.9 Physical Channels

6.10 Mobility

7 HSUPA

7.1 Concept

7.2 HSUPA Bit Rates

7.3 PDCP Layer

7.4 RLC Layer

7.5 MAC-d Entity

7.6 MAC-es/e Entity (UE)

7.7 Physical Channels

7.8 MAC-e Entity (Node B)

7.9 Frame Protocol Layer

7.10 MAC-es Entity (RNC)

7.11 Mobility

8 Signalling Procedures

8.1 RRC Connection Establishment

8.2 Speech Call Connection Establishment

8.3 Video Call Connection Establishment

8.4 Short Message Service (SMS)

8.5 PS Data Connection Establishment

8.6 Soft Handover

8.7 Inter-System Handover

9 Planning

9.1 Link Budgets

9.2 Radio Network Planning

9.3 Scrambling Code Planning

9.4 Neighbour Planning

9.5 Antenna Subsystems

9.6 Co-siting

9.7 Microcells

9.8 Indoor Solutions

References

Index

Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons Ltd, The Atrium, Southern Gate, Chichester, West Sussex PO19 8SQ, England

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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Johnson, Chris (Chris W.)

Radio access networks for UMTS: principles and practice/Chris Johnson.

p. cm.

Includes index.

ISBN 978-0-470-72405-7 (cloth)

1. Mobile communication systems. I. Title.

TK6570.M6J63 2008

621.384–dc22

2007040535

British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data

ISBN 978-0-470-72405-7 (HB)

Preface

This book provides a comprehensive description of the Radio Access Networks for UMTS. It is intended to address the requirements of both the beginner and the more experienced mobile telecommunications engineer. An important characteristic is the inclusion of sections from example log files. More than 180 examples have been included to support the majority of explanations and to reinforce the reader’s understanding of the key principles. Another important characteristic is the inclusion of summary bullet points at the start of each section. The reader can use these bullet points either to gain a high-level understanding prior to reading the main content or for subsequent revision. The main content is based upon the release 6 version of the 3GPP specifications. Changes since the release 99 version are described while some of the new features appearing within the release 7 version are introduced.

Starting from the high-level network architecture, the first sections describe the flow of data between the network and end user. The functionality and purpose of each protocol stack layer is explained while the corresponding structure and content of packets are studied. A section is dedicated to describing and contrasting the sets of logical, transport and physical channels. The increasing importance of the bandwidth offered by the transport network connecting the population of Node B to the RNC justifies the inclusion of a dedicated section describing the Iub interface and the associated transport solutions. Dedicated sections are also included for both HSDPA and HSUPA. The bit rates and functionality associated with these technologies are described in detail. A relatively large section is used to describe some of the most important signalling procedures. These include RRC connection establishment, speech call connection establishment, video call connection establishment, PS data connection establishment, SMS data transfer, soft handover and inter-system handover. The accompanying description provides a step-by-step analysis of both the signalling flow and message content. Other sections focus upon the more practical subjects of link budgets and radio network planning. Topics include scrambling code planning, neighbour list planning, antenna subsystem design, co-siting, microcells and indoor solutions.

The content of this book represents the understanding of the author. It does not necessarily represent the view nor opinion of the author’s employer. Descriptions are intended to be generic and do not represent the implementation of any individual vendor.

Acknowledgements

The author would like to acknowledge his employer, Nokia Siemens Networks UK Limited for providing the many opportunities to gain valuable project experience. The author would also like to thank his managers from within Nokia Siemens Networks UK Limited for supporting participation within projects which have promoted continuous learning and development. These include Andy King, Peter Love, Aleksi Toikkanen, Stuart Davis, Mike Lawrence and Chris Foster. The author would also like to thank Florian Reymond for providing the opportunities to work on global projects within Nokia Siemens Networks.

The author would like to acknowledge colleagues from within Nokia Siemens Networks who have supported and encouraged the development of material for this book. These include Poeti Boedhihartono, Simon Browne, Gareth Davies, Martin Elsey, Benoist Guillard, Terence Hoh, Harri Holma, Steve Hunt, Sean Irons, Phil Pickering, Kenni Rasmussen, Mike Roche, Lorena Serna Gonzalez, Ian Sharp, Achim Wacker, Volker Wille and Nampol Wimolpitayarat. In addition, the author would like to thank the managers and colleagues from outside Nokia Siemens Networks who have also supported the development of this book. These include Mohamed AbdelAziz, Paul Clarkson, Tony Conlan, Patryk Debicki, Nathan Dyson, Gianluca Formica, Dave Fraley, Ian Miller, Balan Muthiah, Pinaki Roychowdhury, Adrian Sharples and Ling Soon Leh.

The author would also like to offer special thanks to his parents who provided a perfect working environment during the weeks spent in Scotland. He would also like to thank them for their continuous support and encouragement.

The author would like to thank the team at John Wiley & Sons Limited who have made this publication possible. This team has included Mark Hammond, Sarah Hinton, Katharine Unwin and Brett Wells.

Comments regarding the content of this book can be sent to [email protected]. These will be considered when generating material for future editions.

Abbreviations

16QAM 16 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation 3GPP 3rd Generation Partnership Project 4PAM 4 Pulse Amplitude Modulation 64QAM 64 Quadrature Amplitude Modulation AAL2 ATM Adaptation Layer 2 AAL5 ATM Adaptation Layer 2 ABR Available Bit Rate AC Access Class ACIR Adjacent Channel Interference Ratio ACLR Adjacent Channel Leakage Ratio ACS Adjacent Channel Selectivity AI Access Indicator AICH Access Indicator Channel ALCAP Access Link Control Application Part AM Acknowledged Mode AMC Adaptive Modulation and Coding AMR Adaptive Multi Rate APN Access Point Name ARFCN Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number AS Access Stratum ASC Access Service Class ASN Abstract Syntax Notation ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode BCC Base station Colour Code BCCH Broadcast Control Channel BCD Binary Coded Decimal BCH Broadcast Channel BER Bit Error Rate BFN Node B Frame Number BLER Block Error Rate BMC Broadcast/Multicast Control BSIC Base Station Identity Code CAC Connection Admission Control CBC Cell Broadcast Centre CBR Constant Bit Rate CBS Cell Broadcast Services CC Call Control CCCH Common Control Channel CCTrCh Coded Composite Transport Channels CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDVT Cell Delay Variation Tolerance CFN Connection Frame Number CGI Cell Global Identity CI Cell Identity CID Channel Identifier CIO Cell Individual Offset CLP Cell Loss Priority CLR Cell Loss Ratio CM Compressed Mode COI Code Offset Indicator CPCH Common Packet Channel CPCS Common Part Convergence Sublayer CPI Common Part Indicator CPICH Common Pilot Channel CPS Common Part Sublayer CQI Channel Quality Indicator CRC Cyclic Redundancy Check C-RNTI Cell Radio Network Temporary Identity CS Circuit Switched CTCH Common Traffic Channel CTD Cell Transfer Delay CTFC Calculated Transport Format Combination DAS Distributed Antenna System DCCH Dedicated Control Channel DCH Dedicated Channel DDI Data Description Indicator DPCCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel DPCH Dedicated Physical Channel DPDCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel DRT Delay Reference Time DRX Discontinous Receive DSAID Destination Signaling Association Identifier DSCH Downlink Shared Channel DTCH Dedicated Traffic Channel DTX Discontinuous Transmit E-AGCH E-DCH Absolute Grant Channel Eb/No Energy per bit/Noise spectral density ECF Establish Confirm E-DCH Enhanced Dedicated Channel E-DPCCH E-DCH Dedicated Physical Control Channel E-DPDCH E-DCH Dedicated Physical Data Channel EGPRS Enhanced General Packet Radio Service E-HICH E-DCH Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel EIRP Effective Isotropic Radiated Power E-RGCH E-DCH Relative Grant Channel ERQ Establish Request E-TFC E-DCH Transport Format Combination E-TFCI E-DCH Transport Format Combination Indicator FACH Forward Access Channel FBI Feedback Information FDD Frequency Division Duplex F-DPCH Fractional Dedicated Physical Channel FSN Frame Sequence Number FTP File Transfer Protocol GFR Guaranteed Frame Rate GGSN Gateway GPRS Support Node GMM GPRS Mobility Management GMSK Gaussian Minimum Shift Keying GPRS General Packet Radio Service GRAKE Generalised RAKE GSMS GPRS Short Message Service GTP-U User plane GPRS Tunnelling Protocol HARQ Hybrid Automatic Repeat Request HCS Hierarchical Cell Structure HEC Header Error Correction HFN Hyper Frame Number HLBS Highest Priority Logical Channel Buffer Status HLID Highest Priority Logical Channel Identity HLR Home Location Register HLS Higher Layer Scheduling HPLMN Home Public Land Mobile Network H-RNTI HS-DSCH Radio Network Temporary Identity HSCSD High Speed Circuit Switched Data HSDPA High Speed Downlink Packet Access HS-DPCCH High Speed Dedicated Physical Control Channel HS-DSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel HS-PDSCH High Speed Downlink Shared Channel HS-SCCH High Speed Shared Control Channel HSUPA High Speed Uplink Packet Access ICP IMA Control Protocol IE Information Element IETF Internet Engineering Task Force IMA Inverse Multiplexing for ATM IMEI International Mobile Equipment Identity IMSI International Mobile Subscriber Identity IPDL Idle Period Downlink IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 IPv6 Internet Protocol version 6 ITP Initial Transmit Power ITU International Telecommunications Union LAC Location Area Code LAI Location Area Identity LLC Logical Link Control LSN Last Sequence Number MAC Medium Access Control MAP Mobile Application Part MBMS Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services MBS Maximum Burst Size MCC Mobile Country Code MCCH MBMS Control Channel MCL Minimum Coupling Loss MCR Minimum Cell Rate MDC Macro Diversity Combination MDCR Minimum Desired Cell Rate MFS Maximum Frame Size MHA Mast Head Amplifier MIB Master Information Block MICH MBMS Indicator Channel MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output MLP MAC Logical channel Priority MM Mobility Management MNC Mobile Network Code MSCH MBMS Scheduling Channel MSS Maximum Segment Size MTCH MBMS Traffic Channel MTU Maximum Transmission Unit MUD Multi User Detection NAS Non-access Stratum NBAP Node B Application Part NCC Network Colour Code NI Notification Indicator NMO Network Mode of Operation NNI Network to Network Interface NRT Non Real Time NSAP Network Service Access Point NSAPI Network layer Service Access Point Identifier OSAID Originating Signalling Association Identifier OTDOA Observed Time Difference of Arrival PAP Password Authentication Protocol PCA Power Control Algorithm PCCH Paging Control Channel P-CCPCH Primary Common Control Physical Channel PCH Paging Channel PCR Peak Cell Rate PDCP Packet Data Convergence Protocol PDH Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy PDU Packet Data Unit PER Packed Encoding Rules PI Paging Indication PICH Paging Indication Channel PLMN Public Land Mobile Network PRACH Physical Random Access Channel PS Packet Switched P-SCH Primary Synchronisation Channel PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network P-TMSI Packet Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity PWE3 Psuedo Wire Emulation Edge to Edge QoS Quality of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying RAB Radio Access Bearer RAC Routing Area Code RACH Random Access Channel RAI Routing Area Identity RAN Radio Access Network RANAP Radio Access Network Application Part RAT Radio Access Technology RB Radio Bearer RDI Restricted Digital Information RFN RNC Frame Number RIP Radio Interface Protocol RL Radio Link RLC Radio Link Control RM Rate Matching RNC Radio Network Controller RNS Radio Network Sub-system ROHC Robust Header Compression RPP Recovery Period Power control RRC Radio Resource Control RRM Radio Resource Management RSCP Received Signal Code Power RSN Re-transmission Sequence Number RSSI Received Signal Strength Indicator RT Real Time RV Redundancy Version SA Service Area SAC Service Area Code SAI Service Area Identity SAR Segmentation and Reassembly SAW Stop and Wait S-CCPCH Secondary Common Control Channel SCH Synchronisation Channel SCR Sustainable Cell Rate SDH Synchronous Digital Hierarchy SDU Service Data Unit SEAL Simple and Efficient ATM Adaptation Layer SF Spreading Factor SFN System Frame Number SGSN Serving GPRS Support Node SI Scheduling Information SIB System Information Block SID Size Index Identifier SIR Signal to Interference Ratio SM Session Management SM-AL Short Message Application Layer SM-RL Short Message Relay Layer SMS Short Message Service SM-TL Short Message Transfer Layer SONET Synchronous Optical Networking SRB Signalling Radio Bearer SRNS Serving Radio Network Sub-system S-RNTI SRNC Radio Network Temporary Identity SS Supplementary Services SSADT Service Specific Assured Data Transfer SSCF Service Specific Coordination Function S-SCH Secondary Synchronisation Channel SSCOP Service Specific Connection Orientated Protocol SSCS Service Specific Convergence Sublayer SSDT Site Selection Diversity Transmit SSSAR Service Specific Segmentation and Reassembly SSTED Service Specific Transmission Error Detection STTD Space Time Transmit Diversity SUFI Super Field TB Transport Block TBS Transport Block Set TCP Transmission Control Protocol TCTF Target Channel Type Field TDD Time Division Duplex TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TEBS Total E-DCH Buffer Status TF Transport Format TFC Transport Format Combination TFCI Transport Format Combination Indicator TFCS Transport Format Combination Set TFI Transport Format Indicator TFO Tandem Free Operation TFS Transport Format Set TGD Transmission Gap Distance TGL Transmission Gap Length TGPL Transmission Gap Pattern Length TGPRC Transmission Gap Pattern Repetition Count TGPS Transmission Gap Pattern Sequence TGPSI Transmission Gap Pattern Sequence Identifier TGSN Transmission Gap Starting Slot Number THP Traffic Handling Priority TM Transparent Mode TMSI Temporary Mobile Subscriber Identity toAWE Time of Arrival Window End point toAWS Time of Arrival Window Start point TPC Transmit Power Control TPDU Transfer Protocol Data Unit TR Technical Report TrFO Transcoder Free Operation TS Technical Specification TSN Transmission Sequence Number TSTD Time Switched Transmit Diversity TTI Transmission Time Interval TTL Time To Live UARFCN UTRA Absolute Radio Frequency Channel Number UBR Unspecified Bit Rate UDI Unrestricted Digital Information UE User Equipment UEA UMTS Encryption Algorithm UIA UMTS Integrity protection Algorithm UM Unacknowledged Mode UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UNI User to Network Interface UPH UE Power Headroom URA UTRAN Registration Area U-RNTI UTRAN Radio Network Temporary Identity USIM Universal Subscriber Identity Module UTRAN UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network UUI User to User Indication VBR Variable Bit Rate VCC Virtual Channel Connection VPC Virtual Path Connection VCI Virtual Channel Identifier VoIP Voice over IP VPI Virtual Path Identifier VPLMN Visited Public Land Mobile Network WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access

1

Introduction

1.1 Network Architecture

The RAN includes RNC, Node B and UE. RNC are connected to Node B using the Iub interface. Neighbouring RNC are connected using the Iur interface. UE are connected to Node B using the Uu interface. The RAN is connected to the CN using the Iu interface.Each Node B has a controlling RNC and each UE connection has a serving RNC. The serving RNC provides the Iu connection to the CN. Drift RNC can be used by UE connections in addition to the serving RNC.

The network architecture defines the network elements and the way in which those network elements are interconnected. Figure 1.1 illustrates a section of the network architecture for UMTS. This book focuses upon the Radio Access Network (RAN) rather than the core network. The RAN represents the section of the network which is closest to the end-user and which includes the air-interface.

The RAN includes the Radio Network Controller (RNC), the Node B and the User Equipment (UE). The MSC and SGSN are part of the core network. An example UMTS network could include thirty RNC, ten thousand Node B and five million UE. The UE communicate with the Node B using the air-interface which is known as the Uu interface. The Node B communicates with the RNC using a transmission link known as the Iub interface. The RNC communicates with the core network using a transmission link known as the Iu interface. There is an Iu interface for the Circuit Switched (CS) core network and an Iu interface for the Packet Switched (PS) core network. The capacity of the Iu interface is significantly greater than the capacity of the Iub interface because the Iu has to be capable of supporting a large quantity of Node B whereas the Iub supports only a single Node B. Neighbouring RNC can be connected using the Iur interface. The Iur interface is particularly important for UE which are moving from the coverage area of one RNC to the coverage area of another RNC.

Each Node B has a controlling RNC and each UE connection has a serving RNC. The controlling RNC for a Node B is the RNC which terminates the Iub interface. The serving RNC for a UE connection is the RNC which provides the Iu interface to the core network. Figure 1.2 illustrates an example for a packet switched connection and four Node B.

RNC 1 is the controlling RNC for Node B 1 and 2 whereas RNC 2 is the controlling RNC for Node B3 and 4.The controlling RNC is responsible for managing its Node B. RNC1 is the serving RNC for the packet switched connection because it provides the connection to the PS core network. The serving RNC is responsible for managing its UE connections. As this example illustrates, an RNC can be categorised as both controlling and serving.

Figure 1.1 UMTS network architecture

In the case of UE mobility, an RNC can also be categorised as a drift RNC. If a UE starts its connection within the coverage area of RNC 1 then that RNC becomes the serving RNC and will provide the connection to the core network. If the UE subsequently moves into the coverage area of the second RNC then the UE can be simultaneously connected to Node B controlled by both RNC 1 and RNC 2. This represents a special case of soft handover, i.e. inter-RNC soft handover. This scenario is illustrated in . In general, soft handover allows UE to simultaneously connect to multiple Node B. This is in contrast to hard handover in which case the connection to the first Node B is broken before the connection to the second Node B is established. Soft handover helps to provide seamless mobility to active connections as UE move throughout the network and also helps to improve the RF conditions at cell edge where signal strengths are generally low and cell dominance is poor. In the case of inter-RNC soft handover, the UE is simultaneously connected to multiple RNC. The example illustrated in is based upon two RNC but it is possible for UE to be connected to more than two RNC if the RNC coverage boundaries are designed to allow it. In this example, RNC 1 is the serving RNC because it provides the Iu connection to the core network. RNC 2 is a drift RNC because it is participating in the connection, but it is not providing the connection to the core network. A single connection can have only one serving RNC, but can have more than one drift RNC.